• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.23 no.4
• /
• pp.932-939
• /
• 1998

In this paper, we analyze the performance of a multicode-CDMA system which have been proposed for the multimedia communications. The performance of a multicode-CDMA system, providing good spectrum efficiency as well as serving various bit rates, is analyzed with multipath, frequency selective, slowly fading Rayleigh channel. Also the proposed scheme adopting RAKE receiver with MRC(Maximal Ratio Combine) is advantageous to multipath channel. For a practical channel modeling, the JTC(Joint Technical Committee) recommended channel model(JTC(AIR) 23-065R6) is applied to simulation. The proposed schemehas serial-to-parallel convertor which splits input data stream of 2 Mits/s into 20 branches o 100 kbits/s. From the result of simulation, the case of RAKE receiver with 3 fingers to reduce the system complexity required the relatively large $E_{b}/N_O$ of 0 dB~1.5 dB, compared to the case of RAKE receiver with the number of path finger to keep the average error rate to be $1{\times}10^{-3}$ in channel A.

• Journal of Internet of Things and Convergence
• /
• v.8 no.5
• /
• pp.17-25
• /
• 2022

Recently the massive amount of data has been generated because of the number of edge devices increases. And especially, the number of raw unstructured HTML documents has been increased. Therefore, MRC(Machine Reading Comprehension) in which a natural language processing model finds the important information within an HTML document is becoming more important. In this paper, we propose HTDE(HTML Tag Depth Embedding Method), which allows the BERT to train the depth of the HTML document structure. HTDE makes a tag stack from the HTML document for each input token in the BERT and then extracts the depth information. After that, we add a HTML embedding layer that takes the depth of the token as input to the step of input embedding of BERT. Since tokenization using HTDE identifies the HTML document structures through the relationship of surrounding tokens, HTDE improves the accuracy of BERT for HTML documents. Finally, we demonstrated that the proposed idea showing the higher accuracy compared than the accuracy using the conventional embedding of BERT.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
• /
• v.13 no.5
• /
• pp.701-712
• /
• 2008

The purpose of the present study was aimed to identify dish items applicable in developing dish?based food frequency questionnaire (DFFQ) for a hypertension study of Koreans. The 24-hour recall data of 4,401 subjects aged $20{\sim}65$ years from the 2001 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey were used for the analysis. Logistic regression model was used to identify the nutrient related with hypertension. Energy, fiber, sodium, calcium, carotene, vitamin B1 and vitamin C were associated with hypertension. Selection the top 30 dish items for these seven nutrients was performed based on their degree of contribution in supplying nutrients in terms of the cumulative percent contribution (cPC), as well as on their degree of explanation for between?person variation, in terms of the cumulative regression coefficient (cMRC). Rice supplied 43% of total energy consumption. Korean cabbage and radish kimchi were two major sources of sodium and it also covered the 27% of between person variation of sodium intake. Soybean paste soup and single item of orange?colored fruits supplied 43% of total vitamin C intake for Koreans and it covered the almost 79% of between person variation among the Korean population. Korean cabbage kimchi was the major source of fiber, calcium, sodium, carotene, and vitamin C for Koreans. In summary, the top 30 selected dish items supplying the 78% to 89% of the 7 nutrients. Those items also covered the 79% to 94% of between person variation of the 7 nutrients consumption. Therefore, the selected 30 dish items in each categories of nutrient could be applicable in developing dish based food frequency questionnaire for hypertension study.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.52 no.3
• /
• pp.267-269
• /
• 2012

Traumatic brachial plexus injuries can be devastating, causing partial to total denervation of the muscles of the upper extremities. Surgical reconstruction can restore motor and/or sensory function following nerve injuries. Direct nerve-to-nerve transfers can provide a closer nerve source to the target muscle, thereby enhancing the quality and rate of recovery. Restoration of elbow flexion is the primary goal for patients with brachial plexus injuries. A 4-year-old right-hand-dominant male sustained a fracture of the left scapula in a car accident. He was treated conservatively. After the accident, he presented with motor weakness of the left upper extremity. Shoulder abduction was grade 3 and elbow flexor was grade 0. Hand function was intact. Nerve conduction studies and an electromyogram were performed, which revealed left lateral and posterior cord brachial plexopathy with axonotmesis. He was admitted to Rehabilitation Medicine and treated. However, marked neurological dysfunction in the left upper extremity was still observed. Six months after trauma, under general anesthesia with the patient in the supine position, the brachial plexus was explored through infraclavicular and supraclavicular incisions. Each terminal branch was confirmed by electrophysiology. Avulsion of the C5 roots and absence of usable stump proximally were confirmed intraoperatively. Under a microscope, neurotization from the musculocutaneous nerve to two medial pectoral nerves was performed with nylon 8-0. Physical treatment and electrostimulation started 2 weeks postoperatively. At a 3-month postoperative visit, evidence of reinnervation of the elbow flexors was observed. At his last follow-up, 2 years following trauma, the patient had recovered Medical Research Council (MRC) grade 4+ elbow flexors. We propose that neurotization from medial pectoral nerves to musculocutaneous nerve can be used successfully to restore elbow flexion in patients with brachial plexus injuries.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.16 no.6
• /
• pp.2307-2312
• /
• 2015

Curcumol is a sesquiterpene originally isolated from curcuma rhizomes, a component of herbal remedies commonly used in oriental medicine. Its beneficial pharmacological activities have attract significant interest recently. In this study, anti-cancer activity of curcumol was examined with both in vitro and in vivo models. It was found that curcumol exhibited time- and concentration-dependent anti-proliferative effects in SPC-A-1 human lung adenocarcinoma cells with cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase while apoptosis-induction was also confirmed with flow cytometry and morphological analyses. Interestingly, curcumol did not display growth inhibition in MRC-5 human embryonic lung fibroblasts, suggesting the anti-proliferative effects of curcumol were specific to cancer cells. Anti-neoplastic effects of curcumol were also confirmed in tumor bearing mice. Curcumol (60 mg/ kg daily) significantly reduced tumor size without causing notable toxicity. In conclusion, curcumol appears a favorable anti-cancer candidate for further development.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.237-244
• /
• 2003

Objective : Hemophilia, a genetically determined disorder, is characterized by abnormality of the coagulation mechanism due to functional deficiency of a specific factor, namely VIII or IX. In this study, the effect of Dong-Si acupuncture therapy on the cerebral hemorrhage patient with hemophilia was evaluated. Methods : We treated him with acupuncture by stimulating Dong-Si acupuncture point(Yuk Wan) and assessed the effect by using manual dynamic evaluation of MRC(Medical Research Council) and Modified Barthel Index. Results : After treatment, the bleeding tendency was grossly reduced and bleeding lesion was absorbed gradually. And manual dynamic evaluation of the upper extremity increased from 4 grade to 5 grade. Conclusions : This result suggest that Dong-Si acupuncture therapy on the cerebral hemorrhage patient with hemophilia was effective. And futher studies are required to concretely prove the effectiveness of Dong-Si acupuncture therapy for treating hemorrhagic diseases.

• Korean Journal of Clinical Pharmacy
• /
• v.26 no.4
• /
• pp.298-305
• /
• 2016

Background: This study is to investigate the prescription patterns and factors related to the number of medications treating chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) in patients under 65 years old according to GOLD guidelines. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of patients aged 40-64 years with a diagnosis of COPD from January to March 2016. Patients were classified by combined assessment of COPD (grades A, B, C, D) using spirometry, exacerbation history, mMRC, and/or CAT results. We analyzed prescribed medications, treatment options and factors related to the numbers of COPD medications. Results: The total number of prescriptions were 251. About 35.5% of patients were classified as GOLD A, 34.2% as GOLD B, 17.1% as GOLD C and 13.2% as GOLD D. Inhaled bronchodilator was prescribed for 86.9% of patients and the most frequent COPD medication was long-acting muscarinic antagonist (LAMA) followed by inhaled corticosteroids/long acting beta agonist (ICS/LABA). The majority of low risk patients (GOLD A/B) were prescribed a monotherapy with LAMA or LABA. For high risk patients (GOLD C/D), combination treatment with ICS+LAMA+LABA was mostly prescribed. The 21.2% of patients in GOLD D received systemic corticosteroid. The average number of medications per prescription was 3.7, and this number increased with increasing COPD grade, COPD duration and lung function reduction ($FEV_1$, $FEV_1/FVC$). Conclusion: Generally high adherence to GOLD guideline recommendations was reported. Given the progressive nature of the disease, results suggest that closer attention to respiratory symptoms for early detection, diagnosis, and appropriate treatment of COPD is warranted.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
• /
• v.10 no.5
• /
• pp.113-119
• /
• 2010

In this paper, the considered cognitive radio system has a pair of PT-PR and a pair of ST-SR. In first time slot(1 Phase), PT broadcast signal $x_p$ to PR, ST and SR. Then, each receivers(PR, ST, SR) decode received signal $x_p$. In second time slot(2 Phase), ST combine decoded signal ${x_p}^{\prime}$ and signal $x_s$, and it broadcast combined signal to PR and SR. PR and SR decode combined signal. At this time, PR can achieve diversity gain, due to using MRC, it combine 'received and decoded signal ${x_p}^{\prime}$ at 1 phase' and 'detected signal $x_p$ at 2 phase'. SR use linear combining technique and it can obtain $x_s$.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
• /
• v.12 no.5
• /
• pp.810-816
• /
• 2001

This paper proposes a Truncated Type-II Hybrid ARQ scheme using an adaptive modulation system to achieve high throughput data transmission systems for mobile communication systems. In this paper, the adaptive modulation system analyzed in Nakagami (m-distribution) fading channel environment. The adaptive modulation system controls the modulation level and symbol rate according to the Nakagami fading parameter(m). When the received $E_bN_0$ is high or the Nakagami fading parameter m is high, the propose system selects higher modulation level and higher symbol rate to increase throughput. On the other hand, this system selects lower modulation level and lower symbol rate to prevent throughput performance degradation when the received $E_bN_0$ is low. The modulation method have been adopted QPSK(Quadrature Phase Shift Keying), 16 QAM(Quadrature Amplitude Modulation), 64 QAM, 256 QAM. Therefore, Adaptive Modulation Systems with Truncated Type-II Hybrid ARQ Scheme is proper for mobile and radio for mobile and radio data communication system that require high reliability and delay-limited applications.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.15 no.20
• /
• pp.8631-8635
• /
• 2014

Glutathione S-transferase A1 (GSTA1) appears to be primarily involved in detoxification processes, but possible roles in lung cancer remain unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the expression and function of GSTA1 in lung cancer cells. Real-time PCR and Western blotting were performed to assess expression in cancer cell lines and the normal lung cells, then verify the A549 cells line with stable overexpression. Localization of GSTA1 proteins was assessed by cytoimmunofluorescence. Three double-strand DNA oligoRNAs (SiRNAs) were synthesized prior to being transfected into A549 cells with Lipofectamine 2000, and then the most efficient SiRNA was selected. Expression of the GSTA1 gene in the transfected cells was determined by real-time PCR and Western blotting. The viability of the transfected cells were assessed by MTT. Results showed that the mRNA and protein expression of A549 cancer cells was higher than in MRC-5 normal cells. Cytoimmunofluorescence demonstrated GSTA1 localization in the cell cytoplasm and/or membranes. Transfection into A549 cells demonstrated that down-regulated expression could inhibit cell viability. Our data indicated that GSTA1 expression may be a target molecule in early diagnosis and treatment of lung cancer.