• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.200-206
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• 1993

Structures of two polymorphs of ${\alpha},{\alpha}$-trehalose octaacetate monohydrate, $C_{28}H_{38}O_{19}\;{\cdot}\;H_2O$, have been studied by X-ray diffraction method. ${\alpha},{\alpha}$-trehalose (${\alpha}$-D-glucopyranosyl ${\alpha}$-D-glucopyranoside) is a nonreducing disaccharide. The polymorph I belongs to the monoclinic $P2_1$, and has unit cell parameters of a=10.725(l), b=15.110(4), c=11.199(5) ${\AA}$, ${\beta}=108.16(2)^{\circ}$ and Z=2. The polymorph II is orthorhombic $P2_12_12_1$, with a=13.684(4), b=15.802(4), c=17.990(9) ${\AA}$ and Z=4. The final R and R$_w$ values for monoclinic polymorph I are 0.043 and 0.048 and for orthorhombic polymorph II are 0.116 and 0.118, respectively. Those R values of polymorph II are high because the large thermal motions of acetyl groups and the poor quality of the crystal. The molecular conformations in the two polymorphs are similar. Both D-glucopyranosyl rings have chair $^4C_1$ conformations and atoms of glycosidic chain ${\alpha}(1{\rightarrow}1)$ linkage are coplanar. The primary acetate groups of the pyranose residues assume both gauche-trans conformations. The molecules of two polymorphs have pseudo-C$_2$ symmetry at glycosidic O(1) atom. The bond lengths and angles are normal compared with those in other acetylated sugar compounds. The molecules in the monoclinic crystal are held by the hydrogen bonds with the water molecules and by van der Waals forces.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.22-37
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• 1974

Through the examination of hospitalized patient's records, this study purports to determine. the extent to which nursing record behaviors meet general expectations held for nursing records and the differences in nursing record behavior in relation to different nursing categories, period of recording and hospitals with different management patterns. Nursing record behaviors of 802 patient's records in four hospitals in Seoul were examined. by use of a check list, which was prepared by the author as an instrument for the study. Data obtained from this examination were processed into percentage values for percentage. test and chi-square test in order to determine their significance. Results are as follows; 1. Records pertaining to treatment ranked highest among all care categories in their extent of coverage, averaging 65.6 percent. 2. Of the treatment category records, records of medication led others at 94.3 percent. followed by records of test and collection of specimens at 59.9 percent. diet at 58.8 percent and treatment at 41.0 percent. 3. Records in the category of physical assessment and care averaged 44.1 percent, the second highest next to treatment category records, 4. Of the records in the category of physical assessment and care, records in vital signs. placed first at 98.9 percent, followed by sleep at 76.2 percent, body weight at 74.7 percent, symptoms and signs at 69.3 percent, rest at 44.5 percent, hygiene at 39.7 percent, activities and participation at 16.9 percent, positions at 10.3 percent, level of consciousness at 9.8 percent and physiological dysfunction at 1.1 percent in that order. 5. Records in the category of psychological assessment and care averaged 3.2 percent, the lowest of the -three major categories. 6. Of the records in the category of psychological assessment and care, records on emotional responses ranked top at 10.5 percent, followed by self-concern at 2.1 percent, adjustment at 2.0 percent, family, occupational and social relations at 0.7 percent and preferences. and interest at 0.5 percent in that order. 7. Records in relation to the category of specific conditions were found in 9.1 percent of the total records. 8. Of the records in the category of specific conditions, consultation and transfer records, stood first at 25.0 percent, followed by precautionary measurements at 1.4 percent and isolation at 0.9 percent 9. A great difference in nursing record behavior was observed between the first week of hospitalization and the last week, with the first week's recordings much higher than the last week in the categories of treatment and specific conditions (p<0.01). and of physical assessment and care (p <0.05). 10. A big difference was also observed among the hospitals (p<0.01). 11. A big difference was also observed between the government-run hospitals and the private hospitals in the categories of physical assessment and care and specific conditions in the first week of hospitalization (P<0.05l), and in the category of psychological assessment and care in the last week (P<0.05). 12. Between the hospitals established with foreign aid and the other hospitals, the difference in nursing record behavior was significant only in the category of physical assessment and care both in the first week and the last week (P<0.01). 13. The average nursing record behavior in all care categories stood at 45.1 percent in the extent of its coverage in relation to the general expectations.

• Analytical Science and Technology
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.336-344
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• 2009

This survey was carried out to estimate the contents of heavy metals (Hg, Pb, Cd, and As) in 10 kinds of dried marine products (n=189) which are closely related to food resources. The contents of heavy metals were estimated by inductively coupled plasma spectrometer (ICP) and mercury analyzer. The values of heavy metals in dried marine products were as follows (Mean${\pm}$SD (range), mg/kg). The average contents of heavy metals in the dried marine products were Hg $0.058{\pm}0.069$ (0.002~0.502) mg/kg, Pb $0.178{\pm}0.598$ (ND~5.130) mg/kg, Cd $0.306{\pm}0.610$ (ND~6.802) mg/kg, As $5.282{\pm}6.158$ (ND~71.760) mg/kg. The range of heavy metal contents in dried marine products are low level, except of lead contents (n=2). In the comparison of heavy metal content by anchovy size, it was shown that cadmium, mercury and arsenic were meaningfully different. The contents of heavy metals by the shape of shrimp and Alaska Pollack were shown that the result of each group was meaningless. In the comparison imported production with domestic production, in the case of common squid, cadmium and arsenic were meaningfully different. The weekly average intakes of Hg, Pb and Cd from dried marine products takes about 1.17~11.52% of PTWI (Provisional Tolerable Weekly Intakes) that FAO/WHO Joint Food Additive and Contaminants Committee has set to evaluate their safeties.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.32 no.7
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• pp.802-811
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• 1999

The purposes of this study were to 1) examine the dietary patterns of fatty acids and the fatty acid composition in serum, 2) determine selenium (Se) concentrations, and 3) investigate how serum fatty acid compositon affects serum levels of Se in Korean elementary school children. The subjects consisted of 168 school children(82 boys & 86 girls) belonging to 1st through 6th grades, and their dietary assessment was evaluated. The serum fatty acid composition was analyzed by GLC, and the ICP/MS method was employed to measure serum Se concentration. Total average intake of PUFA, MUFA and SFA were 10.5g, 12.7g, 11.2g respectively. Total average dietary P/M/S ratio was 1.10/1.18/1.0. The average intake of $\omega$3 fatty acids and $\omega$6 fatty acids were 1.33g, 9.19g, respectively. The $\omega$6/$\omega$3ratio was 14.2 which is higher than the recommended range. In serum fatty acid composition, PUFA, MUFA, SFA were 40.6%, 28.1% and 31.6% respectively. The average $\omega$3 fatty acid composition was 3.80%, and the mean value of $\omega$6 series was 36.8%. The M/S ratio of girls was significantly higher than boy's in fatty acids intake and in serum composition. Mean Se concentration of total subjects was 416.7ug/l and it was significantly higher in the lower grades(1st-3rd)than in the upper grades(4th~6th, p<0.05). Although the mean serum Se concentration was negatively correlated with PUFA composition in total boys and girls, it was not significant. Serum Se concentration was negatively correlated with P/S ratio and C24:1 concentration(p<0.05). In addition, serum composition of $\omega$6 PUFA and C24:1 showed negative correlations with serum Se in only lower grades girl(1st~3rd), and further studies are needed to clarify in these phenomena. In conclusion, the mean serum Se concentration was significantly lower in upper grades (4th~6th)than in lower grades(1st~3rd) of elementary school children and was negatively correlated with P/S ratio of serum fatty acids. More detailed studies on relationship between Se and fatty acids are required.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.38C no.3
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• pp.227-232
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• 2013

Due to the development of ITS technology, various services related to transportation under vehicular environments have been provided. Especially, as wireless communication technology, WAVE has been established as a standard for vehicle-to-vehicle communications. WAVE has fast connection and excellent mobility characteristics. A VSC-A project is conducting by global automotive OEMs in USDOT. This project introduces the advanced safety services with vehicle-to-vehicle communications. In this paper, we presented the scenario of a do not pass warning service, which prevents an accident during overtaking activity by using vehicle-to-vehicle communications. In addition, we analyzed network performance under WAVE. In conclusion, we introduced the simulation results. Finally, we summarized the communication range and delay values for consideration factors for a overtaking model.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 2014

The driving environment of the vehicle has characteristics that the change of position, velocity and distance between vehicles is severe. The performance test of system must be carried out in the real road environments with consideration of the driving environment of vehicles to measure the performance correctly because the performance of vehicular communication systems is affected by the driving conditions of the vehicle. In this paper, we propose the test methods of V2V/V2I performance and V2V multi-hop transmission function and present the test results measured by the vehicular communication systems already developed. In the test result, we confirmed the fact that the distance of communication devices and the driving direction of vehicle are affecting the communication performance. We also confirmed the multi-hop transmission function using the driving vehicle in the limited area as the proposed test method.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.76-83
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• 2011

The IEEE WAVE-based communication systems do not provide handover services since most of the application layer messages of a small amount containing text data that are related to safe driving. Multimedia data service such as web pages and CCTV video clips, however, require a seamless handover for continuation of a session via multiple RSUs. In this paper, we propose a new proactive handover protocol based on IEEE WAVE. According to the proposed handover protocol, the OBU notifies the old RSU of its departure from the coverage such that the old RSU forwards to the new RSU the data heading towards the OBU to be cached for the further delivery upon its entry into the new RSU's coverage. The simulation results are presented which shows the performance of the proposed protocol in terms of throughput, delivery ratio and handover delay.

• Journal of the Institute of Convergence Signal Processing
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.157-162
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• 2011

This study is about implementing wireless transferring system in pre-hospital cardiopulmonary resuscitation(CPR). Also, this study includes monitoring based feedback between patient and hospital to increase the survival rate of emergency patient by developing the performance of cardiopulmonary resuscitation in pre-hospital. It minimizes the loss of flow rate or gastric inflation through the space between the airway and the esophagus, which enables the inspiration-expiration rate to be measured more precisely. Due to these reasons this study applied ET insertion based respiratory sensor to measure flow rate. The main indices of artificial ventilation are justified from minute respiration(V), end-tidal $CO_2(E_TCO_2)$, and tracheal pressure($P_{tr}$). The simulation is performed to verify the bandwidth and delay time of transport network for in-hospital monitoring even as transporting images and voice information simultaneously. The total bandwidth is 815 kbps, and WLAN (IEEE 802.11x) is used as communication protocol. The network load is under 1.5% and the transmit delay time is measured under 0.3 seconds.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
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• v.37 no.4A
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• pp.189-196
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• 2012

A WAVE(Wireless Access for Vehicular Environment) system is a vehicle communication technology. The system provides the services to prevent vehicle accidents that might occur during driving. Also, it is used to provide various services such as monitoring vehicle management and system failure. However, the scrambler bit operation of WAVE system becomes less efficient in the organizations of software and hardware design because the parallel processing is impossible. Although scrambler algorithm proposed in this paper has different processing speed depending on input data 8 bit, 16 bit, 32 bit, and 64 bit. it improves the processing speed of the operation because it can make parallel processing possible depending on the input unit.

• The Journal of The Korea Institute of Intelligent Transport Systems
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.61-72
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• 2013

Next-generation ITS(Intelligent Transportation System) adopts WAVE(Wireless Access in Vehicular Environment) system which is capable of the bidirectional communication system in vehicular environments. u-Transportation system adopted WAVE communications system to show the optimal performance in terms of various services with regard to vehicle safety and traffic. In this paper, we introduce testbed of ubiquitous-Transportation system and its service. Then, we describe WAVE system for supporting next-generation ITS service. Also, we carried out tests in real road environments in order to verify communication functions of WAVE systems and its performance. We confirmed that our communication systems for supporting services meet the communication performance.