• 국제지역연구
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.71-96
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• 2017

본 연구는 북한 계획경제의 실패로 나타난 빈곤화가 시장화를 통하여 극복되는 과정을 분석하였다. 계획과 시장의 융합으로 나타난 경제정책을 제도로 인식하고 7.1경제관리조치와 6.28신경제관리조치를 중심으로 시장화를 자생적인 시장화(1990~2001년), 유통중심의 시장화(2002~2011년), 생산중심의 시장화(2012~2017년)로 시대구분을 하고 주요사건, 경제순환구조, 경제행태를 분석하였다. 분석결과 첫째, 시장화의 과정은 농민시장 확대, 유통 중심의 시장화, 생산 중심의 시장화 그리고 금융 중심의 시장화로 계속 시장화가 진화되면서 빈곤화가 어느 정도 극복되어 가고 있다. 둘째, 기업제도, 농업제도, 금융제도가 시장경제 방향으로 진전되어가고 있으며 소규모 사유화부터 시작하여 대규모 사유화가 진전되고 있다. 셋째, 완전한 빈곤화를 탈출하기 위해서는 외자유치를 통하여 공업화 산업화를 건설해야 하는 상황에 놓여있으며, 농업개혁, 기업개혁, 가격개혁, 재정개혁, 금융개혁, 무역 직접투자개혁, 유통개혁 등 거의 전 분야에 걸친 경제체제 개혁이 되어 글로벌 경제에 결합시키고 그 과정 속에서 고용확대, 외화획득, 기술획득을 실현해야 한다. 이러한 일련의 경제구조의 변화 방향들은 공적부문과 중앙집권화(Public sector & centralized)에서 사적부문과 분권화(Private sector & decentralized)로 바뀌고 있다.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.9-17
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• 2009

At this time, it is very urgent and important that the new high value-added industries with convergence and embedded software technologies are promoted to make the driving force for new growth. Moreover, software is used as an essential part or material of nearly all products. However, the economic and social treatment over the software workforce, which is the core of software development, is very weak. In addition, the discussion or study on the treatment improvement and value awareness of software practitioners is almost non-existent. Therefore, this study suggests some measures for software workforce's improved treatment to meet their increasing role. We examine the present state of software workforce, discuss their status and role, and suggest some measures for the improvement of their working conditions and social treatment.

• 한국관광식음료학회지:관광식음료경영연구
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• 제7권
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• pp.207-230
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• 1997

Over the past few years, the economic growth had a great effect on tourism. As a number of tourist increase, particulary in the relaxation tourism, tourists inevitably need some measures which health their liver, as a social value. In this respect, it is required efficient development of hot springs designed to contribute to the improvement of national health, and suggest some good directions through on analysis of the following 1. The method of developping connection the neighborhood tourism area. 2. The development of travel commodities for trying to attract tourists, connecting hot spring bath. 3. The activity for management. 4. The establishment for tourism action. 5. The setting up development planning 6. The creation of attractive street.

• 보건행정학회지
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• 제7권1호
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• pp.155-182
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• 1997

Objectives : This study was designed to compare North Korea and South Korea in measures of the quality of life (physical quality of life index and human development index) and to investigate the impact of selected medical and socioeconomic factors on PQL variables. Data and Methods : The World Bank, the United Nations Development Programme, and Population Reference Bureau were the principal sources of statistical data of 121 countries. Variables included infant mortality, life expectancy at birth, literacy rate, secondary school enrollment (male and female), GNP per capita, population per doctor, daily calorie supply per capita, and a composite PQL index. The Ordinary Least Square model was employed for cross-countries analysis. Findings : Both countries under quite different political and economic systems saw big improvememts in the quality of life, reducing mortality and prolonging life expectancy during the past three decades. In recent decad, however, North Korea has experienced abrupt exacerbation in the quality of life. Significant improvements in infant mortality of the population wer attributable mainly to GNP per capita and the secondary school enrollemt of female. The principal predictors of life expectancy at birth were population per doctor, infant mortality, and literacy rate. The secondary school enrollment of female and population per doctor were significantly associated with improvements in the physical quality of life index (PQLI). Conclusion : The results of this study confirmed a point illustrated by other studies : The association between quality of life as a measure of health status and socioeconomic factors was strong and positive. The important contribution of educational attainment in general, female education level in particular to improvements in the quality of life deserves good news for building an integrated health care system in the reunified Korea, taking into account the high level of education two koreas are enjoying. Meanwhile, when a sharp drop in the quality of life has been observed in North Korea under serious economic difficulties and food shortage in recent decade, the significant contribution of economic development to improvements in the quality of life poses bad nows for reunifying Korean health care in economic terms.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제15권22호
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• pp.9679-9685
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• 2014

Background: When evaluating health-economics for cervical cancer prevention policies in Japan, it is important to use Japanese value settings. This study aimed to obtain preference-based measures (preference measures) for hypothesized health states among healthy Japanese women, and to examine differences between the EuroQol-5D (EQ-5D) and standard gamble (SG) instruments. Materials and Methods: The investigation was performed among female students at a nursing university. We used written hypothetical scenarios describing three grades of cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN) and eight stages of cervical cancer, both at diagnosis and after medical intervention. Preference measures were evaluated using both EQ-5D and SG. Results: We received responses from 136 women. The mean number of respondents per stage was 24.6 (SD: 2.7). At diagnosis, average EQ-5D scores for CIN1, CIN2, CIN3, IA1, IA2, IB1, IB2, IIA, IIB, III, and IV stages were 0.84 (0.14), 0.78 (0.12), 0.73 (0.10), 0.78 (0.12), 0.72 (0.12), 0.63 (0.13), 0.64 (0.12), 0.68 (0.08), 0.62 (0.13), 0.55 (0.21), and 0.18 (0.24), respectively. Using one-way analysis of variance with the Tukey-Kramer method for multiple comparisons (each stage vs. CIN1), we found significant differences for IB1 and more advanced stages (p<0.05). After medical intervention, corresponding EQ-5D scores were 0.84 (0.12), 0.81 (0.12), 0.84 (0.12), 0.80 (0.15), 0.78 (0.11), 0.64 (0.15), 0.63 (0.15), 0.71 (0.15), 0.50 (0.17), 0.52 (0.17), 0.21 (0.28). The multiple comparisons identified significant differences for IB1 and more advanced stages, excepting IIA (p<0.05). SG evaluations were more variable and relatively higher than EQ-5D evaluations. Conclusions: We obtained preference measures for three grades of CIN1-3 and eight stages of cervical cancer. In combination with appropriate sensitivity analyses, these preference measures will provide a basis for an economic evaluation of cervical cancer prevention in Japan. We suggest that EQ-5D is appropriate for cost-utility analysis of this topic.

• 산업융합연구
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• 제22권7호
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• pp.81-91
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• 2024

본 연구는 청소년의 알레르기질환과 정신건강실태를 파악하고 알레르기질환과 정신건강의 관련성을 확인하여 발달단계 청소년의 효율적인 질환 관리방안 마련의 기초자료를 제공하고자 수행하였다. 제17차 청소년건강행태 온라인조사 자료를 이차분석하였으며, SPSS 26.0 프로그램을 이용하여 복합표본 기술통계, 교차분석, 로지스틱 회귀분석을 시행하였다. 연구 결과 알레르기질환을 하나 이상 가진 경우 스트레스 1.286배(B=1.286, p<.000), 우울 1.289배(B=1.289, p<000), 범불안장애 1.399배(B=1.399, p=.000) 경험할 가능성이 높았다. 또한 알레르기질환을 가진 청소년의 정신건강에 영향을 미치는 요인은 성별, 경제적 수준, 학업성적, 음주경험, 흡연경험 이었다. 스트레스와 범불안장애는 여학생이, 경제적 수준과 학업성적이 낮을수록, 음주와 흡연을 한 경우 경험할 가능성이 더 높았다. 우울은 남학생이, 경제적 수준과 학업성적이 높을수록, 음주와 흡연을 하지 않은 경우 경험할 가능성이 더 높았다. 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 청소년 시기의 알레르기질환과 이로 인하여 발생 가능한 정신건강 상태를 관리하기 위한 효과적인 전략을 수립하여 실질적인 접근이 이루어지길 기대한다.

• 웰빙융합연구
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• 제7권3호
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• pp.1-11
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• 2024

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to present an efficient emission reduction ratio of plastic to reduce carbon dioxide, the main cause of greenhouse gases. Research design, data and methodology: This study calculated the absolute value of carbon dioxide by setting an equation through the emission coefficient using the US EPA's WARM model. Results: In the recycling ratio of 70%, it was found that the energy recovery ratio was 15.6%, which was the energy recovery ratio without generating carbon dioxide. When carbon dioxide is generated by changing plastic waste emissions, optimal efficiency is achieved by reducing emissions by 10% to 30% of energy recovery ratio, 20% to 50% of energy recovery ratio, and 30% to 80% or more of energy recovery ratio. Conclusions: The recycling rate should be set at a minimum of 70%, so that a carbon dioxide-free energy recovery rate could be obtained during the recycling process, supporting an eco-friendly basis for environmental policies aimed at this rate. In addition, it was possible to suggest that it is essential to reduce emissions by at least 30% for eco-friendly recycling measures that can achieve both economic and environmental feasibility in the energy recovery process through incineration during recycling in Korea.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.44-56
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• 2007

The flora was summarized as 195 taxa; 73 families, 138 genera, 168 species, 23 varieties and 4 forms in Jangsoo-ri windbreak forest and 151 taxa; 63 families, 118 genera, 131 species, 18 varieties and 2 forms in Pyeongsa-ri windbreak forest. Based on the list of the rare plants by the Forest Research Institute, 3 taxa and based on the list of Korean endemic plant 4 taxa were recorded in the studied areas; Puccinellia coreensis (Gramineae), Asarum maculatum (Aristolochiaceae), Prunus yedoensis (Rosaceae), Koelreuteria paniculata (Sapindaceae), Adenophora triphylla var. hirsuta (Campanulaceae). The Specific Plant Species which is categorized by the Ministry of Environment, Korea, was summarized as 23 taxa for the 1 degree of 17 taxa, 3 degree of 5 taxa, 5 degree of 1 taxa in Jangsoo-ri windbreak forest and 22 taxa for the 1 degree of 18 taxa, 3 degree of 3 taxa, 5 degree of 1 taxa in Pyeongsa-ri windbreak forest. From the enlisted the flora surveyed, the naturalized plants were 17 taxa in Jangsoo-ri windbreak forest and 19 taxa in Pyeongsa-ri windbreak forests with the Naturalization rate was 8.7 percent and 12.6 percent, respectively. In Jangsoo-ri windbreak forest, there has been occurred many man-made impair and development without legal institution and control. So, it needs in haste institutional conservation measures and systemic database construction about function and necessity of windbreak forest. In Pyeongsa-ri windbreak forest, recently many people visited here. So, if we make eco-tour place connecting nearby coast and windbreak forest, it will contribute resident's economic profit and opportunity, concerns about windbreak forest, and necessity of conservation measures. Recently, the windbreak forests in Jangsoo-ri and Pyeongsa-ri should be bereaved windbreak forest of function by the human activities.

• 환경위생공학
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.1-10
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• 1992

Since 1960's along with industrialization and urbanization, economic growth has been . achieved, however, at the same time, environmental condition has been seriously deteriorated. . Currently, volume of wastewater has been increasing at annual rate of 7% in sewage and 20% in industrial wastewater. However, the nation's sewage treatment serves only 33% of the municipal wastewater as of 1991. Major portion of air pollutants comes from combustion of oil and coal which comprise 81% of total energy use and emission gases from motor vehicles increasing at an accelerated rate. It is known that Korea generates the highest amount of waste per capta. Nevertheless, it is not sufficient to reduce the volume of waste by means of resources recovery and recycling. Recognizing the importance of global environmental problems such as ozone layer depletion, global warming and acid rain, international society has been making various efforts since the 1972 Stockholm conference. In particular, it is expected that the Rio conference which has adopted the Rio declaration and Agenda 21 will form a crucial turning point of the emerging new world order after the Cold War confrontation. To cope with such issues as domestic pollution and global environmental problems, the fundamental national policy aims at harmonizing "environmental protection and sustainable development". The Ministry of Environment has recently set up a mid-term comprehensive plan which includes annual targets for environmental protection. According to the government plan, gradual improvement of various environmental conditions and specific measures to achieve them is planned in time frame. Additional sewage treatment plants will be constructed in urban areas with the target to treat 65% of the nation's municipal sewage by 1996. Supply of clean fuels such as LNG will also be expanded starting from large cities as a cleaner substitute energy for coal and oil. In parallel with expansion of LNG, emphasis will be placed on installation of stack monitoring system. Due to the relatively limited land, government's basic policy for solid waste treatment is to develop large scale landfill facilities rather than small sized ones. Thirty three regional areas have been designated for the purpose of waste management. For each of these regions, big scale landfill site is going to be developed. To increase the rate of waste recycling the government is planning to reinforce separate collection system and to provide industries with economic incentives. As a part of meeting the changing situation on global environmental problems after UNCED, and accommodation regulatory measures stipulated in the global environmental conventions and protocols, national policy will try to alter industrial and economic structure so as to mitigate the increasing trends of energy consumption, by encouraging energy conservation and efficiency. In this regard, more attention will be given to the policy on the development of the cleaner technology. Ultimately, these policies and programs will contribute greatly to improving the current state of national public health.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.113-121
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• 2021

This study was conducted on 1,174 retirees in their 50s and 60s nationwide using the 7th data of the National Pension Service's National Elderly Security Panel Survey. We were able to confirm the following results through the SPSS WIN 18.0 program.. First, men showed a higher level of education than women. From these results, it is expected that men will be better prepared for retirement. Second, men had spouses and two or more household members than women. According to previous studies showing that men are better prepared for retirement if they have a spouse, it is expected that men are better prepared for retirement. Second, 38% of men and 62% of women were voluntary retirees. Third, both men and women responded that their own and spouses should play the main role in preparing for retirement. Fourth, both men and women had very low rates of preparation for old age, economic independence, and public and private pensions. Among them, women were lower than men. Fifth, economic problem solving, health, and medical care were the priority as parts to be done for retirement in oneself and society. Based on these results, the directions for preparing retirees for retirement are as follows. First, education on wage peak system, retirement age extension and financial management for involuntary retirees is required, and guidance and management methods on health care and disease should be provided to address needs for health and health care. Women had more voluntary retirees than men, and they need to know why. Second, when both men and women are very poor at preparing for retirement, there should be job creation measures to ensure that they and their spouses are fully prepared for retirement.