• Journal of Bone Metabolism
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.235-241
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• 2018

Background: Procollagen type I N-terminal propeptide (PINP) is one of the most clinically useful bone formation biomarkers. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to independently evaluate the performance of automated total PINP assay and established age- and gender- specific reference intervals for PINP in healthy Korean population. Methods: The imprecision, linearity, and detection capability of Elecsys total PINP assay was determined and reference interval was established using 599 serums from Korean population with normal bone mineral densities based on bone densitometry. Age groups were divided into 20s, 30s, 40s, 50s, 60s and over. Results: Elecsys total PINP had excellent performance in imprecision, linearity, and detection capability. When partitioning age groups in Korean male and female populations, there was significant difference in total PINP between different age groups. In male populations, PINP level was decreased with increasing age, then it remained steady after middle-age. In female populations, there was a decreasing tendency similar to that in the male population with a sharp increase in the 50 to 59 age group. Conclusions: Elecsys total PINP assay showed precise and reliable performance in our study. We established age-related PINP reference intervals for Korean male and female population with normal bone mineral densities.

• Journal of the Korean Dietetic Association
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.108-116
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• 2000

The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship among calcium intake, blood parameters related with bone metabolism, and serum lipids in healthy adults on self-selected diet. Subjects were consisted of 40 female college students residing in Chungnam. Anthropometric measurements, dietary intake measurements and blood collection were conducted. Serum concentrations of total protein, albumin, alkaline phosphates, leucine amino peptidase, BUN, calcium, inorganic phosphorus, and lipids were measured by biochemical analyzer and ICP spectrometer. The results were as follows. The mean age of subjects was 22.34 years and weight, height and BMI were 52.89kg, 161.29cm and 20.34, respectively. The daily mean energy and calcium intakes were 81.75% and 64.38% of RDA. The mean animal 1:2. The mean serum concentrations were 6.54g/dl(total protein), 4.12g/dl(albumin), 123.24U/(alkaline phosphates), 36.59U/l(leucine amino peptidase), 8.26mg/dl(calcium), 3.29mg/dl(inorganic phosphorus), 60.73mg/dl(triglyceride), 138.49mg/dl(total cholesterol), 65.95mg/dl(HDL-cholesterol), and 60.39mg/dl(LDL-cholesterol). There were no significant differences among calcium intake, bone metabolism parameters, and serum lipids when analyzed by Pearson's correlation coefficient. More systematic studies are required to investigate the roles of calcium in healthy persons on self-selected diets containing different levels of calcium.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.154-165
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• 1991

To establish the hematological reference values in the healthy adults visited our hospitals, following examination were done on 2823 persons by Coulter Counter Model S-plus II ; white blood cell count: (WBC), red blood cell count(RBC), hemoglobin(Hb), hematocrit(Hct), mean corpuscular volume (MCV), mean corpuscular hemoglobin(MCH), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration(MCHC), red cell distribution width(RDW), platelet, plateletcrit, mean platelet volume(MPV) and platelet distribution width(PDW). The following results are obtained. 1) Male, mean value of WBC ; $6,800{\pm}2,680(2SD)/{\mu}l$ Female, mean value of WBC ; $5,950{\pm}2,380(2SD)/{\mu}l$ 2) Male, mean value of RBC ; $428{\pm}60(2SD){\times}10^4/{\mu}l$ Female, mean value of WBC ; $415{\pm}56(2SD){\times}10^4/{\mu}l$ 3) Male, mean value of Hb ; $15.4{\pm}1.8(2SD)g/dL$ Female, mean value of Hb ; $13.0{\pm}1.6(2SD)g/dL$ 4) Male, mean value of Hct ; $45.3{\pm}5.0(2SD)%$ Female, mean value of Hct ; $38.2{\pm}4.6(2SD)%$ 5) Male, mean value of MCV ; $93.8{\pm}5.8(2SD)fL$ Female, mean value of MCV ; $92.2{\pm}7.4(2SD)fL$ 6) Male, mean value of MCH ; $31.8{\pm}2.2(250)pg$ Female, mean value of MCH ; $31.4{\pm}2.8(2SD)pg$ 7) Male, mean value of MCHC ; $34.0{\pm}1.2(2SD)%$ Female, mean value of MCHC ; $33.9{\pm}1.2(2SD)%$ 8) Male, mean value of RDW ; $12.7{\pm}1.0(2SD)%$ Female, mean value of RDW ; $12.6{\pm}1.4(2SD)%$ 9) Male, mean value of Platelet ; $242.9{\pm}87.8(2SD){\times}10^3/{\mu}l$ Female, mean value of Platelet ; $242.2{\pm}89.0(2SD){\times}10^3/{\mu}l$ 10) Male, mean value of Plateletcrit ; $0.201{\pm}0.076(2SD)%$ Female, mean value of Plateletcrit ; $0.204{\pm}0.076(2SD)%$ 11) Male, mean value of MPV ; $8.20{\pm}1.70(2SD)fl$ Female, mean value of MPV ; $8.36{\pm}1.82(2SD)fl$ 12) Male, mean value of PDW ; $16.1{\pm}0.8(2SD)%$ Female, mean value of PDW ; $16.0{\pm}0.8(2SD)%$.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.73-82
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• 1985

This study was conducted to evaluate nutritional status with the analysis of the factors which might influence on the prevalent condition of nutrients-intake. 373 persons who are above 60 years old in Chung-Gu, Seoul were surveyed from March 15 to March 30 in 1985. Results were as follows ; 1. General Characteristics 1) Male respondents among the entire respondents comprised 54.3% and female respondents comprised 45.7%. As for age, male and female respondents comprised 55.0% and 37.2% respectively. 2) As for the educational level of the respondents, illiteracy was 49.9% which was the highest. and those who graduated elementary school was 28.1% which was the second highest. And as for the comparison of the education of the male and female respondents, the educational level of male respondents was much higher than that of female respondents. 3) As for the final occupation of the respondents, those who were engaged in commerce comprised 30.8% which was the highest rate, and who were engaged in agriculture comprised 20.1% which was the second highest rate. And those who were engaged in labor comprised 12.3%. 2. The State of Nutrients-intake The energy of the male respondents was 61.4% of RDA and the protein was nothing but 66.8% of RDA. Except vitamin A, vitamin $B_1$ and niacin, calcium, iron, vitamin $B_2$, vitamin C were lower than RDA (the range: $67.5%{\sim}97.3%$). The energy of the female respondents was 70.0% of RDA and the protein was 58.8% which were lower than RDA. Except vitamin A and vitamin $B_1$, calcium, iron, vitamin $B_2$ vitamin C, niacin were lower than RDA (the range: $68.2%{\sim}98.9%$). 3. The various factors related to nutrients-intake 1) The composition of family and the food environment those who were living with their spouses comprised 44.8% which was the highest rate, and those who were living with their son's family comprised 33.5% which was the second highest rate and those who were living with their doughter's family comprised only 4.6%. Those who were living alone comprised 16.4%. The correlation with nutrient intake didn't show a clear relation. 2) Socio-economic state Those who said that they lacked in living expense comprised 32.7% and those who said that they lacked in pocket-money comprised 23.9%, The female respondents outnumbered the male respondents in lacking living expense or pocket-money. In the correlation with socio-economic, there was no striking relation with education level. However, it was shown that little relation in energy, fat in male and also fat and iron in female. The living expense and the satisfaction in pocket-money had also little relation with energy fat and vitamin C in male. 3) Nutrition knowledge and food habit (a) The state of nutrition knowledge and food habit In nutrition knowledge, those who scored less than 60 points were 32.9%, and those who scored more than 90 points were 21.0%. In food habit, those who scored less than 60 points were 26.5% and those who scored more than 80 points were 45%. (b) The corelation with nutrition knowledge and food habit In case of female respondents, nutrition knowledge had a little relation with the intake of cabohydrate, iron, and vitamin C. And we couldn't see a distinct phenomenon in food habit.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.146-152
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• 1996

The adult of the aphidophagous ladybeetle, Harmonia axyridis, was reared by feeding an artificial diet (chicken's 1iver:sugar = 5:2, v/w). The adult ladybeetle used was from pupae collected in the field in midJuly. Yolk protein production, fecundity and longevity of the adult female were checked under 3OoC, 16L:8D. Yolk proteins (Vg3 and Vg4) were detected from the hemolymph of the female 5 days after the emergence. One hundred pairs of female and male were reared separately. First oviposition started from 7 days afier the emergence and laid an average of 163.9k144.0 eggs during lifetime. Seventeen females did not lay eggs at all. Longevity of the female was 60.6k16.9 days. The application of a JH analog, methoprene (2.5 pg), caused the occurrence of yolk proteins in the hemolymph 1 day earlier than that of the control. Weekly application of 2.5 pg of methoprene induced 83.3% from the 30 females to lay eggs within 15 days after the emergence, while the control had 51% only. Methoprene made all females lay eggs, causing the increase in the fecundity. Though the longevity of the female was not effected by the weekly application of methoprene, one time excess dose (12.5 pg) caused high in mortality and low in fecundity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.492-504
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• 2015

This study verified the effect of self-image pursuits by female consumers for clothing purchase values and fashion images as well as the role of age regulations as a measurement invariance. We surveyed 717 women aged 20-60 residing in Seoul, Gyeonggi province and Incheon city. The survey showed that pursuit affects clothing purchase values, which subsequently affect fashion images. However, expressive value was not shown to affect urban style fashion images for clothing purchase values. Age (one of main parameters for market segmentation) was also shown not regulate the effect of self-image pursuits on clothing purchase values and fashion images. The results of this study can provide fundamental data to establish fashion image-based marketing to help predict consumer's purchase behavior and suggest practical advice for effective marketing strategies by applying marketing based on differentiated fashion images to fashion marketing programs.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.773-781
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• 2016

Purpose: This research was undertaken to study the motivational behavioral effects after watching the 'Cookbang'. Methods: Between October 23 to November 7, 2015, 420 adults over the age of 20 were surveyed in the Gyeonggi Province and Seoul. The SPSS Statistics (ver. 18.0) was used for analysis of 401 (95.5%) questionnaires, 19 were excluded on the basis of insincerity. Results: Adult male to female ratio was 150 males (37.4%) and 251 females (62.6%). The maximum adults were in their 20s 166 (41.4%). There were 211 single persons (52.6%). Most of the respondents were employees. Highest number of respondents (192) found Korean cooking to be an interesting field. Many adults responded that they watched the 'Cookbang' program once a week. For companionship, majority of the male and female respondents said that they 'watch alone' and 'watch with their children', respectively. Maximum number of respondents in their 20s-60s said they'watch alone'. There was a significant difference in gender and age. Conclusion: The watching motivations drawn by factor analysis were 'information', 'entertainment' and 'psychology.' Regression analysis showed that 'entertainment' had a big effect on the use of restaurants, the selection of groceries, the desire for gourmet restaurant visit, and the selection of restaurants, whereas 'information' had the biggest effect on nutrition and health care.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.52-70
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• 2009

Department store has actively expanded cultural center services by providing a series of educational courses in order to increase customer visits, enhance customer satisfaction, and ultimately increase sales. In this study, cultural center members' shopping behaviors and image building of the department store were explored through focus group interviews. Results generated from a total of 7 focus group interviews with female cultural center members in their 30's through 60's are as follows. First, the consumer group who attends courses for their own purpose is 45 to 55 year-old female customers who are actively involved in consumption at the department store for their own clothing, food and restaurant. They are not often engaged in impulsive either group shopping for clothing. They are satisfied with class quality compared to low tuition whereas dissatisfied with busy schedule of a lecture room and lack of special discount benefits for members. Second, the other consumer group who attends courses for their children is consumers in their 30's. They are charged in shopping for clothing for their husbands, children, and themselves. They are suffering time poverty due to nurturing their children, therefore, they want to shop more in the department store on the day of class. However, expensive kids-care facilities are barriers to do it. Convenience, familiarity and center of culture are important images of the department store, developed through frequent visits of these customers. Eight implications for marketing strategies were generated based on study results.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.119-135
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• 1991

The study was designed to gain necessary basic data order to grasp health knowledge, attitude, practice level of middle and high school students and to analyse th problem and to point out the method of improvement in the field of school health education. The survery was carried out through this reporter's interview for 2,400 students who attend to ten schools in Young Nam area during the period of a month from 25 the June to 25th July 1989. The result of this study can be summaried as follows. 1. The total number of answers on the question was 2,346. As for general characteristics the percent of female middle school students was 60.6% and the percent of male students was 77.7%, 45.9% of high school students was evening school students. 52.9% of middle school students and 42.3% of high school students were borne in rural area. 2. The percentage of unknown and misunderstanding for Epidemic Hepatitis infection was 46.3% of middle school students and 29.6% of high school students. 3. The percentage of unknown and misunderstanding for Epidemic Hemorrhage fever infection was 85.6% of middle school students and 66.9% of high school students. 4. The percentage of right knowledge for AIDS infection was 66.0% of middle school students and 90.4% of high school students. 5. The percentage of right knowledge for Typhoid infection was 47.8% of middle school students and 69.4% of high school students. 6. The percentage of unknown and misunderstanding for Tuberculosis infection was 71.6% of middle school students and 62.2% of high school students. 7. As for personal hygiene, the percentage of toothbrushing after every meal was high level : 44.2% of middle school students and 42.0% of high school students. 8. 60.9% of middle school students take a bath twice a week, 49.2% oh high school students take a bath a week. Times of bath of middle school students was higher than that of high school students. 9.The percentage of washing hand after using toilet was 42.1% of middle school students and 35.1% of high school students. 49.0% of middle school students and 55.1% of high school students wash hand sometimes after using toilet. 10. The percentage of change of underwear twice a week was 57.6% of middle school students and 49.8% of high school students. 11. The percentage of habit of unbalanced diet was 30.% of middle school students and 27.6% of high school students. 50.8% of middle school students and 51.7% of high school students have balanced diet. 12. Index of health practice of personal hygiene can be summarized as follows. A. A case of middle school students. 1) The percentage of health practice index in male and female was 49.6% and 48.1% respectively. Index of female students was higher than that of male students. 2) As for parent's occupation, public servants and company emplyee was upper level. Farming was low level. 3) As for income level, middle, level with 56.5% was highest in high income level and low level with 27.4% was highest in low income level. B. A case of high school students. 1) Middle level of health practice index was 46.0% of male students, upper and low level was 32.4% and 28.0% of female students respectively. 2) Middle level of health practice index was high in farming and company employee and upper level was high in commerce and service, low level with 60.0% was high in unemployed. 3) Upper practice index 35.7% appears in the rich and low practice index 38.3% appears in the poor. 13. Average points of Health practice about personal hygiene were as follows. (Full marks at 4). A. A case of middle school. Female (1.87 point) was higher than male (1.26 point). Night time (2.03 point) was higher than day time (1.66 point) and middle or small cities (2.17 point) are high than any other places. As for parent's occupation, students whose parents are company clerk get high marks (2.32) and ten students whose parent's job are service get next high marks (2.20). B. A case of high school. Female (1.53 point) was higher than male (1.22 point), as parents educational level were higher the point were higher, and as income level was higher, the points of health practice (1.78) were higher, and as for parents occupation, service get highest point (1.93) and commerce get next high point (1.86) public servant get low point (1.66). 14. The percentage of experience in smoking was 11.9% of middle school students and 60.9% of high school students. 15. The percentage of experience in inhalation of bond and administrating LSD was 4.3% of male middle school students, 8.4% of female middle school students, 6.9% of male high school students and 4.2% of female high school students. The knowledge level of communicable disease infection are very low in middle and high school students and practice level of personal hygiene are also very low. As a whole we can evaluate that middle and high school students are low level of health knowledge and practice. In conclusion, we must consider preparation for school health education program through establishing of health subjects in the carriculum, and securing of health education teachers and using materials and media program of health education. It is very important to establish macroscopic policy and strategy for public health education and to get people have right knowledge and practice for health.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.14-23
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• 1978

This survey was conducted on a total 672 pulmonary tuberculosis patients who were registered at certain health center in Busan, during the period from July 15th to August 31st, 1977, based on Modified Cornell Medical Index(CMI) consisting of 70 questions. Number of 'Yes' response of an individual patients was collected by each large section of Modified CMI. The each number of 'Yes' response was standardized by mean of Z scoring. Z score was obtained by following formula. Z=50+10(Xi-m)/s M : means of 'Yes' response by each section for all subjects s : standard deviation of the mean Xi : number of 'Yes' response by each section in an individual patients The results of obtained were as follows: 1. The number of investigated cases were 672 (459 males and 213 females). The most prevalent group was 20-24 years old group as 18.4% by age, moderate advanced group as 50.8% by radiological diagnosis, INH+PAS+SM group as 34.7% by antituberculotics and unemployed group as 59.9% by occupation. By bacteriological examination of sputum, the rate of negative group was 60.5% and positive group was 39.5%. 2. Z score of complaints by sex was higher in female as 52.4 than in male as 48.9 in general. By radiological diagnosis, there was decreasing tendency with age in male but increasing tendency with age in female. 3. By age group, Z score of complaints was increasing tendency with age in male but there was non-significant differences in female. 4. By bacteriological examination of sputum, the Z score of complaints was increasing tendency with the more discharged bacteria in both sex generally. 5. By antituberculotics, INH group was revealed the highest Z score of complaints as 50.4 in male and INH+PAS group was the highest as 51.21 in female. 6. By occupation, agricultural and fisherman group was the highest as 53.5 and the next group was professional, technical and related workers, unemployed and sales workers in that order.