• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.130-133
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• 2009

We have conducted in vitro experiments with nano-silver liquid for their effect against various plant pathogenic bacteria. Different types of nano-silver liquid WA-CV-WA13B, WA-AT-WB13R and WA-PR-WB13R were used. These are classified based on different manufacturing processes. The tested bacteria were provided by KACC. We experimented ten bacterial isolates in Clavibacter, Erwinia, Pseudomonas, Ralstonia, and Xanthomonas genera. In order to determine the level of concentrations of control effects, different concentrations (10, 25, 50, and 100 ppm) of each different nano-silver liquid were added in the culture media. As a result, WA-CV-WA13B showed high inhibition effect against C-1 at 10 ppm, and showed minor inhibition effects against P-6, X-1, and X-2. WA-AT-WB13R showed bactericidal effect against P-6 at 10 ppm. At 10 ppm, WA-AT-WB13R showed relatively high inhibition effects against C-1, X-1, and X-2. WA-PR-WB13R showed bactericidal effects against P-5, P-6 and X-2 at 10 ppm or higher concentrations. All the tested three nano-silver liquid showed bactericidal effects against all the tested plant pathogenic bacteria at concentrations of 25 ppm or higher. These results indicated the possible use of nano-silver liquid for the control of plant pathogenic bacteria.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.15 no.3 s.47
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• pp.166-173
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• 2006

R134a is considered as an alternative refrigerant to R22 for air conditioners. An experimental investigation was made to study the characteristics of the heat transfer and pressure drop for R134a flowing in a fin-and-tube heat exchanger used for commercial air-conditioning units. Experiments were carried out under the conditions of inlet refrigerant temperature of $60^{\circ}C$ and refrigerant mass fluxes of $150,\;200,\;and\;250\;kg/m^{2}s$. The inlet air has dry bulb temperature or $35^{\circ}C$, relative humidity of 40% and air velocity varying from 0.68 to 1.6 m/s. Experiments show that air velocity decreased by 5.9% is needed for R134a than that of R22 while pressure drop for R134a was $18.1{\sim}20.4%$ higher than that of R22 for the degree of subcooling $5^{\circ}C$. The results are useful in designing more compact and effective condensers for various refrigeration and air conditioning systems using refrigerant R134a.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.34 no.5
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• pp.537-544
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• 2021

In this study, antioxidative activities of Jeolpyun containing Smilacis chinae R. extract powder (2%, 4%, 6%, 8%) were evaluated using total polyphenol contents, electron donating ability on 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and decomposing ability of hydrogen peroxide. In chromaticity analysis, the brightness significantly decreased with increasing Smilacis chinae R. extract powder content. Jeolpyun containing 6% Smilacis chinae R. extract powder revealed the highest value (9.67±0.603) for the redness and 2% Smilacis chinae R. extract powder was the highest value (14.20±0.917) for the yellowness. Total polyphenol contents of Jeolpyun containing 8% Smilacis chinae R. extract powder were the highest content of 17,320±390.38 ㎍ gallic acid equivalent/mL (GAE/mL). Total polyphenol contents were significant relation at p<0.05. Electron donating ability for Jeolpyun containing 8% Smilacis chinae R. extract powder revealed the highest electron donating ability (74.24±0.827%). Electron donating abilities revealed significant difference (p<0.05). Jeolpyun containing 6% Smilacis chinae R. extract powder revealed the most hydrogen peroxide decomposing ability (-3.38±1.44) and hydrogen peroxide decomposing ability revealed significant difference (p<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.25 no.12
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• pp.683-689
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• 2015

In this study, the properties of Ag-coated $TiO_2$ nanoparticles were observed, while varying the molar ratio of water and $Ag^+$ for the surfactant and $TiO_2$. According to the XRD results, each nanoparticle showed a distinctive diffraction pattern. The intensity of the respective peaks and the sizes of the nanoparticles increased in the order of AT1($R_1=5$)(33.3 nm), AT2($R_1=10$)(38.1 nm), AT3($R_1=20$)(45.7 nm), AT4($R_1=40$)(48.6 nm) as well as AT5($R_2=0.2$, $R_3=0.5$)(41.4 nm), AT6($R_2=0.3$, $R_3=1$)(45.1 nm), AT7($R_2=0.5$, $R_3=1.5$)(49.3 nm), AT8($R_2=0.7$, $R_3=2$)(57.2 nm), which values were consistent with the results of the UV-Vis. spectrum. The surface resistance of the conductive pastes fabricated using the prepared Ag-coated $TiO_2$ nanoparticles exhibited a range 7.0~9.0($274{\sim}328{\mu}{\Omega}/cm^2$) times that of pure silver paste(ATP)($52{\mu}{\Omega}/cm^2$).

• Asian Journal of Innovation and Policy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.45-57
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• 2017

This study aims to analyze the factors that could influence business decisions of in the commercialization of R&D when technology is transferred from government research institutes (GRIs) to small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs). We examine 353 such cases of technology transfer. The dependent variable is whether the licensee had the intention of following up with R&D after the technology has been transferred. The independent variables, classified into ex-ante factors and ex-post factors, consist of the involvement of SMEs into GRI R&D, technology readiness level, relatedness to existing technologies, and contribution to sales revenue and level-up of existing technologies. The results of the study show that the contribution to existing technologies has a positive impact on R&D commercialization. However, unlike our expectation, contribution to sales revenue, the involvement of SMEs into GRI R&D, technology readiness level, the relatedness to existing technologies of the technology transferred have no impact on follow-up R&D.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.1125-1128
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• 2011

Let R be a commutative Noetherian ring, a an ideal of R, and M a minimax R-module. We prove that the local cohomology modules $H^j_a(M)$ are a-cominimax; that is, $Ext^i_R$(R/a, $H^j_a(M)$) is minimax for all i and j in the following cases: (a) dim R/a = 1; (b) cd(a) = 1, where cd is the cohomological dimension of a in R; (c) dim $R{\leq}2$. In these cases we also prove that the Bass numbers and the Betti numbers of $H^j_a(M)$ are finite.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.33-46
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• 2010

We investigated and estimated at the characteristics of decomposition and by-products of N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) using a design of experiment (DOE) based on the Box-Behken design in an UV process, and also the main factors (variables) with UV intensity($X_2$) (range: $1.5{\sim}4.5\;mW/cm^2$), NDMA concentration ($X_2$) (range: 100~300 uM) and pH ($X_2$) (rang: 3~9) which consisted of 3 levels in each factor and 4 responses ($Y_1$ (% of NDMA removal), $Y_2$ (dimethylamine (DMA) reformation (uM)), $Y_3$ (dimethylformamide (DMF) reformation (uM), $Y_4$ ($NO_2$-N reformation (uM)) were set up to estimate the prediction model and the optimization conditions. The results of prediction model and optimization point using the canonical analysis in order to obtain the optimal operation conditions were $Y_1$ [% of NDMA removal] = $117+21X_1-0.3X_2-17.2X_3+{2.43X_1}^2+{0.001X_2}^2+{3.2X_3}^2-0.08X_1X_2-1.6X_1X_3-0.05X_2X_3$ ($R^2$= 96%, Adjusted $R^2$ = 88%) and 99.3% ($X_1:\;4.5\;mW/cm^2$, $X_2:\;190\;uM$, $X_3:\;3.2$), $Y_2$ [DMA conc] = $-101+18.5X_1+0.4X_2+21X_3-{3.3X_1}^2-{0.01X_2}^2-{1.5X_3}^2-0.01X_1X_2+0.07X_1X_3-0.01X_2X_3$ ($R^2$= 99.4%, 수정 $R^2$ = 95.7%) and 35.2 uM ($X_1$: 3 $mW/cm^2$, $X_2$: 220 uM, $X_3$: 6.3), $Y_3$ [DMF conc] = $-6.2+0.2X_1+0.02X_2+2X_3-0.26X_1^2-0.01X_2^2-0.2X_3^2-0.004X_1X_2+0.1X_1X_3-0.02X_2X_3$ ($R^2$= 98%, Adjusted $R^2$ = 94.4%) and 3.7 uM ($X_1:\;4.5\;$mW/cm^2$, $X_2:\;290\;uM$, $X_3:\;6.2$) and $Y_4$ [$NO_2$-N conc] = $-25+12.2X_1+0.15X_2+7.8X_3+{1.1X_1}^2+{0.001X_2}^2-{0.34X_3}^2+0.01X_1X_2+0.08X_1X_3-3.4X_2X_3$ ($R^2$= 98.5%, Adjusted $R^2$ = 95.7%) and 74.5 uM ($X_1:\;4.5\;mW/cm^2$, $X_2:\;220\;uM$, $X_3:\;3.1$). This study has demonstrated that the response surface methodology and the Box-Behnken statistical experiment design can provide statistically reliable results for decomposition and by-products of NDMA by the UV photolysis and also for determination of optimum conditions. Predictions obtained from the response functions were in good agreement with the experimental results indicating the reliability of the methodology used.

• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.2189-2205
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• 1991

Thermodynamic properties of binary nonazeotropic refrigerant mixtures are estimated by using a modified Carnhan-Starling equation of state. In this study, pure component refrigerants such as R14, R23, R13, R13 B1, R22, R12, R134a, R152a, R142b, RC318, R114, R11, R123 and R113 are chosen and the thermodynamic properties of enthalpy and entropy are calculated in terms of relevant variables. The modified Carnahan-Starling equation of state is compared with the carnahan-Staring-De Santis equation of sate. Results show that the relative errors become slightly smaller with the equation of state proposed in this study. Correlations are obtained for the mixtures of which the vapor liquid equilibruim data are available to us in the literature. Those mixtures are R14/R23, R23/R12, R13/R12, R13/R11, R13B1/R22, R13B1/RC318, R12/RC138, R12/R114 and R12/R11. The binary interaction coefficients are found under the condition of minimizing the pressure deviations at the vapor liquid equiblibrium state and the estimation of the vapor liquid equilibrium for the refrigerant mixtures is done. Pressure-enthalpy and temperature-entropy diagrams are plotted for the refrigerant mixtures of specific composition.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.21 no.2 s.51
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• pp.95-98
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• 1982

The insecticides salithion$(Salithion^{(R)},\;25\;EC)$, decamethrin$(Decis^{(R)}\;1\;EC)$, phenthoate$(Elsan^{(R)},\;47.5\;EC)$, diazinon$(Diaton^{(R)})$, chlorfevinphes$(Birlane^{(R)},\;24\;EC)$, phosalone$(Zolone^{(R)},\;25\;EC)$, and methamidophos$(Tamaron^{(R)},\;60\;SL)$ were evaluated on the effectiveness of single ULV foliar spray for the control of the pine fall midges(Therodiplosis japonensis UCHIDA et INOUYE) when the insecticides diluted with the 50 times of water were applied to the pine trees$(1.5\~2m\;in\;height)$ on June 6 by ULV Sprayer(Battery-type of 12 voltage, devised by Union Carbide). A single ULV foliar spray of salithion, decamethrin, and phethoate among the insecticides tested was significantly effective for the pressure of the gall incidence by the insects.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.314-320
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• 1999

Several bisphosphine- and bisphosphite-substituted Re-imido complexes have been prepared from Re(NPh)(PPh3)2Cl3, 1, and Re(N-C6H3-i-Pr2)2Cl3(py), 4. Compound 1 reacted with trimethyl phosphate (P(OMe)3) to give a mixture of two isomers,mer,trans-Re(NPh)(P(OMe)3)2Cl3, 2, and fac,cis-Re(NPh)(P(OMe)3)2Cl3, 2a. In this reaction, the mer,trans-isomer is a major product. Complex 1 also reacted with triethylphosphine (PEt3) to exclusively give mertrans-Re(NPh)(PEt3)2Cl3, 3. Compound 4 reacted with trimethylphosphine (PMe3) to give mer,trans-Re(N-C6H3-i-Pr2)(PMe3)2Cl3, 5, which was converted to mer-Re(N-C6H3-i-Pr2)(PMe)(OPMe3)Cl3, 6, on exposure to air. Crystallographic data for 2: monoclinic space group P21/n, a = 8.870(2) Å, b = 14.393(3) Å, c = 17.114(4) Å, β = 101.43(2)°, Z = 4, R(wR2) = 0.0521(0.1293). Crystallographic data for 5: orthorhombic space group P212121, a = 11.307(l) Å, b = 11.802(l) Å, c = 19.193(2) Å, Z = 4, R(wR2) = 0.0250(0.0593). Crystallographic data for 6: orthorhombic space group P212121, a = 14.036(4) Å, b = 16.486(5) Å, c = 11.397(3) Å, Z = 4, R(wR2) = 0.0261(0.0630).