• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.150-154
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• 2008

Twenty five albino rats were divided into five groups for conducting this experiment. The first group was for positive control (Vitamin C, ascorbic acid), the second group was of Panax ginseng (10 mg/kg body weight) treated group after bio-activity assay, the third group was of mercuric chloride treated group (0.033 mg/kg body weight) based on calculating $LD_{50}$ 9.26 mg/kg body weight by probit analysis, the fourth group was of mercuric chloride (0.033 mg/kg body weight) followed by Panax ginseng (10 mg/kg body weight) and the fifth group was Panax ginseng (10 mg/kg body weight) followed by mercuric chloride (0.033 mg/kg body weight) treated group. The interval between intake of Panax ginseng and mercuric chloride was of 2 hours in groups, fourth and fifth respectively. Comparative free radical scavenging property of Panax ginseng was studied under three in vitro models (role model for calculating scavenging activity) viz. DPPH method (hydroxyl free radicals), Nitric oxide method (nitrile free radicals) and Lipid peroxidation (mercury free radicals).

• Toxicological Research
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.255-261
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• 2005

Gami-Samhwang-San, a herbal prescription for obesity treatment, is composed of seven crude herbs such as Rehmanniae Radix Preparata, Ephedrae Herba, Scutellariae Radix, Acori Gramineri Rhizoma, Polygalae Radix, Typhae Pollen, Armeniacae Semen, Menthae Herba. In this study, marker substances in n-butanol fraction (SH-21-B) from Gami-Samhwang-San were analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and acute toxicity of standardized SH-21-B was evaluated by good laboratory practices (GLP) guideline of Korea Food and Drug Administration. Therefore we confirmed that there were baicalin of 15.92%, amygdalin of 6.57% and ephedrine of 2.49% in SH-21-B. SH-21-B was administered in rats at dose of 0 mg/kg, 2,000 mg/kg, and 5,000mg/kg. Clinical signs of both sexes of rats were observed daily for 14 days after single oral administration. Two female rats one administered at 2,000 mg/kg and the other administered at 5,000 mg/kg, died, but no dead animal was observed among male rats. Therefore $LD_{50}$ in the female rat is observed to be 8,710 mg/kg, and MLD (Minimun Lethal Dose) of the male rat is observed to be more than 5,000 mg/kg.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.503-513
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• 2022

Objectives: The antitussive, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory effects of Mahwangyounpae-tang (MHYPT) aqueous extracts were observed in appropriate animal models of various respiratory disorders. Methods: MHYPT aqueous extracts were orally administered once a day for 11 days at dose levels of 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg. The effect of MHYPT was determined by comparing its antitussive effect with theobromine (TB), its expectorant effect with ambroxol (AM), and its anti-inflammatory effect with dexamethasone (DEXA). Results: MHYPT aqueous extracts (400 mg/kg) showed favorable antitussive effects comparable to those of TB (50 mg/kg) in the NH₄OH-exposure coughing mouse model and expectorant effects comparable to those of AM (250 mg/kg) in the phenol red-secretion mouse model, but MHYPT (400 mg/kg) showed less anti-inflammatory activity compared to DEXA (1 mg/kg) in the xylene-induced acute inflammatory mouse ear model under the experimental conditions used. Conclusion: MHYPT aqueous extracts administered at dosage levels of 400, 200, and 100 mg/kg induced dose-dependent and favorable antitussive, expectorant, and anti-inflammatory activities that occurred by simultaneous modulation of the activity of mast cells and respiratory mucous production under the experimental conditions used in this study.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 1985

The ether fraction obtained from dry fruit of Cornus officinalis was investigated for the anti-inflammatory action, acute toxicity and central nervous system activities. From several pharmacological examinations, it was found that the ether fraction suppressed considerably carrageenin edema at the dose of 600mg/kg p.o. in rats, inhibited the granuloma formation in rats as given 100mg/kg p.o. for 7 days and decreased the swelling of both of complete adjuvant injected and noninjected (contralateral) paws of the rats at the dose of 100mg/kg p.o. given for 14 days. The $LD_{50}$ of the fraction are estimated to be more than 2,000mg/kg p. o. and 642mg/kg i. p. in mice. And the fraction did not show any sedative, stimulative, analgesic and anticonvulsant action but exhibited hypothermic action. These results might be concluded that the ether fraction of Corni fructus showed anti-inflammatory action in both of acute and chronic type models without any considerable central nervous depressant activity and exhibited very weak acute toxicity in mice.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1995.04a
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• pp.109-109
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• 1995

정상 동물군의 GOT값 및 GPT 값이 각각 137.8$\pm$23.4 및 67.4$\pm$10.0 이었고 acetaminophen 투여군은 418.6$\pm$69.1 및 447.4$\pm$7.7로 증가하였으나 G009 투여군은 그 증가가 현저히 억제되었다. 즉 G009 10mg/kg 투여군은 GOT 및 GPT 값이 192.6$\pm$19.2 및 144.8$\pm$28.7에 그쳐 각각 GOT 및 GPT 값의 상승이 80.5% 및 79.6% 억제되었고 20mg/kg 투여군은 90.8% 및 86.6% 억제되었다. 그러나 Licovek 은 50mg/kg의 투여군에서 이와 유사한 효과가 관찰되었다. 또한 간 절편의 조직학적 관찰 결과 acetaminophen 투여 대조군이 간세포 괴사등 심한 조직 괴사를 보인 반면 G009 10mg/kg 및 20mg/kg 농도에서는 간장 손상이 매우 경미함을 확인할 수 있었다.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.25 no.3
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• pp.101-108
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• 1981

Quantitative determination of capsaicin in biological fluid was investigated. The pharmacokinetic study of capsaicin in rabbits was performed by high-pressure liquid chromatography, equipped with a microparticulate reversed-phase column and a fixed wavelength detector. Elution was carried out using methanolwater(70:30). It allows the quantitative determination at 8-400 ng level. When single dose of capsaicin(4mg/kg) was given to rabbits intravenously, the elimination phase was extremely short with average half-life to 17.35 minute. Urine excretion of capsaicin itself during first 2 hours after intravenous administration (4mg/kg) was 0.004-0.04% of the administered amount. The maximum plasma concentration of capsaicin after oral administration (300mg/kg) was $4{\times}10^{-7}$g/ml at 40 minutes. The $LD_{50}$ of capsaicin in mouse was 0.40mg/kg (i.v.) and 47.2 mg/kg (p.o.) which was determined by Litchfield and Wilcoxon's method, suggesting that the gastrointestinal absorption of capsaicin is poor.

• The Korean Journal of Pharmacology
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.23-28
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• 1969

Saponin, essential oil and fat oil fractions were fractionated from Panax Ginseng and their potentiating or inhibiting actions during the combined use of several central nervous system stimulants or depressants were observed to elucidate the possible role of Ginseng fractions on the central nervous system. Saponin, essential oil and fat oil fractions shortened nembutal sleeping time at low dosage (10 mg/kg) but contrarily they produced potentiation of nembutal hypnosis at high dosage (50mg/kg). In the toxicity study of amphetamine, saponin and essential oil fractions reduced the toxicity in aggregated mice at high dosage (100 mg/kg) but such decreased lethality was not observed in isolated mice. Ginseng fractions, especially high dose of saponin fraction (100mg/kg) prolonged the survival time after injection of convulsive dose of metrazol or cocaine and saponin fraction also prolonged the onset of cocaine convulsion at high dosage (100 mg/kg).

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.10
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• pp.1037-1042
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• 2004

Study of the effects of the methanolic extract of Tagetes patula roots on blood pressure led to the isolation of well known citric (1) and malic acid (7) as hypotensive, and pyridine hydrochloride (4) as hypertensive constituents of the plant along with a new constituent, 2-hydroxy, 5- hydroxymethyl furan (9). Citric acid and malic acid caused 71% and 43% fall in Mean Arterial Blood Pressure (MABP) of rats at the doses of 15 mg/kg and 30mg/kg respectively while pyridine hydrochloride produced 34% rise in the MABP of rats at the dose of 30mg/kg. $LD_{50}\;and\;LD_{100}$ of citric acid in mice have been determined as 545 mg/kg and 1000 mg/kg, respectively.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.19 no.10
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• pp.1444-1450
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• 2009

The number of patients with immune- mediated dermatitis such as contact dermatitis is increasing year by year. Allergic contact dermatitis is a complex phenomenon that involves resident epidermal cells, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells, as well as invading leukocytes that interact with each other under the control of a network of cytokines and lipid mediators. It is a cell-mediated immune reaction, which occurs after susceptible individuals are exposed to sensitizing chemicals, and characteristic eczematous reaction is seen at the point of contact with an allergen. In this study, we investigated the allergy prevention effects of quercetin on mast cell-mediated allergic inflammation in BALB/c mice. BALB/c mice were sensitized with 40 ${\mu}l$ of 1.5% picryl choloride (PCL) to the left and right ear each. Total serum IgE levels and histamine levels were measured by the sandwich ELISA method using mouse IgE, histamine measuring kit. For histopathological examination, paraffin sections were stained with hematoxylin and eosin(HE) or toluidine blue(TB). Ear swelling responses were much weaker in the high-dose group (100 mg/kg) than the control group (0 mg/kg). The number of mast cells showed a significant decrease in the high-dose group (100 mg/kg) compared to the control group (0 mg/kg). Degranulation of mast cells was also confirmed by Toluidine Blue (TB) staining method. Both total serum IgE and histamine levels were significantly decreased in the high-dose group (100 mg/kg) compared to other groups. These findings suggest a certain relationship between the elevation of IgE, histamine levels and the degranulation of mast cells. These results show that the pharmacological actions of quercetin indicate its potential activity for prevention of allergic inflammatory diseases through the down-regulation of mast cell activation.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.108-113
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• 2000

This study was carried out to propose a simple method for the extraction of seven tar dyes such as tartrazine, sunset yellow FCF, amaranth, erythrosine, allura red, brilliant blue FCF and indigo carmine using aminopropyl amine cartridge and to determine the content of the dyes in candies, soft drinks, ice bars and okchuns produced in Korea. The tar dyes were simultaneously analyzed by reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography(HPLC). The recovery rates of the dyes ranged from 65.8% to 99.6%. The contents of the dyes in candies, soft drinks, ice bars and octhuns were N.D.∼50.1 mg/kg, N.D.∼49.9 mg/kg, N.D.∼56.0 mg/kg and N.D.∼867.3 mg/kg, respectively. The types of the dyes used most frequently for candies, soft drinks and ice bars were tartrazine, brilliant blue and amaranth, respectively. Of the samples, tartrazine was used frequently, and indigo carmine was not used at all.