• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.36 no.1
• /
• pp.174-188
• /
• 2019

The present study was carried out to investigate the emulsifying properties of heat-treated octenyl succinic anhydride(OSA) starch and the interfacial structure at oil droplet surface in emulsions stabilized by heat-treated OSA starch. First, the aqueous suspensions of OSA starch were heated at $80^{\circ}C$ for 30 min. Oil-in-water emulsions were then prepared with the heat-treated OSA starch suspension as sole emulsifier and their physicochemical properties such as fat globule size, surface load, zeta-potential, dispersion stability, confocal laser scanning microscopic image(CLSM) were determined. It was found that fat globule size decreased as the concentration of OSA starch in emulsions increased, showing a lower limit value ($d_{32}:0.31{\mu}m$) at ${\geq}0.2wt%$. Surface load increased steadily with increasing OSA starch concentration in emulsions, possibly forming multiple layers. In addition, fat globule sizes were also influenced by pH: they were increased in acidic conditions and these results were interpreted in view of the change in zeta potentials. The dispersion stability by Turbiscan showed that it was more unstable in emulsions at acidic condition. Heat-treated OSA starch found to adsorb at the oil droplet surface as some forms of membrane (not starch granules), which might be indicative of stabilizing mechanism of OSA starch emulsions to be steric forces.

• The Korean Journal of Mycology
• /
• v.47 no.1
• /
• pp.51-61
• /
• 2019

The goal of this study was to elucidate wild yeast diversity of Geumgang midstream near Sejong metropolitan autonomous city, Korea. Thirty-seven strains of 32 species of wild yeasts were isolated from 43 water and soil samples under the Bulti bridge of Sejong city, Korea. Seven yeasts of each Candida spp. and Cryptococcus spp. were the predominant species isolated from samples near the Bulti bridge. Holtermanniella takashimae SW048 (NNIBRFG9314), Cystofilobasidium infirmominiatum SW013 (NNIBRFG9310), Mrakia cryoconite SW015 (NNIBRFG9316), Pichia sporocuriosa SW085 (NNIBRFG9326) and Cryptococcus aspenensis SW008 (NNIBRFG9309) represented novel yeast strains found in Korea for the first time. All of these previously unrecorded yeasts, except for Mrakia cryoconite SW015 had ascospores and grew well in yeast extract-peptone-dextrose (YPD), yeast extract-malt extract (YM) and potato-extrose (PD) media. Pichia sporocuriosa SW085 grew well in vitamin-free medium and Holtermanniella takashimae SW048, which was a halotolerant wild yeast, grew well YPD medium containing 5 % NaCl. Twenty-six strains representing eight species of wild yeast were isolated from 22 water and soil samples under the Haetmuri bridge of Sejong city, Korea. Candida pseudolambica (12 strains) and Aureobasidium pullulans (11 strains) were the predominant isolates from samples near the Haetmuri bridge. Occultifur kilbournensis HB060 (NNIBRFG9317), Sampaiozyma vanillica HB014 (NNIBRFG9332), Xenoramularia neerlandica HB039 (NNIBRFG9335), Candida norvegica HB315 (NNIBRFG9306), C. melibiosica HB316 (NNIBRFG9305), C. quercuum GB014 (NNIBRFG9307), and C. succiphila GB015 (NNIBRFG9308) represented novel yeast strains recorded in Korea for the first time. O. kilbournensis HB060 and X. neerlandica HB039 did not form ascospores or pseudo-mycelia. All of these previously unrecorded yeasts, except S. vanillica HB014 and X. neerlandica HB039, grew well in vitaminfree medium, and C. norvegica HB315 and C. succiphila GB015, which were halotolerant wild yeasts, which grew well in YPD medium containing 5 % NaCl.

• Phonetics and Speech Sciences
• /
• v.11 no.1
• /
• pp.9-18
• /
• 2019

The purpose of this study is to determine whether the mean fundamental frequency (F0) changes depending on language, task, or language proficiency for Korean-English bilinguals. A total of forty-eight Korean-English speakers (28 balanced bilinguals and 20 Korean dominant bilinguals) participated in the study. Participants were asked to read aloud two types of tasks in English and Korean. For statistical analyses, the language ${\times}$ task two-way repeated ANOVAs were conducted within the balanced bilingual group first, and then group ${\times}$ language two-way mixed ANOVAs. The results showed that the females in both bilingual groups changed their mean F0 depending on the language they used and the tasks (p<.05), whereas no significant results were found in the males in either group under any conditions. The mean fundamental frequency in the Korean reading task was significantly higher than that in the English reading task for females in both balanced and Korean dominant bilingual groups. Thus, changes in mean F0 depending on language and context may reflect gender-specific characteristics, and females seem to be more sensitive to the socio-cultural standards that are imposed on them.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.51 no.2
• /
• pp.169-175
• /
• 2019

This study was carried out to produce the health functional food maesil cheong by replacing sucrose with isomaltooligosaccharide and fructooligosaccharide. The substitution levels of these oligosaccharides were between 10% and 100%. A 1:1 (w/w) mixture of maesil and sugar was adopted for preparing maesil cheong. The pH of maesil cheong remained unchanged (between 2.72 and 3.00) during 90-day storage period, regardless of oligosaccharide content. Citric and malic acids were identified in maesil cheong; citric acid accounted for 71-82% of the total organic acid content. Sucrose was completely liquefied in the sample after 30 days and was hydrolyzed steadily into fructose and glucose over the storage period. More than 75% of isomaltooligosaccharides remained in maesil cheong after 90 days when sucrose was completely replaced with isomaltooligosaccharide. However, fructooligosaccharides were mostly decomposed at the end of storage period. Thus, isomaltooligosaccharides may be suitable for acidic maesil cheong products to expect its health functional effect.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.46 no.2
• /
• pp.190-199
• /
• 2019

$Carbopol^{(R)}$ 907 used as surface protecting agent in White's method is the one of the artificial caries lesion producing solution was discontinuing of production. New surface protecting material to substitute of $Carbopol^{(R)}$ 907 was required. The author prepared an artificial caries lesion producing solution as follows White's method with $Carbopol^{(R)}$ 907 and also another artificial caries lesion producing solution with $Carbopol^{(R)}$ $2050^{(R)}$. 96 flattened and polished enamel samples were immersed in a demineralizing solution of 0.1 mol/L lactic acid, 0.2% carboxyvinylpolymer and 50% saturated hydroxyapatite for 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11, 15, 18 and 20 days. All samples from each group were subjected to polarized microscopy observed and image analysis for measuring the lesion depth. From the review of polarized images, the artificial caries lesion producing solution using $Carbopol^{(R)}$ 907 and $Carbopol^{(R)}$ 2050 can produced an artificial caries that was very similar to natural caries characters. From the regression analysis of the lesion depth produced by the artificial caries lesion producing solution using $Carbopol^{(R)}$ 907 and $Carbopol^{(R)}$ 2050, $Carbopol^{(R)}$ 2050 estimate as Y = 9.8X + 8.0 and $Carbopol^{(R)}$ 907 was Y = 8.4X - 0.4. R square value of $Carbopol^{(R)}$ 2050 and $Carbopol^{(R)}$ 907 was 0.965 and 0.945 respectively. The rate of demineralization by the artificial caries lesion producing solution using $Carbopol^{(R)}$ 2050 was faster than that of $Carbopol^{(R)}$ 907. And R square value of $Carbopol^{(R)}$ 2050 and $Carbopol^{(R)}$ 907 were very high and it means that the lesion depth was very high coefficient to demineralization period.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.49 no.5
• /
• pp.97-111
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze commemoration characteristics of the United States of America, the Commonwealth, and Germany through representative 14 military cemeteries of World war II in Western Europe. Based on the commemoration characteristics such as spacial characteristic, commemorative elements, and graves and headstone, the commemoration culture among U.S., the Commonwealth. and Germany were studied comparatively. The results are as follows. First, taking geometrical form with mainly square type, rarely circle and spiral patterned, most cemeteries were structured spatial central axis with symmetry, those cemeteries were styled neoclassical, but some of the U.S. cemeteries were modernistic, connecting spaces organically with curved line layout. Second, chapel, the wall of missing, the wall of battle map, and sculpture in the U.S military cemeteries, and 'the cross of sacrifice' and 'the stone of remembrance' as classical monument in the Commonwealth war cemeteries were commonly applied standardized commemorative elements, but commemorative monuments in German military cemeteries were restricted except monumental cross. Third, the symbolic cross of christianism was used all cemeteries to console and cherish the soul of soldiers, specially the Latin crosses in the U.S military cemeteries delivered political message as the american martyr for Western Europe and also the power of the U.S., but the cross in German and the Commonwealth war cemeteries were basically cherish and comfort individual spirit. Fourth, showing the power of victory with national patriotism, the U.S. strongly represented christianism and liberal democracy against communism, the Commonwealth showed imperialistic style, and German military cemeteries were quietly appeared as traditional style forwarding reconciliation and peace. This study suggest the war cemeteries have national identity with typical form and symbolic aesthetics. Further study will be required to materialize sublime commemoration in national cemeteries and to form advanced commemorative culture in Korea.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.31 no.1
• /
• pp.37-46
• /
• 2021

The effects of freeze-dried powder from fresh and black garlic hot water extracts on the lipid metabolism in Sprague-Dawley rats fed a high-cholesterol diet were analyzed. The experimental group was classified into the normal group (NG), the high-fat (HF) and high-cholesterol diet group (CG), the HFC and 1% fresh garlic hot water extract powder-added diet group (FGEG), and the HFC and 1% black garlic hot water extract powder-added diet group (BGEG), respectively. The serum total lipid content was 381.52±7.30 mg/ml and 368.80±4.40 mg/ml in the FGEG and the BGEG, respectively, and was significantly lower than that of the CG. The total cholesterol and triglyceride contents of the FGEG and BGEG were also significantly lower than that of the CG. The high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was significantly higher, and the low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and the very low-density lipoprotein (VLDL) cholesterol content was lower in the FGEG and BGEG than in the CG. The serum ALT and AST activities were significantly lower than those of the CG, and especially the BGEG was lower. The total cholesterol content and the triglyceride levels of the liver tissue were 36.0% and 14.3% lower in the BGEG than in the CG, respectively. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substance (TBARS) concentrations in the serum and the liver tissue were higher in the CG than in the FGEG and BGEG, but there was no difference between them. Based on these results, garlic extract powders significantly reduced the lipid profile and increased the antioxidant activity in rats in vivo. The black garlic hot water extract powder was more effective than raw garlic because of the total number of phenolic compounds and browning substances in the black garlic.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.41 no.2
• /
• pp.96-101
• /
• 2021

This study was conducted to determine the effect of horse manure compost application on Italian ryegrass (IRG) yield and volcanic ash soil characteristics. Because the number of horses in Korea is growing, the amount of horse manure is growing. Jeju island, where about 55 % of the horses live, is composed of volcanic ash soil. This study was conducted for about 7 months. Sowing was conducted on October 2019. Harvesting was conducted at heading stage(2020.5.). Five treatments were established based on the horse manure compost composition. These were 100 % chemical fertilizer (CF), the combination of 50 % horse manure and 50 % chemical fertilizer (combination), horse manure with 50 % nitrogen (HM 50 %), horse manure with 100 % nitrogen (HM 100 %), and horse manure with 150 % nitrogen (HM 150 %). The plant height and dry matter yield were investigated to determine the forage yield and the soil characteristics of pH, total nitrogen, available phosphate, and organic matter were analyzed. The plant heights in the CF, combination, and HM 150 % treatments were 147.8 cm, 144.3 cm, and 147.1 cm respectively (Table 2). Dry matter yield in the CF treatment was about 23,807 kg/ha, which tended to be the highest dry matter yield. HM 150 % and the combination treatment were about 18,804 and 18,455 kg/ha, respectively, which tended to be the highest dry matter yield of the treatments amended with horse manure compost. The dry matter yield of the HM 100 % and HM 50 % treatments was about 15,801 kg/ha and 14,446 kg/ha, respectively (Table 2). The pH of the surface soil tended to increase after the experiment. The soil pH of the HM 150 % treatment was significantly higher than the soil pH of the other treatments. The pH was affected by the amount of horse manure compost, with a pH of 8.1. The available phosphate in the treatments in which horse manure compost was added was higher than the available phosphate in the CF treatment. And the available phosphate in the HM 150 % treatment was significantly higher than the available phosphate in the other treatments (p < 0.05)(Table 3). These results suggest that 50 % horse manure should be applied to IRG as the basal fertilizer and the remaining 50 % should be chemical fertilizer as the top fertilizer. This can provide the proper IRG dry matter yield with less effect on volcanic ash soil.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
• /
• v.23 no.2
• /
• pp.108-121
• /
• 2021

Field studies at Suwon, Cheorwon, and Jinbu were carried out to determine the relationship between mean temperature from transplanting to heading (MT) and growth at heading stage of rice. P lant height (P H) and dry weight (DW) at heading stage were significantly correlated with MT, showing second degree polynomials. The optimal temperatures for PH and DW were 23.2 ℃ and 22.8 ℃, respectively. Little differences in rice growth among soils collected from the experimental sites and the temperature-response in a phytotron study supported that MT was the main determinant of the growth shown in the field study. Though number of days to heading increased as MT decreased, cumulative temperatures (CT) affected by sites and MT for given varieties were fairly constant. When applying specific CT for each of the varieties to the temperature in North Korea, (1) five regions (Kaesong, Haeju, Sariwon, Nampo, Pyongyang) were suitable for early to mid-maturing varieties and (2) 14 regions (Yongyon, Singye, Anju, Kusong, Sinuiju, Changjon, Wonsan, Hamhung, Pyonggang, Yangdok, Huichon, Supung, Sinpo, Kanggye) were suitable only for early-maturing varieties. In (1) regions, the similar extent of growth with that in Suwon could be achieved when mid-maturing varieties grown in Suwon are cultivated. Among (2) regions, early-maturing varieties are expected to demonstrate the similar extent of growth with that in Cheorwon in 9 regions except Hamhung, Kanggye, Pyonggang, Yangdok, and Sinpo. For Hamhung and Kanggye, the target PH was assessed as 4cm higher than that shown in Cheorwon. P lant height of 8-14cm and DW of 2-4g per hill greater than those shown in Cheorwon were the target growth for P yonggang, Yangdok, and Sinpo to attain the similar amount of growth with that in Cheorwon. It is suggested that rice varieties for North Korea could be bred by adjusting the target growth at the breeding sites in South Korea.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
• /
• v.41 no.1
• /
• pp.16-22
• /
• 2021

This experiment was conducted to study on the growth characteristics and seed productivity of Italian ryegrass (Lolium multiflorum Lam., IRG) planted in the Spring in Gangwon Highland according to the seeding distance (20, 30 and 40 cm). The field was located in highland around 600 m above sea level. The experimental design was randomized block design with three replication and the tested IRG variety was 'Greencall' developed by National Institute of Animal Science (NIAS). IRG was sown on March 26, 2020, and harvested on July 2. The plant height was the shortest at 80.5 cm in the 40 cm seeding distance plot (P<0.05), and there was no significant difference between the 20 and 30 cm seeding distance. The number of spike per square meter (㎡) was significantly higher in the 20 cm seeding distance plot than that of 40 cm (937 vs. 571). The dry matter (DM) content of seed and straw after harvesting was 49.70 and 33.36 % on average, and there was no significant difference between treatments (P>005). However, there was a significant difference in the fresh and DM yield of seeds and straw (P<0.05). DM yield of seeds was significantly higher in 20 cm distance than that of 40 cm, and the yield of straw was the same trend. On the other hand, there was no significant difference in DM yield between 20 cm and 30 cm and also in the feed value of straw after seed harvesting among seeding distance. The average CP, ADF, NDF, and TDN contents were 6.91, 36.76, 61.75 and 59.86%, respectively, and the RFV value was 91. Considering the above results, the production of Italian ryegrass seeds sown in the spring in the highlands of the Gangwon is lower than that of autumn sowing, but it is judged that it needs to be reviewed in case it is unavoidable. In the future, there should be an economic analysis and the development of technology that can increase production.