• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.49 no.10
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• pp.1073-1078
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• 2006

Purpose : This study was performed to assess how a fetal diagnosis of congenital heart disease affects parents, as regards pregnancy management and care of infants after birth. Methods : Database search to find out abnormal fetal echocardiography performed at Seoul National University Children's Hospital from July 1988 to June 2003 revealed 370 examinations. After excluding both arrhythmias without structural cardiac disease and multiple pregnancies, 299 pregnancies remained and this data formed the basis of this analysis. We retrospectively reviewed the medical records with special attention to pregnancy outcomes and also tried to find out factors influencing parental decisions on whether to continue or terminate pregnancy. Results : In this study, the mean gestation age at diagnosis was $28{\pm}6.0weeks$. The mean age of mothers was $30{\pm}3.9$ years old. Younger gestational ages at diagnosis(P=0.000), more severe grades of fetal heart disease(P=0.002) and younger mothers(P=0.014) correlated with terminations of pregnanies. But the grades of fetal status, the grades of associated anomaly, whether in-vitro-fertilization was carried out or not and numbers of previous children were not significant. Conclusion : This study found that the earlier gestational ages at diagnosis, younger maternal age and higher grades of fetal heart disease tended to lead parent to select abortions. Fetal echocardiographies were performed too late. Moreover Koreans have a biased view that malformation is a something incurable and a tragedy not only to oneself, but also to a family. So parents select terminations of pregnancy, even in curable cases. This is very unethical.

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• v.45 no.4
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• pp.505-511
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• 2002

Purpose : Mean platelet volume(MPV) and platelet distribution width(PDW) are useful parameters in evaluating disorders of platelets. In cases with idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura(ITP), they change as platelet count increases. In this study, we compared the values of MPV and PDW in ITP patients at diagnosis with those of normal children. We also studied whether the early changes in MPV may predict the clinical course. Methods : From December 1995 to May 2001, 71 patients with ITP were admitted to Ajou University Hospital. They were treated with IVIg 400 mg/kg for five days and MPV, PDW, platelet count were analysed. Normal control group(n=38) was compared. The study group was divided into acute and chronic forms, and also divided into group A, good early responders whose platelets increased more than $100,000/{\mu}L$ within 5 days and group B who did not. Results : Mean value of MPV at diagnosis in ITP patients was lower than the normal control group(P<0.05). In group A, MPV was abruptly increased on the first day after IVIg and then started to decrease. But in group B, MPV was steadily increased until the fourth day after IVIg. In the normal control group, there were inverse correlations between platelet count and MPV(r=-0.415, P<0.05), but in ITP patients, there were positive relationships between platelet count and MPV(r=0.646, P<0.05) at diagnosis. Conclusions : MPV at diagnosis of ITP was lower than the normal control. MPV and PDW could not predict the course of ITP patients, but MPV could distinguish good early responders. More research is needed to find out the reasons of decreased MPV at diagnosis of ITP.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.383-391
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• 1992

A comparative study of enzymatic properties between the trypsin from the cat-shark Cephaloscyllium umbratile ( C-T) and the two trypsins from the mackerel Scomber japonicus $(M-T_A\;and\;M-T_B)$ was carried out following after the previous paper(Pyeun et al., 1991). Trypsin from cat-shark(C-T) showed the higher heat stability compared to the others $(M-T_A\;and\;M-T_B)$ and its denaturation constant$(K_D)$ was $10.68\times10^{-4}\;sec^{-1}\;at\;55^{\circ}C$ with BA-p-NA substrate. The activation energies(Ea) of the trypsins measured at a temperature range from $30^{\circ}C\;to\;50^{\circ}C$ were estimated to be 4.07 kcal/mole for C-T, 11.61 kcal/mole for $M-T_A$, and 8.43kcal/mole for $M-T_B$, respectively. The Km values were $24.9\times10^{-5}\;M\;for\;C-T,\;5.37\times10^{-5}\;M\;for\;M-T_A,\;and\;9.65\times10^{-5}\;M\;for\;M-T_B$. On the other hand, the Ki values for TLCK and DFP determined by Dixon plot were $1.50\times10^{-6}\;M\;and\;9.28\times10^{-6}\;M\;for\;C-T\;2.86\times10^{-6}\;M\;and\;2.11\times10^{-4}\;M\;for\;M-T_A\;and\;3.90\times10^{-6}\;M\;and\;1.60\times10^{-4}\;M\;for\;M-T_B$ Similar amino acid profiles were showed between three trypsins each other, with few exceptions of $M-T_B$ containing higher amount of arginine, and the smaller amount of tryptophan in C-T than the others.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.35 no.3
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• pp.22-31
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• 2017

The purpose of this study is to illuminate historical sensitivity and design in the days of the Joseon era and examines the phenomenon of acculturation as revealed in the planting of Sophora japonica and Zelkova serrata in the garden grove by looking into the purpose underlying the construction, formative intention and the process of change in Pohang's Chirinjeong wonlim. Chirinjeong, also called Sanggaejeong(雙槐亭) after the fact that two Zelkova serrata trees were planted there, is a hermit pavilion in Sa-il village, Chogok-ri, built in the 9th year of King Taejong(1409) by Jang, Pyo(張彪, 1349~?) of an officer of bureaucratic origin toward the end of the Goryeo Dynasty, the Chirinjeong garden grove is an element essential to Chogok, the 3rd Gok of Sanggaegoogok(雙溪九曲). The wonlim of Chirinjeong is divided into the pavilion section composed of the entrance area, Chirinjeong, composed of Zelkova serrata and Sophora japonica, and the pond section composed of a quadrangular pond and island(方池方島), and Lagerstroemia indica. In view of the intent of the name Chirinjeong or of the fact that the pavilion was named based on that the royal seal string was hung on the Sanggwaesoo(雙槐樹) or two Zelkova serrata trees, it is reasonable to view it as Zelkova serrata trees having been planted early in the days of the Joseon Dynasty and those additionally planted later on that symbolizes the position of the three nobles and the Sophora japonica. In addition, in spite of the fact that the type of trees supplementarily planted in the 21st year of King Yeongjo(1745) is known as Sophora japonica, it is impossible to rule out the possibility of the tree planted outside of Chirinjeong being Zelkova serrata. In short, the three Zelkova serrata trees planted along with Sophora japonica must certainly be evidence that Zelkova serrata planted along with Sophora japonica in Chirinjeong wonlim indicates that the off spring of the Indong Jang family could tell the difference between Sophora japonica and Zelkova serrata. In the recognition process of Zelkova serrata trees finding their way into Korea, it was known as Zelkova serrata on the one hand and as Sophora japonica on the other, and the former, which enjoys a comparative advantage over in terms of the easiness with which to purchase, growth speed and possibility of growing into a long-lived tree was interchanged with Zelkova serrata, a case of acculturation as manifested in the planting of Sophora japonica in the Chirinjeong garden grove.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.153-167
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• 2018

Purpose: This study was conducted to identify differences in dietary behaviors, dietary life consumer education related situation competencies, and dietary lifestyles between baby-boom and echo generations by gender. Methods: Data were drawn from the 2016 Food Consumption Behavior Survey, and 2,474 subjects (baby-boom generation 1,304; echo generation 1,170) were selected. Results: The baby-boom generation more frequently ate meals at home with family than the echo generation, whereas the echo generation had meals more frequently at cafeterias, cafes, bakeries, convenience stores and with friends or colleagues than the baby-boom generation. However, no significant differences in dietary life related consumer education were observed between generations, and experience with food related consumer education and food related promotional/events was very low in general. Baby-boomers received their primary dietary information from surrounding people, whereas the echo generation received it from broadcasting. The information use competence was lower for the baby-boom generation (3.29) than echo generation (3.35), although this difference was not significant. Healthy dietary life competence did not differ significantly, whereas the baby-boom generation showed a higher level of practice competence than the echo generation. Additionally, the baby-boom generation was more likely to pursuit health and less likely to be concerned with convenience and taste quality than the echo generation. Conclusion: The frequencies of meal eating places, drinking, and eating-out differed significantly between the two generations, while the participation ratios of food related consumer education/events, attitudes toward education, and information use competence did not. Additionally, knowledge regarding healthy dietary life competencies did not differ, whereas practice level showed significant differences between generations. Among dietary lifestyles, the baby-boom generation showed higher pursuit of health and lower pursuit of convenience and taste quality than the echo generation.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.179-188
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• 1981

The authors made an investigation concerning the geographical distribution and some major differentiations in morphological characteristics associated with the each habitat, of the pond smelt, Hypomesus olidus, which was introduced into Korea more than 50 years ago. Major characteristics utilized for the comparison study were upper jaw (maxillary), number of fin rays, scale structure, vertebral count, number of pyloric caeca, number of gill rakers, and the relative measurements of these and other internal characters. 1. The main areas of natural distribution are Paro Lake, Soyang Lake, Han River, Euirim Lake, and Ogjeong Lake (or Unam Lake) and the tributaries of these waters. 2. Morphological variations varied when the mean values of measurements from each area were compared with the standard measurement value by mosaic comparison, and in some instances a significant variation was found. 3. The most significant variations were found in the number of fin rays of pectoral and anal fins; the lengths from the tip of snout to the origin of pectoral fin, from snout to ventral fin, and from snout to anal fin, relative to standard body length; eye depth relative to head length; upper jaw: the number of pyloric caeca and the scale structure. Variations, on the other hand, by each habitat were not clear in the numbers of ventral and dorsal fin rays, gill rakers, vertebrae and lateral line scale : and the depth of caudal peduncle and distance from the tip of snout to the origin of dorsal fin relative to standard body length. 4. The scales of pond smelt showed some differences in the shape of scales, the shape and position of the focus and the number of ridges according to the scale positions on the body. No radii were present. The relations between longitudinal and transverse diameters of the scale suggest that the pond smelts of Soyang Lake and Un-am Lake are closely related, and those of Han River and Euirim Lake are also closely related. 5. The geographical variations in morphology of the pond smelt seem to have resulted from the variations in turbidity, water temperature, salinity (rather conductivity) and currents. 6. From the results obtained, it may be concluded that such factors as supramaxillary, relation between scale length and its breadth, number of caudal vertebrae and eye depth relative to head length may be used as the key characters for the classification of geographical varieties of Pond smelt.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.33 no.12
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• pp.913-921
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• 2011

This study examined the overall feasibility of low carbon green village formed in rural area. The check method is analyzing its environmental and economic feasibility and energy self-reliance. The biomass of the villages was set as 28 ton/day of livestock feces and 2 ton/day of cut fruit tree branches which make up the total of 30 ton/day. The facility consisted of a bio gasfication facility using wet (livestock feces) biomass and combined heat power generator, composting facility and wood boiler using dry (cut fruit tree branches) biomass. When operating the system, 540,540 kWh/yr of electricity and 1,762 Gcal/yr of heat energy was produced. The region's electricity energy and heat energy self-reliance rate will be 100%. The economic feasibility was found as a loss of 140 million won where the facility installation cost is 5.04 billion won, operation cost is 485.09 million won and profit is 337.12 million won. There will be a loss of about 2.2 billion won in 15 years but in the environmental analysis, it was found that crude replacement effect is about 178 million won, greenhouse gas reduction effect is about 92 million won making up the total environmental benefit of 270 million won. This means, there will be a yearly profit of about 130 million won. In terms of its environmental and economic feasibility and energy self-reliance, this project seemed to be a feasible project in overall even if it manages to get help from the government or local government.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 1990

The effects of electrolytes, adenosine, ATP, 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT, serotonin) and ketanserin on the inhibitory junction potentials (IJPs) were investigated to clarify the interactions of these drugs with the neurotransmitters released from non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerves in the antrum of guinea-pig stomach. Electrical responses of antral circular muscle cells were recorded intracellularly using glass capillary microelectrode filled with 3 M KCI. All experiments were performed in Tris-buffered Tyrode soluition which was aerated with 100% $O_{2}$ and kept at $35^{\circ}C$. The results obtained were as follows: 1) Inhibitory junction potential (IJP) was recorded in antral strip, while excitatory junction potential (EJP) was recorded in fundic strip. 2) IJP recorded in antral strip was not influenced by atropine $(10^{-6}\;M)$ and guanethidine $(5{\times}10^{-6})$. 3) The amplitude of IJP increased in high $Ca^{2+}$ solution, while that of IJP decreased in high $Mg^{2+}$ solution or by $Ca^{2+}$ antagonist (verapamil). Apamin, $Ca^{2+}$-activated $K^{+}$ channel blocker blocked IJP completely. 4) ATP and adenosine decreased the amplitude of IJP. 5) 5-HT decreased the amplitude of IJP with no change of the amplitude of slow waves, while ketanserin (5-HT type 2 blocker) decreased the amplitude of slow waves markedly with no change in that of IJP. From the above results, the following conclusions could be made. 1) IJP recorded in antral strip is resulted from neurotransmitters released from non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerves. 2) An increase in the concentration of external $Ca^{2+}$ enhances the release of neurotransmitters from non-adrenergic, non-cholinergic nerves which activate the $Ca^{2+}$-dependent $K^{+}$ channel.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.10 s.96
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• pp.899-908
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• 2004

The rise of income and introduction of 5 day a week working system give korean people opportunities to enjoy their leisure time. And many korean people have much interest in oceanic sports such as yachting and also oceanic leisure equipments. With the popularization and development of the equipments, the scope of oceanic activities has been expanding in Korea just as in the advanced oceanic countries. However, The current conditions for the sports in Korea are not advanced and even worse than underdeveloped countries. In order to develop the underdeveloped resources of Korean marina, we need to customize the marina models of advanced nations to serve the specific needs and circumstances of Korea As such we have carried out a comparative analysis of how Austrailia, Newzealand, Singapore, japan and Malaysia operate their marina, reaching the following conclusions. Firstly, in marina operations, in order to protect personal property rights and to preserve the environment, we must operate membership and non-membership, profit and non-profit schemes separately, yet without regulating the dress code entering or leaving the club house. Secondly, in order to accumulate greater value added, new sporting events should be hosted each year. There is also the need for an active use of volunteers, the generation of greater interest in yacht tourism, and the simplification of CIQ procedures for foreign yachts as well as the provision of language services. Thirdly, a permanent yacht school should be established, and classes should be taught by qualified instructors. Beginners, intermediary, and advanced learner classes should be managed separately with special emphasis on the dinghy yacht program for children. Fourthly, arrival and departure at the moorings must be regulated autonomically, and there must be systematic measures for the marina to be able, in part, to compensate for loss and damages to equipment, security and surveillance after usage fees have been paid for. Fifthly, marine safety personnel must be formed in accordance with Korea's current circumstances from civilian organizations in order to be used actively in benchmarking, rescue operations, and oceanic searches at times of disaster at sea.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.58 no.4
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• pp.642-650
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• 2020

In general, the circulation path of the fluidized particles in a CFB (Circulating Fluidized Bed) boiler is such that the particles entrained from a combustor are collected by a cyclone and recirculated to the combustor via a sealpot which is one of non-mechanical valves. However, when a fluidized bed heat exchanger (FBHE) is installed to additionally absorb heat from the fluidized particles, some particles in the sealpot pass through the FBHE and then flow into the combustor. At this time, in the FBHE operated in the bubbling fluidization regime, if the heat flow is not evenly distributed by poor mixing of the hot particles (800~950 ℃) flowing in from the sealpot, the heat exchanger tubes would be locally heated and then damaged, and the agglomeration of particles could also occur by formation of hot spot. This may affect the stable operation of the circulating fluidized bed. In this study, the unevenness of heat flow arising from structural problems of the FBHE of the domestic D-CFB boiler was found through the operating data analysis and the CPFD (Computational Particle Fluid Dynamics) simulation using Barracuda VR. Actually, the temperature of the heat exchanger tubes in the FBHE showed the closest correlation with the change in particle temperature of the sealpot. It was also found that the non-uniformity of the heat flow was caused by channeling of hot particles flowing in from the sealpot. However, it was difficult to eliminate the non-uniformity even though the fluidizing velocity of the FBHE was increased enough to fluidize hot particles vigorously. When the premixing zone for hot particles flowing in from the sealpot is installed and when the structure is changed through the symmetrization of the FBHE discharge line for particles reflowing into the combustor, the particle mixing and the uniformity of heat flow were found to be increased considerably. Therefore, it could be suggested that the structural modification of the FBHE, related to premixing and symmetric flow of hot particles, is an alternative to reduce the non-uniformity of the heat flow and to minimize the poor particle mixing.