• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.183-190
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• 2004

The major compositions of leaf tea and flower tea were investigated to develope as a new functional tea using Korean native Camellia japonica L. Most of leaf teas, except flower tea, were considered as good materials with basic conditions for tea manufacture because water content was below 6%. Crude protein was the greatest component in roasted young leaf tea (RYLT), crude fats in roasted mature leaf tea (RMLT) and ashes in fermented young leaf tea (FYLT). Caffein were present as the highest amount (5.18%) in steamed mature leaf tea (SMLT), showing less amount than green tea. Catechin were contained as the highest amount in all kinds of teas, especially FYLT was the highest (9.57%). Tannin, which highly related with tea quality including astringent taste, color and perfume, were present as the highest amount in FYLT. Vitamin C was highly detected in the tea from flowers (22.7 mg/l00 g) rather than in the tea from leaves. The content of theanine were found in flower tea by 1,074 mg/l00 g, and had about twofold of FYLT and RYLT. Among free amino acids, glutamic acid and aspartic acid were higher detected in SMLT and RMLT while asparagine was present as higher amounts in RYLT and FYLT, expecting these components can improve tea taste. Nucleic acids and their derivatives including GMP, hypoxanthine and AMP were detected as the higher amounts by 7.86, 8.57, and $12.67\;{\mu}mol/g$, respectively, however IMP content was even reduced by all manufacturing processes. In all kinds of tea, sugars such as glucose, fructose, sucrose and maltose were detected, specially glucose and fructose were found as highest amount in RFT by 65.5 and 59.6 nmol/0.1 mg, respectively.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.60 no.3
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• pp.283-291
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• 2017

Rice that the half of population in the world eats as a staple food is mostly produced and consumed in Asia. However, its consumption is nowadays decreasing mainly due to diet diversity. Accordingly, some attempts are in demand to enhance the utilization of rice. In this study, profiling of volatile and non-volatile flavor components in rice pastes obtained by ${\alpha}$-amylase was performed and compared according to nine different rice cultivars domestically cultivated in Korea using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry combined by solid phase microextraction and gas chromatography-time of flight-mass spectrometry after a derivatization, respectively. In total, 46 volatile compounds identified included 6 alcohols, 6 aldehydes, 4 esters, 4 furan derivatives, 4 ketones, 1 acid, 1 sulfur-containing compound, 7 hydrocarbons, 5 aromatics and 8 terpenes. The non-volatile flavor components found were composed of 12 amino acids, 6 sugars and 4 sugar alcohols. In principal component analysis, rice paste samples could be discriminated according to cultivars on the score plots of volatile and non-volatile flavor compounds. In particular, some volatile compounds such as pentanal and 4,7-dimethylundecane could contribute to distinguish Senong 17 white and Senong 17 brown, whereas ethanol, 6-methylhep-5-en-2-one, and tridecane could be highly related to the discrimination of Iipum from other cultivars. Among non-volatile compounds, some amino acids such as glycine, serine and ${\gamma}$-aminobutyric acid and some sugars such as sucrose and fructose were mainly responsible for the discrimination of Danmi from the other cultivars. On the other hand, galactose, arabitol and mannose were more closely related to Senong 17 white than Senong 17 brown.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1246-1250
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• 2005

This study was carried out to analyze the components of the stem of bush clover, Lespedeza bicolor to obtain basic data on the studies of the physiological function and a possibility of utilizing L. bicolor. General components of L. bicolor were 82.35$\%$ carbohydrate, 13.38$\%$ moisture, 2.80$\%$ crude protein, 0.86$\%$ crude ash and 0.61$\%$ crude fat. The content of reducing sugar was 147.58 mg/100 g. The total amount of free sugar was 52.4 mg/100 g that was composed of 31.0 mg/100 g fructose, 16.7 mg/100 g glucose and 4.7 mg/100 g sucrose. In the results of mineral analysis, the content of Ca was the highest (472.97 mg/100 g) and followed by 206.70mg/100 g of K. The total amount of hydrolyzed amino acid was 148.95 mg/100 g that consist of 31.74 mg/100g of essential amino acid and 117.24 mg/100 g of non-essential amino acid. Total free amino acids were contained 106.39 mg/100 g that was composed of 8.41 mg/100 g essential amino acids and 97.98 mg/100 g the non-essential, and proline (62.92 mg/100 g) was the highest that account for 59.8$\%$ of total free amino acids. Total content of amino acid derivatives was 30.01 mg/100g and that of $\gamma$ -aminoisobutyric acid was the highest as 12.57 mg/100 g among them.

• Korean Journal of Crystallography
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.8-19
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• 1996

Cholestryl Methyl and Propyl Carbonate(CH3OCOOC27H45, C3H7OCOOC27H45) are monoclinic, space group P21, with a=17.014(1), b=7.682(1), c=10.612(1)Å, β=103.05(1)°, Z=2, V=1351.16Å3, Dc=1.09 g/cm3 for methyl carbonate, and with a=13.683(1), b=11.864(2), c=18.904(2)Å, β=106.30(1)°, Z=4, V=2945.4Å3, Dc=1.06 g/cm3, Dm=1.06 g/cm3 for propyl carbonate. The intensity data were collected on an Enraf-Nonius CAD-4 diffractometer with a graphite monochromated Cu-Kα radiation. The structure was solved by direct methods and refined by full matrix least-squares methods. The final R factor was 0.051 for 2323 observed reflections for methyl carbonate and 0.074 for 3323 observed reflections for propyl carbonate. Compared with other cholesteryl derivatives, the cholesteryl ring and tail region of the molecules are normal. The molecules are stacked in clearly separated layers. At center of the layer, there are cholesteryl-C(17) side chain interactions. The interface region between layers is occupied by the loosely packed methyl carbonate chains. The structure of cholesteryl propyl carbonates have two propyl carbonates have two molecules(A, B) that are not related by crystal symmetry and have their tetracyclic system almost parallel to each other. Cholesteryl-cholesteryl interactions between symmetry related A-molecules, and cholesteryl-C(17) side chain interactions between symmetry related B-molecules occur at the center of the layers and these molecules stack along 2₁ screw axes. There are also C(17)chain-carbonate chain and C(17)chain-C(17)chain interactions in the interface region between layers. There is efficient packing between cholesteryl ring systems in propyl carbonates. Temperature ranges of cholesteric mesophases of cholesteryl alkyl cargonates are narrow for methyl, pentyl and hexyl carbonates, and rather broader for ethyl and propyl carbonates. Cholesteryl-isotropic transitions change very little with chain length.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.163-169
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• 2001

This experiment was conducted to find out suitable extraction time of available fragrant component in Lilium Oriental Hybrida 'Casa Blanca' based on qualitative and quantitative variation of its fragrant component in its flowering stages. The content of essential oil in its flowering stages increased with the progress of flowering stages except flower bud stage and it had the most oil content in its stage after full bloom. The analysis of the essential oil in Lilium Oriental Hybrida 'Casa Blanca' in its flowering stages shows that its main constituents were farnesol (18.96%), benzyl salicylate (13.81%), butyl-hydroxy toluene (12.87%), geranyl linalool isomer (7.46%), isoeugenol (7.17%) in its each stage. Benzenoids had much content at half bloom stage and full bloom stage while fatty acid derivatives had much content at initial flowering stage and after flowering stage. Most benzenoids such as butyl-hydroxy toluene and isoeugenol, which are some of main constituents of Lilium Oriental Hybrida 'Casa Blanca' had strong antioxidant effect. So they were expected to be used as antioxidant agents for food, feed, vegetable oil. The content of monoterpene compounds like geranyl linalool isomer increased at its later stage. Sesquiterpene such as farnesol, which is main component of lily existed only at full bloom stage. Therefore farnesol and geranyl linalool isomer of Lilium Oriental Hybrida 'Casa Blanca' are expected to be used for important spices with good fragrance. The suitable extraction time for the usable main constituents of Lilium Oriental Hybrida 'Casa Blanca' is as follows; farnesol and benzyl salicylate: at full bloom stage, butyl-hydroxy toluene: at half bloom stage, geranyl linalool isomer and isoeugenol: at stage after full bloom. Finally there was variation in essential oil components and contents of Lilium Oriental Hybrida 'Casa Blanca' in its flowering stages and they are expected to be used usefully for flavor industry, food industry, aromatherapy, when they are extracted at their suitable extraction time.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.39 no.7
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• pp.552-558
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• 1995

The tetranuclear complexes, $X_2[M_{O4}O_12{R'C(NH_2)NO}_2](X= n-Bu_4N^+$, $R'=(CH_3)_2CH$, $CH_3CH_2CH_2$, $CH_3SCH_2$; $X=(CH_3)_2CHC(=NH_2)NH_2^+$, $R'=(CH_3)_2CH$; $X = CH_3CH_2CH_2C(=NH_2)NH_2^+$, $R'=CH_3_CH_2CH_2$; $X=CH_3SCH_2C(=NH_2)NH_2^+$, $R'=CH_3SCH_2)$ have been synthesized by the reactions of monomeric and polynuclear complexes with isobutyl-, butyl- and thiomethylacetamidoxime. The prepared complexes were identified by elemental analysis, infrared, $^1H$ NMR and $^{13}C$ NMR spectroscopy. The structure of complex ${(CH_3)_2CHC(NH_2)_2}_2[M_{O4}O_{12}{(CH_3)_2CHC(NH_2)NO}_2]$ was determined by X-ray single crystal diffraction. Crystal data are follows: Monoclinic, $P2_{1/c}$, $a=10.168(3){\AA}$, $b=11.768(1){\AA}$, $c=13.557(1){\AA}$, ${\beta}=102.08(1)^{\circ}$, $V=1586.2(5){\AA}^3$, Z=2, final R=0.026 for 2951($F_0>3s(F_0)$). This complex is composed of a planar cyclic $[Mo_4({\mu}-O)_4]$ and two ${\mu}_4$-amidoximate.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.209-213
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• 2007

In the recent, increased concern has been focused on the pharmacology and clinical utility of herbal extracts and derivatives as a drug or adjunct to chemotherapy and immunotherapy. Salicis Radicis Cortex, A decoction has been mainly used for improvement of ozena and a diuretic effect in oriental medicine, but there was no study on the molecular mechanism of Salicis Radicis Cortex as an immunomodulator. Here we investigated the role of the aqueous extract of Salicis Radicis Cortex in the expression of inflammatory mediators, surface molecule, and related receptors in vitro and in vivo. In murine macrophage RAW 264.7 cells and peritoneal macrophages of C57BL/6N mice, water extract of Salicis Radicis Cortex increased the production of secretary TNF-alpha and Nitric oxide, and the expression level of CD14, LPS co-receptor and CD86, co-stimulatory molecule compared to negative natural extract ex vivo. Moreover, i.p. injection of water extract of Salicis Radicis Cortex significantly increased the secretion level of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, IL-2, IL-4 and IL-5 in serum of mice in vivo. Taken together, these results suggest that Salicis Radicis Cortex may regulate the immune response by secreting Th1 and Th2 types of cytokines in vivo and the possibility of its as natural immunostimulator.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.299-307
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• 1996

The surface tension of PO added sodium poly(oxyethylene(EO), oxyisopropylene(PO)) dodecyl ether sulfate firstly were slightly lower than EO added sulfate in the concentration range of $10^{-6}{\sim}10^{-3}mol/{\ell}$. And they had lower critical micelle concentration ($10^{-4}{\sim}9{\times}10^{-5}mol/{\ell}$) than general anionic surfactants. The adsorptivity ($2.2{\times}10^{-10}mol/cm^2$) of sodium $(PO)_{10}(EO)_5$ dodecyl ether(compound of PO addition firstly) calculated by Gibbs' adsorption isotherm were higher than that of sodium $(EO)_{10}(PO)_5$, dodecyl ether(compound of EO addition firstly), but were lower than that of sodium dodecyl sulfate (${\Gamma}=3.2{\times}10^{-10}mol/cm^2$). These could be understood that the adsorption areas of compounds were very large because of their high molecular weight. Moreover, PO compounds showed better properties than EO compounds in foamability, emulsifying power for organics (n-hexane, benzene), detergency for the lard, tallow oil mixture and dispersability for iron oxide. It was interpreted in terms of surface properties of the PO compounds. These showed that the interfacial activity become higher when hydrophilic and hydrophobic portion existed in aggoromerated state respectively. The test results of emulsifying power for organics (n-hexane, benzene) showed better for benzene than n-hexane. Eight kinds of sodium (EO, PO) dodecyl ether derivatives showed irregular dispersibilities for polar iron oxide in water dispersed media.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.55-64
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• 2012

The quinolones are broad-spectrum antibiotics and enhanced antimicrobial activity has extended the use of the quinolones beyond the traditional indications for quinolone antibiotics in the treatment of urinary tract infections. The quinolones are effective in a wider variety of infectious diseases, including skin and respiratory infections. Because of their excellent safety and tolerability, they have become popular alternatives to penicillin and cephalosporin derivatives in the treatment of various infections. A retrospective study was performed to evaluate efficacy and safety of IV quinolones for inpatient use. Total 117 patients who administerd quinolones for longer than 3 continuous days at community hospital from October 1st, 2008 to December 31st, 2008 were reviewed. The criterias for drug evaluation were included the validation of indication, outcome, dosage and side effects. In the results, ciprofloxacin 13 (total 93), levofloxacin 3 (total 59) and moxifloxacin 2 (total 19) cases were not met the criterias based on the culture results. Major indications were pneumonia (ciprofloxacin 16.3%, levofloxacin 67.8%, moxifloxacin 84.2%), urinary tract infection (ciprofloxacin 44.1%), skin infection (ciprofloxacin 7.5%, levofloxacin 20.3%, moxifloxacin 10.5%), intra-abdominal infection (ciprofloxacin 10.8%, moxifloxacin 5.3%), etc.. In the results of quinolone monotherapy, the frequencies were each ciprofloxacin 74.2%, levofloxacin 50.8% and moxifloxacin 47.4%. In the results of dosage validation, the validities were each ciprofloxacin 54.8%, levofloxacin 94.9% and moxifloxacin 100.0%. In the results of duration validation, the validities were each ciprofloxacin 59.1%, levofloxacin 78.0% and moxifloxacin 89.5%. Adverse drug reactions were reported for total 49 cases and those were gastrointestinal tract effects including nausea, vomiting, diarrhea and central nervous system effects including headache, dizziness. In summary, the quinolones appropriately used for hospitalized patients based on this study. A focused approach emphasizing "correct use of quinolones" may reduce development of antimicrobial resistance and maximize class efficacy. Consequently, correct use of antibiotics will contribute to decrease medical expenses for person and community.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Near Infrared Spectroscopy Conference
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• 2001.06a
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• pp.1530-1530
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• 2001

The objectives of this study were to develop models to predict quality parameters of Korean bee-honeys by visible and NIR spectroscopic technique. Two kinds of bee-honey fronl acacia and polyflower sources were tested in this study. The honeys were harvested in the spring of 2000 and stored in the storage facility at 20$^{\circ}C$ during experiments. Total of 394 samples of honey were analyzed. Reflectance spectra, moisture contents, ash, invert sugar, sucrose, F/G (fructose/glucose) ratio, HMF (hydroxymethyl furfural), and C12/C13 ratio of honeys were measured. The average values for the tested honeys were 19.9% of moisture contents, 0.12% of ash, 68.4% of invert sugar, 5.7% of sucrose, 1.27 of F/G(fructose/glucose) ratio, 14.4 mg/kg of HMF, and -19.1 of C12/C13 ratio. A spectrophotometer, equipped with a single-beam scanning monochromator (NIR Systems, Model 6500, USA) and a horizontal setup module, was used to collect reflectance data from honey. The reflectance spectra were measured in wavelength ranges of 400∼2,498 nm. with 2 nm of interval. Thirty-two repetitive scans were averaged, transformed to log(1/Reflectance), and then were stored in a microcomputer file, forming one spectrum per measurement. A sample cell and reflectance plate were made to hold honey samples constantly. Spectra of honey samples were divided into a calibration set and a validation set. The calibration set was used during model development, and the validation set was used to predict quality parameters from unknown spectra. The PLS(Partial Least Square) models were developed to predict the quality parameters of honeys. The first and the second derivatives of raw spectra were also used to develop the models with proper smoothing gap. The MSC (multiplicative scatter correction) and the SNV & Dtr.(standard normal variate and detranding) preprocessing were applied to all spectra to minimize sample-to-sample light scatter differences. The PLS models showed good relationships between predicted and measured quality parameters of honeys in the wavelength range of 1100∼2200 nm. However, the PLS analysis was not good enough to predict HMF of honeys.