• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.145-151
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• 1998

The possibility of using rice gruel compared to that of the cane molasses as a source of readily fermentable energy for a urea supplemented straw diet has been studied. Twelve native growing bulls of $237{\pm}8.7kg $ live weight and months old were randomly allocated to three treatments fed solely rice straw enriched with : (1) 3% urea (US), (2) 3% urea + 15% molasses (UMS) and (3) 3% urea + 30% rice gruel (UGS). The feeding trial continued for sixty days. Organic matter (OM) intake was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in the UMS ( $64g/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$) followed by UGS ($53g/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$) and US ($49g/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$). Estimated (from digestible OM intake) metabolizable energy (ME) intake were 396, 348 and $301kJ/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$ for UMS, UGS and US respectively. The maintenance (i.e., no change in live weight) ME intake calculated to be $308{\pm}7.4kJ/kg\;W^{0.75}/d$. Urinary purine derivatives excretion was nonsignificantly higher in the UMS (51.73 mmol/d), followed by UGS (42.53 mmol/d) and US (35.26 mmol/d). The estimated microbial N (MN) yield were 21.10, 14.00 and 11.60 g/d for UMS, UGS and US respectively. For each MJ increase in ME intade, MN yield increased by $1.29{\pm}0.134g$. Observed live weight changes during the experimental period were 292, 125 and -19 g/d respectively for UMS, UGS and US. It was concluded that supplementation of readily fermentable N (urea) alone was not enough to optimize the rumen function and a source of readily fermentable energy was required. Rice gruel was less effective than molasses as fermentable energy source to remove a restriction on voluntary intake and provide less amino acids of microbial origin for absorption from the small intestine, Thus more substrate for protein synthesis and gluconeogenesis were available for growth in the molasses than the rice gruel supplemented animals. However, in situation where molasses is not available or costly, rice gruel does appear to have a place as readily fermentable energy source on a urea supplemented straw diet.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.9
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• pp.1305-1313
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• 2006

Five male dairy goats (Saanen), 4.6 month old with a body weight of 21.4 ($SD{\pm}1.6$) kg, were used to examine 5 dietary urea treatments in a $5{\times}5$ Latin Square experimental design. The five levels of urea were 10, 20, 30, 40 and 50 g urea/kg DM of steam-treated oil palm fronds (OPF) and dry matter intake tended (p>0.05) to increase with increasing urea supplementation up to 30 g/kg OPF (77.7 g/kg $BW^{0.75}$), but decreased (p<0.05) with 40 and 50 g urea/kg OPF (67.4 and 63.7 g/kg BW0.75, respectively) supplementation. Similarly, dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber and hemicellulose digestibilities increased (p<0.05) with the addition of urea to 30 g/kg OPF but thereafter decreased (p<0.05) with 40 and 50 g/kg OPF. Ruminal pH, ruminal $NH_3$-N concentration and plasma urea concentration increased linearly (p<0.01) and quadratically (p<0.01) as a consequence of addition of urea to the diet. Excretion of total purine derivatives (PD) by goats fed 30 g of urea/kg OPF was highest (p<0.05) followed by goats fed 20, 40, 10 and 50 g of urea/kg OPF. Microbial N (g N/day) and efficiency of microbial N supply expressed as g N/kg organic matter apparently digested in the rumen were higher (p<0.05) in goats fed 30 g of urea/kg OPF (5.5 g N/day and 22.0 g N/kg DOMR, respectively) than in goats on 10 and 50 g of urea/kg OPF treatments. However, the former did not differ from goats fed 20 g of urea/kg OPF (3.9 g N/day and 16.6 g N/kg DMOR, respectively). Ruminal VFA concentration, protein/energy ratio, N absorption and N retention increased (p<0.05) with the addition of urea to the diet up to 30 g/kg OPF but decreased (p<0.05) with 40 and 50 g/kg OPF. This implies that the optimal level of urea supplementation in an OPF based diet was about 30 g urea/kg OPF.

• Ecology and Resilient Infrastructure
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.22-34
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• 2016

We developed a biologically-derived substance naphthoquinone (NQ) derivate for the eco-safe mitigation of harmful cyanobacteria blooms such as Microcystis and Dolichospermum. NQ was reacted with various substituents ($R_n$) to produce different NQ derivatives. We tested a total of 92 algicidal compounds based on the algicidal activity of Microcystis and Dolichospermum. 22 compounds of NQ were selected as candidates (algicidal activity >80% at $1{\mu}M$). Among them, NQ 40 compound showed the highest algicidal activity of 99.6% and 100% at the optimal concentration of $1{\mu}M$ on Microcystis and Dolichospermum, respectively. No algicidal effects of NQ 40 ($1{\mu}M$) were observed against non-target algae such as Stephanodiscus, Cyclotella and Peridinium. According to the results of acute eco-toxicity assessment, the $EC_{50}$ values of NQ 40 compound for Selenastrum capricornutum and Daphnia magna were 3.2 and $14.5{\mu}M$, respectively, and the $LC_{50}$ for Danio rerio was $15.7{\mu}M$. In addition, for D. magna chronic eco-toxicity assessment, no toxicity toward survival, growth and reproduction was observed. Therefore, we suggested the NQ 40 ($1{\mu}M$) compound as an alternative eco-safe algicidal substance to effectively mitigate harmful cyanobacteria blooms.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.27 no.11
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• pp.1146-1152
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• 2005

Graft copolymers were synthesized from methylcellulose(MC) and acrylic acid(AA) with active carboxyl groups in the presence of potassium persulfate($K_2S_2O_8$) initiator to enhance adsorption capacity of toxic heavy metal such as $Pb^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ from wastewater. The resulting grafted copolymers(MC-g-AA/PAA) were mixture of the graft copolymers from MC and AA(MC-g-AA) and polyacrylic acid homopolymers(PAA). The degree of palling was increased with rising concentration of monomer and initiator under the reaction conditions at $60^{\circ}C$, 3 hrs. The water insoluble property of MC-g-AA showed more than 19.7% degree of grafting. So that it could be an adsorbent of heavy metals. Adsorption characteristics of the MC-g-AA were evaluated depending on the degree of grading, pH of wastewater, adsorption time, dosage of MC-g-AA and concentration of heavy metals in the different conditions. Degree of grafting, and initial concentration of heavy metal ions increased, the adsorption amount of $Pb^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ increased, but added MC-g-AA increased, the adsorption amount per unit weight of $Pb^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ decreased. The MC-g-AA showed the high $Pb^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ adsorption amount in the range pH $4{\sim}6$. Also all of $Pb^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ ions reached in adsorption equilibrium in neighborhood 4 hours. The adsorption of heavy metals described by Freundlich isotherm, it was determined the value of l/n of $Pb^{2+}$ and $Cu^{2+}$ that 0.4294 and 0.3453, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.7
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• pp.1097-1103
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• 2006

The divalent antibody-toxins are expected to have increased binding avidities to target cells because of the two cell-binding domains. However, previous studies showed that the refolding yield of divalent antibody-toxin is very low, and it is assumed that homodimer formation of antibody-toxin is strongly interfered by the repulsion between the two large toxin domains that come close to each other during dimer formation. In this study, B3 antibody was used as a model antibody, and its Fab domain was used to construct three different kinds of Fab divalent molecules, $[B3(Fab)-toxin]_{2}$. The monomer Fab-toxin molecules were made by fusing the Fab domain of monoclonal antibody B3 to PE38, a truncated mutant form of Pseudomonas exotoxin (PE), and a connecting sequence that contained spacer amino acid sequence (G4S)n (n=l, 2, 3) was inserted between Fab and PE38. The prepared divalent molecules were $[Fab-S\;1,\;2,\;3-PE38]_{2}\;(=[Fab-SKPCIST-KAS(G_{4}S)nGGPE-PE38]_{2}\;(n=1,\;2,\;3))$, and they are derivatives of previously studied $[Fab-H2cys-PE38]_{2}\;(=[Fab-SKPCIST-KASGGPE-PE38]_{2})$. In $[Fab-Sl,\;2,\;3-PE38]_{2}$, two Fab-S1, 2, 3-PE38 monomers were covalently linked by the disulfide bond bridge made from cysteine in the -SKPCIST- sequence. The insertion of spacer amino acids after the disulfide bridge resulted in a 12-18 fold higher yield of dimer formation than previously constructed $[Fab-Hlcys-PZ38]_{2}[7]$, 3-4-fold higher than $[Fab-ext-PZ38]_{2}[25]$. These two molecules have less amino acid spacer sequence between the disulfide bridge and PE38 domain. The design of $[Fab-PE38]_{2}$ in this study gave molecules with a higher refolding yield. The results of cytotoxicity assay showed a higher cytotoxic effect of these divalent molecules than that of the monovalent scFv-PE38 molecule.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.13 no.7
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• pp.3252-3260
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• 2012

2,2'-Bipyridinium chlorochromate[$C_{10}H_8N_2HCrO_3Cl$] was synthesized by the reaction of 2,2'- bipyridine with chromium(VI) trioxide in 6M HCl. The structure was characterized by IR and ICP analysis. The oxidation of benzyl alcohol using 2,2'-bipyridinium chlorochromate in various solvents showed that the reactivity increased with the increase in the order of the dielectric constant(${\varepsilon}$), in the order: cyclohexene< chloroform$p-CH_3$, H, m-Br, $m-NO_2$) in N,N'-dimethylformamide. Electron-donating substituents accelerated the reaction, whereas electron acceptor groups retarded the reaction. The Hammett reaction constant(${\rho}$) was -0.64(303K). The oxidation reactivity of alcohols can be a useful factor to study about physical properties such as thermal stability, when the polysilsesquioxane solution is ready for an applying coating agent. The observed experimental data was used to rationalized the hydride ion transfer in the rate-determining step.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.304-309
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• 1999

Two Lectins, designated FVL-1 and FVL-2, were isolated and purified from the fruiting bodies of edible mushroom Flammulina veluripes using ammonium sulfate fractionation, ethanol treatment, DEAE-TOYPEARL ion-exchange column chromatography, and TSK-Gel HW-55F column chromatography. Specific activity increased 18 folds for FVL-1 and 7.9 folds for FVL-2 from ethanol treated sample. SDS-PAGE of FVL-1 and FVL-2 gave apparent molecular mass of 10.6 kDa and 37 kDa, respectively. FVL-2 agglutinated all type of human erythrocytes (A, B, AB, and O). However, FVL-1 agglutinated more human erythrocyte type O than type A, B, and AB. The hemagglutination activities of the FVL-1 were effectively inhibited by bovine submaxillary and porcine stomach mucins(BSM and PSM), fetuin, asialofetuin and cations, such as $Cu^{2+}$, $Mg^{2+}$, $Ca^{2+}$, $Mn^{2+}$ and $Fe^{2+}$. However, FVL-2 was not inhibited by any cations. The hemagglutination activities of the two lectins were not inhibited by the sugar, such as lactose, galactose and sugar derivatives. FVL-1 and FVL-2 were stable at pH $5{\sim}11$ and pH $4{\sim}7$, respectively. FVL-1 was stable below $55^{\circ}C$ and FVL-2 was below $45^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.33 no.1 s.60
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• pp.47-52
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• 2007

The antimicrobial properties of medium-chain ($C_{8-12}$) free fatty acids and their 1-monoglyceride derivatives against a wide range of microorganisms we well known. However, previous studies have been mainly focused on the antimicrobial activity against pathogenic bacteria and viruses causing diseases in human or domestic animals' infection. But, there have been few reports describing comprehensive surveys of antimicrobial effects against microorganisms in cosmetics. For a start of this study, we evaluated and compared the preservative activities of $C_8$ (glyceryl caprylate) and $C_{12}$(glyceryl laurate) 1-monoglyceride in cosmetic formulations. From the result, we found that both of them have very excellent preservative activity against bacteria, but less against fungi. And $C_8$ 1-monoglyceride was a little bit more effective than $C_{12}$ 1-monoglyceride. According to the test results to evaluate each antimicrobial activity of glyceryl caprylate towards 5 kinds of microorganisms used in preservation efficacy test in cosmetics, gram-positive bacteria S. aureus and yeast C. albicans were sensitive and mold A. niger was most tolerant to glyceryl caprylate. Therefore, we tried to improve the antimicrobial activity of glyceryl caprylate agianst mold such as A. niger so that we could make it used as a preservative for cosmetic products. As a result, we confirmed that the antimicrobial activity of glyceryl caprylate is much improved under acidic conditions in formulation. In addition, we found optimal combinations of glyceryl caprylate with other antimicrobial agents. Among tested 7 antimicrobial agent, methyparaben showed the highest preservative activity in combination with gglyceryl caprylate.

• Polymer(Korea)
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.159-167
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• 2000

The polymethylene-bridged dinuclear half-titanocenes [(CH$_2$)$_{n}$(C$_{5}$ H$_4$)$_2$][TiCl$_3$]$_2$ (n=5(10), 7(11), 9(12)) have been synthesized by treating the distannylated derivatives of the ligands with two equivalents of TiCl$_4$ in toluene. All complexes are characterized by IR, $^1$H NMR, $^{13}$ C NMR and mass spectrometry. In order to examine the catalytic properties of the dinuclear complexes styrene polymerization has been conducted in the presence of MMAO. From the polymerization experiments it was found that ( i ) all the prepared complexes 10-12 produced syndiotactic polystyrenes, ( ii ) the complex 12 holding the longest bridging ligand exhibited the highest activity but produced a polymer having the smallest molecular weight among the polymethylene-bridged dinuclear half-titanocenes. This behavior was attributed to the influence of electron-donating caused by the polymethylene bridge between two active centers as well as the effect of steric congestion around metal center caused by the proximal distance between two active sites.s.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.12 no.5
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• pp.476-481
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• 2005

This study was carried out to analyze the components of the Angelica dahurica root for the studies of the physiological function. General components of A. dahurica root were 71.7% moisture, 10.6% carbohydrate, 9.3% crude protein, 6.6% crude ash and 1.9% crude fat. The content of reducing sugar was 1,850 mg/100 g. The total amount of free sugar was 80 mg/100 g, in which 19.3 mg/100 g fructose, 27.8 mg/100 g glucose, 28.4 mg/100 g sucrose and 4.5 mg/100 g maltose were present. In the results of mineral analysis, the content of K was the highest(2,145.03 mg/100 g) followed by 286.35 mg/100 g Mg and 145.23 mg/100 g Ca. The total amount of hydrolyzed amino acid was 71.68 mg/100 g, in which 20.98 mg/100 g essential amino acid and 50.70 mg/100 g of non-essential amino acid were present. Among them, proline(11.74 mg/100 g) was the highest. Total free amino acids were contained 17.04 mg/100 g, in which 6.67 mg/100 g of essential amino acids and 10.37 mg/100 g of non-essential amino acids were present. Among them alanine(5.96 mg/100 g) was the highest. Total content of amino acid derivatives was 3.37 mg/100 g.