• Culinary science and hospitality research
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.204-214
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to identify instant noodle intake and consumption patterns of adults in metropolitan areas of Korea. There was a total of 702 subjects, 18 years of age and above, and data from the self-administrated questionnaires were collected and analyzed using comparative statistical analysis, including frequency, chi-square, t-test, and one-way ANOVA. According to the results, preference level for instant noodles among the adults was indicated to be $4.84{\pm}1.32$ and 54% of subjects either "liked" or "more than liked" noodles. People in 20s liked them the most. Noodles in envelope type package with soup are highly preferred. The most common reason why they chose to eat instant noodles was "convenience." At the same time, people avoid them because of their bad nutrition and calories. Half of the subjects consume instant noodles at least once a week mainly for lunch and dinner as a substitute for their meal. In the case of eating-together-with-family was the largest. 72.4% of subjects consumed entire soup additive content and 20.6% of them eat almost without soup because of being full and worrying that it might be harmful to health. Significant difference was shown in the preference level and intake patterns depending on respondents' general characteristics. Limitations and future research directions are also discussed.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics and Information Engineers
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• 제50권8호
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• pp.128-135
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• 2013

This paper presents a high dimming ratio Power-LED driver IC with high power which is capable of controlling LEDs. In order to accomplish a high dimming ratio LED driver, the preloading inductor current methodology is proposed for the power stage of the proposed method to achieve the fast transient response time during the Power-LED load switching. The information containing the current flowing on the LEDs can be utilized to predict the amount of the current on the inductor. The minimum LED current rising time of existing high dimming ratio Power-LED driver is limited by $3{\mu}s$, however that of the proposed high dimming ratio Power-LED driver is reduced about 1/10. The LED driver is implemented with 0.35um 60V BCDMOS 2-poly 4-metal process. The measurement results show that the proposed LED driver system features the minimum rising time as small as 240ns at the dimming frequency of 1KHz with a 12V of input voltage, nine white LEDs and 353mA of LED current. The LED rising time and power conversion efficiency of the chip are measured to be 240ns and 93.72%, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Coastal and Ocean Engineers
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.63-72
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• 2016

An expected-discounted cost model based on RRP(Renewal Reward Process), referred to as a stochastic decision model, has been developed to estimate the optimal period of in-depth inspection which is one of critical issues in the life-cycle maintenance management of harbor structures such as rubble-mound breakwaters. A mathematical model, which is a function of the probability distribution of the service-life, has been formulated by simultaneously adopting PIM(Periodic Inspection and Maintenance) and CBIM(Condition-Based Inspection and Maintenance) policies so as to resolve limitations of other models, also all the costs in the model associated with monitoring and repair have been discounted with time. From both an analytical solution derived in this paper under the condition in which a failure rate function is a constant and the sensitivity analyses for the variety of different distribution functions and conditions, it has been confirmed that the present solution is more versatile than the existing solution suggested in a very simplified setting. Additionally, even in that case which the probability distribution of the service-life is estimated through the stochastic process, the present model is of course also well suited to interpret the nonlinearity of deterioration process. In particular, a MCS(Monte-Carlo Simulation)-based sample path method has been used to evaluate the parameters of a damage intensity function in stochastic process. Finally, the present stochastic decision model can satisfactorily be applied to armor units of rubble mound breakwaters. The optimal periods of in-depth inspection of rubble-mound breakwaters can be determined by minimizing the expected total cost rate with respect to the behavioral feature of damage process, the level of serviceability limit, and the consequence of that structure.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• 제39권1호
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• pp.1-6
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• 1994

Some physicochemical properties of sugary rices were comparatively analyzed with the original cultivars, using Hwachung su-1, su-2, and Nampung su lines bred in Seoul Nat'l Univ., and EM 5 bred in Kyushu Univ. Sugary rice grains were smaller in width and thickness, and the relative dry weight of 1000 grains of sugary rices ranged from 49% to 72%, compared to normal ones. No distinct starch granules were found in endosperm of sugary rices exposured by SEM, with structural variations between Hwachung su-1 and su-2 lines. Sugary rices showed the significant increases in sucrose, glucose and fructose content, especially much higher in sucrose content showing 5.84-8.79%, in comparison with the normal ones, 1.11∼2.65%. However, sucrose and total sugar content varied within sugary lines carrying the same sugary gene, and were significantly lower in Hwachung su-2. Sugary rices, except Hwachung su-1, showed the same or lower ADV and harder gel characteristics, compared to normal ones. Protein and lipid content were much higher in sugary rices, due to the increased relative proportion of aleurone layer in brown rice caused by thicker aleurone layer than in normal rices and the reduction of endosperm part. However, there were no remarkable changes in amino acid and fatty acid compositions.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.39-53
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• 1987

A total of 1,440 White Leghorn pullets hatched in summer and winter, aged 20 to 72 weeks were fed 9 rations differing in dietary protein (13, 15 and 17%) and energy (2,500, 2,700 and 2,900 kcal/kg) levels for a period of 52 weeks in order to evaluate the optimum dietary energy and protein levels for laying hens. As metabolizable energy level increased from 2,500 to 2,900 kcal/kg of feed egg production, daily feed and protein intake and egg shell quality decreased, but reverse was true for the daily energy intake, energy requirement and feed cost per kg egg, body weight gain, nutrients utilizability and abdominal fat accumulation, Egg weight, viability and egg yolk Pigmentation were not affected by the dietary energy level. On the other hand, as dietary protein level increased from 13 to 17%, egg production, egg weight, daily protein intake, protein requirement per kg egg and body weight gain icreased, but daily feed and energy intake, feed and energy requirement per kg egg, egg yolk pigmentation and dry matter utilizability decreased, and no significant difference in the feed cost per kg egg, viability and egg shell quality was observed among dietary protein levels. However: the hens fed 15% and 17% Protein diets did not show significant differences in egg production, egg weight and body weight gain. For the entire laying period of 52 weeks, metabolizable energy level of 2,500 kcal/kg of feed and 15% dietary protein level were considered to be adequate to support the optimum productivity.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.257-264
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• 1983

In order to obtain more specific antigenic preparation for the diagnosis of human paragonlmiasis, crude saline extract of whole worm (=PwWWE), secretory.excretory components (PwSEC) and secretion-excretion-free somatic extract (PwSM) of 12 week-old ParagoninBus westermani were filtrated through Sephadex G-200 gel column. The adult Paragonimus worms were obtained from expevimentally infected doge. A total of 11 antigenic solutions was Iyophilised or diluted to adjust protein content of 1mg/ml. To evaluate the antigenicity of crude antigens and fractions, micro-ELISA was done with the sera from P westermani in(ected cases, C. sinensis infected cases and non-infected control cases to detect Paragonimus specific IgG antibody. The results were as follows: 1. When the PwWWE was filtrated through Sephadex G-200 gel, it was separated into three fractions; PwWWE Fr. 1, PwWWE Fr. 2 and PwWWE Fr. 3. The percentage of protein content was 28.0%, 21.6% and 50.4% respectively. The PwSM was also. separated into three fractions; PwSM Fr. 1, PwSM Fr. 2, PwSM Fr. 3. and their percentage of protein content was 41.3%, 38.6% and 20.1%. However, the PwSEC showed different fractionation pattern; i.e. fraction 1 (=PwSEC Fr.1) and 3 (PwSEC Fr. 3) without fraction 2. The percentage of protein content was 14.0% in PwSEC Fr. 1 and 86.0% in PwSEC Fr. 3. 2. When the antigenicity of each Paragonimus crude antigen and fractionated antigen was evaluated for specific IgG aritibody by micro-ELISA in 10 human paragonimiasis sera, PwSEC Fr, 1 was the most potent antigen showing the mean absorbance 1.98. The PwWWE Fr. 1, PwSEC, PwWWE were next to that: their mean absorbance were 1.72, 1.38 and 0.83 respectively. The antigenicity of fractions 2 and 3 was much weaker in binding specific IgG antibody. 3. When the antigens were reacted in micro-ELISA with 10 human clonorchiasis sera, most antigens showed weak reactivity. Each fraction 1 of crude antigens reacted higher than other fractions or crude antigens; the mean absorbance was 0.17 in fraction 1, but in others the absorbances were about 0.06. 4. With non-infected control sera, the result of micro-RLISA revealed almost same pattern with those of the clonorchiasis sera. From the above results, it became apparent that PwWWE Fr. 1, especially PwSEC Fr. 1 was the most potent antigen reacted with Paragonisfaus specific IgG antibody.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제31권3호
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• pp.207-214
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• 1993

This study was conducted to evaluate the current endemicity and the transition mode of the Clonorchis infection in Sanchong-gun Kyongsangnam-do. The areas of investigation, villages and schools surveyed, method and techniques used in this study were the same as in 1984. The egg positive rate of clonorchiasis in the general population of Sanchong-gun was 37.6% out of 837 exanuned persons. In the schoolchildren. the rate was 9.7% out of 145 persons examined. In the Intensity of the infEction among the cases. the mean EPG (Egg Per gram of feces) in the inhabitants and schoolchildren were 3, 310 (male 4, 221, female 1, 978) and 711 tamale 620. female 8331, respectively. Of the inhabitants with clonorchiasis, the cases of light infection (EPG < 1, 000) and moderate infection (1.000 < EPG < 10, 000) were 93.9%. The proportion with experience of eating raw freshwater-fish was 90.5% among the infecters. Out of 138 Inhabitants examined in both 1984 and 1992, the number of the positives by both examinations was 31 (22.5%), positive to negative conversion was 35 (25.4%), negative to positive conversion was 22(15.9%). The present results reveal that there are no chanties of the e99 Positive rate of clonorchiasis among inhabitants in Sanchong and the eating habit of raw freshwater-fish persists there. In this community, the eating habit Is the most important problem to be solved for control of this endemic diease.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제40권3호
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• pp.139-148
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• 2002

In order to study the range of flight and feeding activity of Anopheles sinensis, the dispersal experiment was conducted in Paju city, located in the northern part of Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea, during the period of 7th to 28th September 1998. Unfed females An. sinensis were collected in cowshed and released after being marked with fluorescent dye at 23:00 hours on the same day. Released female mosquitoes were recaptured everyday during 21 days using light traps, which were set at 10 sites in the cowsheds located 1, 3, 6, 9 and 12 km north-northwest and north-northeast and at 3 sites located 1, 6 and 9 km toward south-west from the release point. In addition, to study the longest flight distance in one night, we set the light traps at 16 and 20 km toward north-northeast from the release site. All the collected mosquitoes were placed on filter papers and observed on UV transilluminator after treatment with one drop of 100% ethanol. Out of 12,773 females of An. sinensis released, 194 marked females mosquitoes were recaptured, giving 1.52% recapture rate. Of 194, 72 mosquitoes (37 1%) were recaptured in light traps from three places set at 1 km from the release point, 57 mosquitoes (29.4%) from two places at 1-3 km, 41 mosquitoes (21.1%) from three places at 3-6 km, 20 mosquitoes (10.3%) from three places at 6-9 km, and 4 mosquitoes (2.1%) from two places at 9-12 km. Since 170 female mosquitoes (87.6%) out of 194 marked mosquitoes were captured within 6 km from the release point, this flight radius represents the main activity area. An. sinensis was found to be able to fly at least 12 km during one night.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제38권2호
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• pp.51-57
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• 2000

Follow-up studies have been conducted every three years on the endemicity of Gymnophalloides seoi infection in a small coastal village of Chollanam-do (Province), Korea, since it was first known as an endemic area in 1994. Special attention was given to its egg laying capacity in the human host. In fecal examinations, the overall helminth egg and/or cyst positive rate was 78.7% (74/94) in 1997 and 76.6% (82/107) in 2000. Among them G. seoi eggs showed the highest rate; 71.3% (67/94) in 1997 and 72.0% (77/107) in 2000. The average number of eggs per gram of feces (EPG) was 1,015 in 1997, while a reduced rate of 353 was observed in 2000. In 1997, total of 320,677 adult flukes of G. seoi (av. 10,344/person, 94-69,125 in range) were collected from the diarrheic stools of 31 treated patients. The EPG/worm obtained from 21 cases ranged from 0.04 to 0.77 (av. 0.23), suggesting density-dependent constraints on the worm fecundity. The relationship between the worm burden (X) and EPG/worm (Y) can be expressed as $Y=0.42{\cdot}e{\cdot}^{-l.2x}(r=0.49)$. The results showed that G. seoi infection is persistently endemic in this village.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.35-41
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• 2010

We investigated the seasonality of Anopheles mosquitoes, including its species composition, density, parity, and population densities of mosquitoes infected with the parasite in Ganghwa-do (Island), a vivax malaria endemic area in the Republic of Korea. Mosquitoes were collected periodically with a dry-ice-tent trap and a blacklight trap during the mosquito season (April-October) in 2008. Anopheles sinensis (94.9%) was the most abundant species collected, followed by Anopheles belenrae (3.8%), Anopheles pullus (1.2%), and Anopheles lesteri (0.1%). Hibernating Anopheles mosquitoes were also collected from December 2007 to March 2008. An. pullus (72.1%) was the most frequently collected, followed by An. sinensis (18.4%) and An. belenrae (9.5%). The composition of Anopheles species differed between the mosquito season and hibernation seasons. The parous rate fluctuated from 0% to 92.9%, and the highest rate was recorded on 10 September 2008. Sporozoite infections were detected by PCR in the head and thorax of female Anopheles mosquitoes. The annual sporozoite rate of mosquitoes was 0.11% (2 of 1,845 mosquitoes). The 2 mosquitoes that tested positive for sporozoites were An. sinensis. Malarial infections in anopheline mosquitoes from a population pool were also tried irrespective of the mosquito species. Nine of 2,331 pools of Anopheles mosquitoes were positive. From our study, it can be concluded that An. sinensis, which was the predominant vector species and confirmed as sporozoite-infected, plays an important role in malaria transmission in Ganghwa-do.