• Strategy21
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• s.34
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• pp.58-92
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• 2014

Even after S. Korea took 5.24 Measure(24 May 2014), N. Korea has not stopped raising provocations such as the shelling of Yeonpyeong Island, electronic and cyber attacks. To make matters worse, the communist country lunched long-range missiles(twice) and conducted 3rd nuclear test, escalating tensions which could possibly lead to an all-out war. Korean Government failed to respond properly. However, escalation into an all-out war was deterred by the CFC immediately carrying out its peacetime duty(CODA). The US made a rapid dispatch of its augmentation forces(Aircraft carrier, nuclear-powered submarine, strategic bomber, F-22) to the Korean Peninsula. In recognition of the importance of the Combined Forces Command, since May 2013 the Park Geun-Hye Administration has been pushing ahead with re-postponement of Wartime Operational Control Transfer(which initially meant the disassembling of the CFC as of 1 December 2015) More recently, there has been a series of unusual indicators from the North. Judging from its inventory of 20 nuclear weapons, 1,000 ballistic missiles and biochemical weapons, it is safe to say that N. Korea has gained at least war deterrence against S. Korea. Normally a nation with nuclear weapons shrink its size of conventional forces, but the North is pursuing the opposite, rather increasing them. In addition, there was a change of war plan by N. Korea in 2010, changing 'Conquering the Korean Peninsula' to 'Negotiation after the seizure of the Greater Seoul Metropolitan Area(GSMA)' and establishing detailed plans for wartime projects. The change reflects the chain reaction in which requests from pro-north groups within the South will lead to the proclamation of war. Kim, Jeong-Un, leader of N. Korean regime, sent threatening messages using words such as 'exercising a nuclear preemptive strike right' and 'burning of Seoul'. Nam, Jae-June, Director of National Intelligence Service, stated that Kim, Jung-Un is throwing big talks, saying communization of the entire Korean Peninsula will come within the time frame of 3 years. Kim, Gwan-Jin, Defense Minister, shared an alarming message that there is a high possibility that the North will raise local provocations or a full-fledged war whenever while putting much emphasis on defense posture. As for the response concept of the Korean Government, it has been decided that 'ROK·US Combined Local Provocation Counter-Measure' will be adopted to act against local provocations from the North. Major provocation types include ▲ violation of the Northern Limit Line(NLL) with mobilization of military ships ▲ artillery provocations on Northwestern Islands ▲ low altitude airborne intrusion ▲ rear infiltration of SOF ▲ local conflicts within the Military Demarcation Line(MDL) ▲ attacking friendly ships by submarines. Counter-measures currently established by the US involves the support from USFK and USFJ. In order to keep the sworn promise, the US is reinforcing both USFK and USFJ. An all-out war situation will be met by 'CFC OPLAN5027' and 'Tailored Expansion Deterrence Forces' with the CFC playing a central role. The US augmentation forces stands at 690,000 troops, some 160 ships, 2,000 aircraft and this comprise 50% of US total forces, which is estimated to be ninefold of Korean forces. The CFC needs to be in center in handling both local provocations and an all-out war situation. However, the combat power of S. Korean conventional forces is approximately around 80% of that of N. Korea, which has been confirmed from comments made by Kim, Gwan-Jin, Defense Minister, during an interpellation session at the National Assembly. This means that S. Korean forces are not much growing. In particular, asymmetric capabilities of the North is posing a serious threat to the South including WMD, cyber warfare forces, SOF, forces targeting 5 Northwestern Islands, sub-surface and amphibious assault forces. The presence of such threats urgently requires immediate complementary efforts. For complementary efforts, the Korean Government should consider ① reinforcement of Korean forces; putting a stoppage to shrinking military, acquisition of adequate defense budget, building a missile defense and military leadership structure validity review, ② implementation of military tasks against the North; disciplinary measures on the sinking of ROKS Cheon-an/shelling of Yeonpyeong Islands, arrangement of inter-Korean military agreements, drawing lessons from studies on the correlation between aid for N. Korea, execution of inter-Korean Summit and provocations from the North, and ③ bolstering the ROK·US alliance; disregarding wartime operational control transfer plan(disassembling of CFC) and creation of a combined division.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
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• v.33 no.6 s.101
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• pp.419-435
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to evaluate growth changes and skeletal characteristics of Korean children with Class III malocclusions from 10 to 14 years of skeletal age. Radiographs of 60 children with Class III malocclusion and 60 normal controls were assessed. Both groups were subdivided into 6 samples according to sex and skeletal age. Skeletal age was assessed using handwrist X-rays using the Greulich and Pyle norms. The Krogman-Walker plane (occipitale-maxillon) through Sella was used as a reference plane in this study with x-axis perpendicular to the x-axis. Sir Student t-tests were conducted to compare the control group with the Class III group according to each gender a:nd age. The characteristics of Class III malocclusion group compared to the control group included shorter anterior and posterior cranial base, shorter and retrusive maxilla, forger mandible, increased molar-incisor distance, retroclined lower incisors, labially proclined upper incisors, and anteriorly located mandibular molar, smaller upper and middle facial depth, and larger lower facial depth. Landmarks representing facial depth, size of maxilla and mandible, and their AP relationship including anterior facial height indicate that growth characteristic was determined early in life. But growth Pattern of cranial base and some of the dental landmarks showed progressive divergence between Control and Class III groups with age. The position of the posterior border of the mandible was found to be significantly forward in both females and males by the age of 14 and at the anterior border in males and females at all ages. Hyperdivergent mandibular plane, changes in anterior segment of mandible, small anterior cranial base, and decrease in cranial base flexure was also noted.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.946-962
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to contribute to the development of clinical instruction by students' ratings of teaching effectiveness in clinical nursing education. The subjects were comprised of graduating class 618 students from 24 nursing colleges in the nation. The instruments used in this study were "general characteristics & status of clinical nursing education" developed by the researcher and "Instrument to Measure Effectiveness of Clinical Instructors" by Reeve(1994). The 50 questions used in the questionaire were categorized into 13 components subject to factor analysis. The 13 components were interpersonal relationships, communication skills, role model, resource for students, favorable to students, encouraging to think for selves, teaching methods, evaluation, finding assignments for objectives, organization of subject matter, professional competence, knowledge of subject matter & working with agency personnel. The results of this study are as follows 1. Status of clinical nursing educaion : 1) Clinical nursing education were led by nursing professors(44.9%), a team of both nuring professor & head nurse(6.8%), instructors from specific hospital(15.1%), instuctos for a specific subject(14.6%), & head nurse(6.8%). For 3-year program students, 34.6% of the clinical nursing education were led by instructors from specific hospital & 51.4% of the education by nursing professors for Bachelor's program. 2) The contents for clinical education comprised of Conference being the most frequent of 34.5% ; a combination of Nursing skills, Orientation, Conference etc.22.0% : Nursing process 21.7% : Orientation 13.5% : Inspection(making rounds ) 6.4%, & Nursing skills of 2% being the least frequent. 3) Students' preference of clinical teachers from the highest to the lowest were instructors for a specific subject being the most desired (44.9%) followed by nursing professor, head nurse, a team of both nursing professor & head nurse, & instructors from specific hospital being the least desired. 4) Students felt that the qualification for clinical teachers should be at least a master's degree holder and 5 or more years of clinical experience. The reason they felt was because knowledge & experience are imperative for professional education. 2. Clinical teaching effectiveness : The total points for teaching effectiveness was 147.97(mean of 2.95±0.98) where the total score is considered to be an average rating. 3. Teaching effectiveness as status of clinical nursing education : 1) The score ratings for the clinical instructors from the highest to the lowest were as follows : instructors for a specific subject, instructors from specific hospitals, a team of both nursing professors & head nurses, nursing professors, head nurses, which resulted in significunt difference(F=4.53, P<0.001). 2) The rating scores based on the teaching program from the highest to the lowest were as follws ; nursing skills, nursing process, a combination of nursing skills, orientation, conference etc. , conferences, orientation, inspection, which resulted in significunt difference(F=10.97, P<0.001). 4. Based on 13 categorized components from the questionaires, questions related to communication skills scored the highest points of 3.20 where inquiries regarding resource for students scored the lowest points of 2.38. 5. Among the 13 categorial components from the questionaire, Interpersonal relationship, Communication skills, Resource for students, Encouraging to think for selves, Evaluation, Teaching method, Finding assignment for objectives, Organization of subject matter, Professional competence, & Working with agency personnel, instructors for a specific subject scored the highest points and head nurse scored the lowest, which resulted in significant difference. Favorable for students, instructors for a specific subject scored highest points and nursing professor scored the lowest, which resulted in significant deference (F=5.39, P<0.001). Role model & Professional competence, instructors for a specific subject scored the highest points and head nurse scored the lowest, with minimum variation(F=1.29, P>0.05 : F=1.64, P>0.05) 6. Based on 13 categorial components as a whole, the highest points scored among the 5 groups of clinical teachers was instructors for a specific subject and the lowest, by head nurse(F=1.94, P<0. 001). A team of both nursing professor & head nurse attained higher score in clinical education than their independent education.

• Korean Journal of Psychosomatic Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.38-46
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• 2008

Objectives : The purpose of this study is to investigate the minor stress in daily life related to undergoing hemodialysis and the relationship between minor stresses, coping skills, and subjective quality of life among the patients with end stage renal disease. Methods : Seventy seven patients on hemodialysis were enrolled in this study. Minor stress was assessed with daily stress inventory-Korean version(K-DSI), ways of coping checklist identified the use of the following coping strategies:problem-focused, seek social support, emotion-focused coping and wishful thinking. Socio-demographic data were obtained and World Health Organization-Quality of Life Scale(brief form) was also administered to subjects. Results : Participants mean age was $55.92{\pm}13.71$ years. The mean of the event, impact and impact/event (I/E) ratio scores of K-DSI were $29.06{\pm}21.57$, $88.69{\pm}75.88$ and $2.92{\pm}1.11$, respectively. These scores were much higher than normative data of K-DSI. Among the 5 categories of this inventory, the scores of cognitive stressors were highest. 5 categories of the inventory showed positive relationship with way of coping subscales, which showed coefficient of correlation between 0.259(p<.01) and 0.495(p<.001). However, no significant correlation was found between minor stress subscales and quality of life. Hemodialysis patients in our study used more emotional-focused coping methods, which was considered as passive way of cope than problem-orientated coping methods. Conclusion : The main findings of this study indicated that patients on hemodialysis showed higher level of perceived minor stress than normal population. The patients treated with hemodialysis tend to use passive way of coping primarily. For assessing the stress in patients on hemodialysis, clinician has to consider both level of perceived minor stress and the ways of coping the patients primarily use.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.65-71
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• 1999

Objectives. The purpose of this investigation was to study the correlation between cognitive impairment and activities of daily living(ADL) In the elderly of rural area. Methods. The study population consisted of 210 elderly people aged 65 years and older, living in a district of Kyongju City. The cognitive impairment was measured with the Korean version of mini-mental state examination(MMSE-K) and newly constructed the Korean version of mini-mental state examination (K-MMSE). Bristol activities of dally living scale developed specifically to be used with people with dementia was used to measure ADL Results. The mean scores of both MMSE-K and K-MMSE were significantly different by sex groups and by .age groups, respectively(p<0.05). The mean scores of ADL were significantly different by age groups(p<0.01) not by sex groups. Among the 4 components of ADL(instrumental activities of daily living(IADL), self care, orientation, and mobility), the mean score of the orientation was significantly higher in men(p<0.01); and IADL, orientation and mobility components were significantly different by age groups(p<0.01). ADL correlated well with MMSE-K (r=0.54) and K-MMSE(r=0.52) and showed higher correlation in female (r=0.73, 0.71) than male(r=0.27, 0.29). IADL and orientation showed significant correlation with MMSE-K(r=0.52, 0.62) and K-MMSE(r=0.50, 0.63), respectively(p<0.01). Conclusions. In developing and establishing a care model for people with dementia in the community, both cognitive impairment and the activities of daily living(ADL) need to be considered.

• Childhood Kidney Diseases
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.50-59
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• 1998

Purpose : Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection has been involved in several forms of immune-related glomerulopathy but the pathogenic role of HBV infection is not clear. To evaluate the clinicopathological features of HBV-associated glomerulopathy, a clinicopathological analysis and immunohistochemical stain for HBs Ag and HBe Ag were done. Methods : Clinicopathological features of HBV-associated glomerulopathy were analyzed with renal biopsies in 28 HBsAg seropositive patients from April 1990 to February 1997 at Pusan Paik Hospital, and immunohistochemical evaluation for HBsAg and HBeAg was done in renal tissues. Light microscopic, immunofluorescent and electron microscopic examination and immunohistochemical staining for HBsAg (DAKO) and HBeAg (BIONIKE) of renal tissue were performed. Result ; 1. The age distribution was 6 to 73 years old, and eight were children and 20 were adults. Male : female ratio was 3:1. Nineteen (67.9%) and 21 (75.0%) of 28 cases showed hematuria and proteinuria, respectively at the time of biopsy. Sixteen (57.2%) of them had nephrotic syndrome. 2. Liver function test was performed in 11 patients and seven (63.6%) of them showed increased AST and ALT levels. Liver biopsy was done in three patients and revealed findings of chronic active hepatitis. 3. HBV-associated glomerulopathy was membranous glomerulonephritis (MGN) in 10 (35.7%), mesangiopathy in 8 (28.6%), membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis (MPGN) in 7 (25.0%) and minimal change disease in 3 (10.7%) out of 28 cases. 4. Ultrastructurally HBV-associated MGN showed conspicuous subepithelial deposits with intramembranous, mesangial and subendothelial deposits and proliferation of mesangial cells and matrix, which were suggestive of MPGN. In HBV-associated MPGN, intramembranous and subepithelial deposits were scattered. 5. Immunohistochemical staining revealed no expression for HBsAg, but positive reaction for HBeAg along capillary wall in 8 cases (28.6%), of which 3 cases were checked for serum HBeAg, all showed positivity. Conclusion : HBV-associated glomerulopathy showed a wide morphologic spectrum and overlapping ultrastructural features in MGN and MPGN, and the activity of hepatitis B virus may be related to the development of HBV-associated glomerulopathy but further studies are recommended to confirm this relationship.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.173-178
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• 2007

Children may respond differently to the caffeine from adults because they have different physiologic makeup and are functionally immature in terms of hepatic and renal function; this leads to the slower clearance of caffeine in early life. Therefore, children are often assumed to be more susceptible to caffeine effects. Alarge number of food supplements may interfere with these processes, and therefore caffeine exposure may have more serious consequences for children than for adults, irrespective of sensitivity. However, there has never been a national dietary survey on caffeine intakes in children. The purpose of our study was to identify caffeine intakes and beverage sources of caffeine in a representative sample of children in Busan, Korea. Caffeine intakes were based only on beverages included in the Continuing Surveys of Food Intakes by individuals. The caffeine content of the beverages ranged from 2.8 to 65.2mg/100ml for cola, soft drinks, and teas. Caffeine was not completely absent from caffeine-free colas, juice, and milk. In this study, cola-type beverages were an important dietary source of caffeine in the children. Daily caffeine intake for children was estimated to range from 12.5 to 250 mg/day. In general, the acceptable daily intake (ADI) of caffeine should cover the entire population including children. Therefore, special considerations should be needed regarding the consumption of soft drinks containing caffeine to children below the 12 years of age.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.159-167
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate factors associated with sexual debut among Korean middle school students. Methods: From the database of the Eighth Korea Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey (KYRBS), the researchers selected 37,297 middle school students aged 12-15 years. Data were analyzed using $x^2$ test and multiple logistic regression with the SPSS WIN 18.0 program. Results: The proportion of middle school students who had a sexual debut was 2.1% of boys and 1.5% of girls. In multiple regression analysis, economic status, experience of part time work, smoking, drug use and depression were associated with an increased proportion of sexual intercourse for both boys and girls. Living with parents, drinking alcohol and suicidal ideation were associated with sexual debut for boys only. By contrast, formal sexual education was associated with a reduced risk of sexual debut. Conclusion: The results of this study show the factors associated with sexual debut among Korean middle school students. Gender-related interventions should be taken into consideration in school sexual education programmes, because of differences in related factors according to gender.

• Survey Research
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.33-50
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Korean children's being addiction to computer game had an effect on physical health(headache, insomnia, indigestion, cardivascular). We considered both direct effects of that addiction and indirect effects which caused an negative emotion(anxiety). For this study, we collected data from 800 students of grades and 6 in Daejeon, Korea. Among them, we analyzed the data of 572 students[408 boys(71.3%) and 164 girls(28.7%) respectively] who had played computer games for a long period of time(two years or more). Reliability of the scale used on this study was a proper level by $.64{\sim}.91$ and we operated an analysis of structural equation pattern to make relationships of variable causes clear. As a result of examining an index of fitness of each model, it was proved for the fitness of every model(all GFI >.931, all CFI >.939, all NNFI >.929, all RMSEA <.046) to be acceptable. Not only the computer game addiction affected(all ps<.001) directly on physical symptoms(headache ${\beta}$=.211, insomnia ${\beta}$=.289, indigestion ${\beta}$ =.214, cardivascular ${\beta}$=.349), but also it affected(${\beta}$=.458, p<.001) on anxiety. In addition, the effect of anxiety on physical symptoms(headache ${\beta}$=.419, insomnia ${\beta}$=.375, indigestion ${\beta}$=.498, cardivascular ${\beta}$=.328) was significant. As a result of yielding the indirect effects of computer game abuse mediated by anxiety, headache was measured up ${\beta}$=.192, insomnia ${\beta}$=.172, indigestion ${\beta}$ =.228 and cardivascular ${\beta}$=.151. The computer game addiction caused 21% of anxiety and this mediate model proved that the computer game addiction caused 30% of headache, 32% of insomnia, 39% of indigestion, and 34% of cardivascular symptom. As a result of this study, the computer game addiction has a negative effect on physical health both directly and indirectly. Especially, cardivascular was influenced most extremely, then insomnia, indigestion, and headache in order. The implications gleaned from this study were discussed with considerations for future study and practical aspect.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.53 no.1
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• pp.17-26
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• 2002

Background : The detection and early elimination of the causes for acute respiratory distress syndrome(ARDS) at the initial stage can result in a more favorable prognosis. Miliary tuberculosis as a cause of the ARDS is quite rare. A diagnosis of miliary tuberculosis is difficult due to the diversity of radiological patterns and non-specific clinical finfings, and low sensitivity of sputum examinations for acid-fast bacilli(AFBs). An analysis of the clinical data is the first step in diagnosing these unusual, rare cases. Materials and Methods : In this study the clinical features, laboratory data, radiological findings and diagnostic methods were analyzed in 9 cases with an initial presentation of ARDS due to miliary tuberculosis. The ARDS was defined by the definition of the American-Europian consensus conference 1992. Results : The mean age of the patients was $67{\pm}18$ years (F:M=7:2). The chief complaints were dyspnea(5/9), coughing (3/9) and fever(5/9). On a physical examination, fine or coarse crackles were noted(6/9). The ARDS developed on average 6.7 days after the initial respiratory symptoms. The mean $PaO_2/FiO_2$ of the patients was $133.5{\pm}53.4$, the number of cases with a WBC<5000/$mm^3$ was 4 out of 9 cases. A platelet count<70,000/$mm^3$ was observed in 2 out of 9 cases, and the serum albumin level was $2.6{\pm}0.6$ g/dL. The initial simple chest PA showed ground glass appearances and consolidation in all cases, However, the miliary nodular densities were observed in only 4 out of the 9 cases. HRCT revealed alveolar densities and a consolidation in 5 out of 6 cases, and miliary nodules in 5 out of 6 cases, The diagnosis of tuberculosis was made by a liver biopsy (4/4, 100% sensitivity), a bone marrow biopsy (1/2, 50% sensitivity), and an open lung biopsy (1/1), the sputum AFB was positive in only 2 out of 9 cases. The patient was treated with INH, RFP, EMB, PZA, and steroids. The survival rate was 55.5%. Conclusion : Miliary tuberculosis should be considered as one of the causes for ARDS in areas where there is a high prevalence of tuberculosis. The chief complaints of the patients on admission are dyspnea, fever and coughing without any specific riskfactors. A liver biopsy is particularly useful in ARDS patients with mechanical ventilation to determine the causes of the ARDS if miliary tuberculosis is suspected as being the underlying disease.