• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.102-112
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• 2003

The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of food waste and probiotics supplementation on productive performance and egg composition of laying hens. Total 120 layers (Brown Tetran) 22 weeks old were divided into five groups with 4 replicates for each treatments and raised in battery cage. The experimental design was completely randomized. The egg Production rate was significantly increased in layer supplemented with 0%, 0.5%, 1.0% and 1.5% of probiotic supplemented diets compared to control (P<0.05). At feeding with food waste and probiotic supplementation had no effect on the egg shell strength (P>0.05). Haugh unit of the eggs was significantly increased in layers fed with 1.5% of probiotic supplemented diet (P<0.05). The different levels of inclusion of the food waste and probiotic supplementation had not effect on egg shell color, blood spot and albumen index of the eggs (P<0.05). There were not significant differences in over all acceptability, juiciness, texture and color of the eggs from layer fed with different levels of wood waste and probiotic supplementation. The appearance and flavor significantly deteriorated in eggs from layers fed with probiotic diets compared to control (P<0.05).

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.3293-3301
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• 1974

An experimental work was conducted by using a laboratory-made model dryer to investigate the effect of the rate of natural forced-air on the drying rate of rough rice which was deposited in the deep-bed. The dryer consisted of 8 cylinderical containers with grain holding screen at their bottoms, each of which having 30cm in diameter and 15cm in height. The containers were sacked vertically with keeping them air-tight by using paper tape during dryer operation. Two separate layers of containers were operated in the same time to have two replications. The moisture contents of grains within each bins after predetermined period of dryer operation were determined indirectly by measuring the weight of the individual containers. The air-rates were maintained at 6 levels, or 5, 8, 10, 15, 18 and 20 millimenters of static head of water. The roomair conditions during dryer operation were maintained in the range of 10-l5$^{\circ}C$ in temperature and 40-60% in relative humidity. The results of the study are summarized as follows: 1. Drying characteristics of the grains in the bottom layers were approximately the same regardless of airdelivery rates, giving the average drying rate as about 0.35 percent per hour after 40-hour drying period, during which moisture content (w. b.) reduced from 24 percent to about 10 percent. 2. After about 40-hour drying period, the mean drying rates increased from 0.163 percent per hour to 0.263 percent per hour as air-flow rates increased from 5mm to 87.16mm of static head of water. In the same time, the moisture differences of grains between lower and upper layers varied from 12.7 percent at the air rate of 5mm of water head to 7.5 percent at the air-flow rate of 20mn of water head. Thus, the greater the air-flow rate was, the more overall improvement in drying performance was. Additionally, from the result of ineffectiveness of drying grain positioned at 70cm depth or above by the air rate of 5mm of static head of water it may be suggested in practical application that the height of grain deposit would be maintained adequately within the limits of air-rates that may be actually delivered. 3. Drying after layer-turning operation was continued for about 30 hours to test the effectiveness of reducing moisture differences in the thick layers. As a result of this layer-turning operation, moisture distribution through layers approached to narrow ranges, giving the moisture range as about 7 percent at air-flow rate of 5mm head of water, about 3 percent at 10mm head about 2 percent at 15mm head, and less than 1 percent at 20mm head. In addition, from the desirable results that drying rate was rapid in the lower layers and dully in the upper layers, layer-turning operation may be very effective in natural air drying with deep-layer grain deposit, especially when the forced air was kept in low rate. 4. Even though the high rate of air delivery is very desirable for deep-layer natural-air drying of rough rice, it can be happened that the required air delivery rate could not be attained because of limitation of power source available on farms. To give a guide line for the practical application, the power required to perform the drying with the specified air rate was analyzed for different sizes of drying bin and is given in Table (5). If a farmer selects a motor of which size is 1 or {{{{1 { 1} over {2 } }}}} H.P. and air-delivery rate which ranges from 8~10mm of head, the diameter of grain bin may be suggested to choose about 2.4m, also power tiller or other moderate size of prime motor may be recommended when the diameter of grain bin is about 5.0m or more for about 120cm grain deposit.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.750-758
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• 2006

Calcium-binding protein calretinin is thought to play important roles in calcium buffering. Recently, we reported on the distribution, morphology of calretinin-immunoreactive (IR) neurons and the effects of eye enucleation on the immunoreactivity of calretinin in the superficial layers of the hamster superior colliculus (SC). In the present study, we describe the distributions and types of labeled cells and effects of enucleation in the deeper layers by immunocytochemistry. We also compare this labeling to that of GABA, the major inhibitory neurotransmitter in the central nervous system. In contrast to the superficial layers, the deeper layers contained many calretinin-IR neurons which formed two tiers. The first tier, which was very distinctive, was found within the intermediate gray layer. The second tier was found in the deep gray layer. Labeled neurons varied dramatically in morphology and included vertical fusiform, stellate, round/oval, and horizontal neurons. In contrast to the superficial layers, enucleation appeared to have no effect on the distribution of calretinin immunoreactivity in the deeper layers. Two-color immunofluorescence revealed that none of calretinin-IR neurons were labeled with an antibody to GABA. The present results demonstrate that calretinin identifies unique neuronal sublaminar organizations in the hamster SC. The present results also demonstrate that none of the calretinin-IR neurons in the hamster SC is GABAergic interneurons. As many calretinin-IR cells are GABAergic interneurons in most other brain areas, this phenomenon in hamster SC is exceptional.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.784-792
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• 1998

This study was conducted to select resistant chicken-line between Brown and White layer lines against Salmonella gallinarum infection. The Brown and White layer chickens allocated into different age groups were inoculated with S gallinarum (WJO-126) either orally($1{\times}10^7cfu$) or intramusculaly($5{\times}10^6cfu$) and clinical observations were made for 2 weeks. All dead birds were necropsied and culture was made to recover the inoculated organinsm from liver, spleen, brain, bone marrow and cecal contents. Serum was isolated from all live birds after 2 weeks experiment and these birds were also necropsied and cultured to reisolate S gallinarum. The brown layers showed very high mortality to S gallinarum infection regardless of their ages and routes of inoculation, while white layers did not shown any mortality by the direct effects of S gallinarum. The mortality rate of 2 week old brown layers, in particular, were 82.6% (19/23) in peroral group and 86.9% in intramuscularly inoculated group, while those of white layer groups were only 0.0% in both groups. S gallinarum could be reisolated from all dead birds, especially, from liver and spleen. This result was inferred that the organism is highly invasive on the chicken. The intramuscularly challenged birds showed more seropositive-reactors(86.9%) than orally inoculated groups(61.9%). The overall results of present study suggested that white layers are much more resistant than brown layers against the experimental infection of S gallinarum and shown experimentally that resistance to S gallinarum is a characteristic of the White-line layers.

• The Journal of the Acoustical Society of Korea
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.82-89
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• 1996

Application fields of ultrasonic transducers can be divided into two categories, a high ultrasonic resolution required field and a high ultrasonic power required field. This paper is aimed to determine the optimal properties of the matching layers of the transducer for each of the applications. Further, it is aimed to optimize the properties of the matching layers that show satisfactory performances for both of the application fields. Through the direct time domain analysis of the transmission and reflection behavior of the ultrasonic wave, apart from the conventional equivalent circuit analysis, and Fourier transformation of its results, we found the optimum acoustic impedances of the matching layers. The newly determined layers provide much better transducer performance-57% at most-than those obtained with conventional design methods. Based on the results, we also found the optimal acoustic impedances of the layers good for both of the application fields. For te optimization, we developed a new transducer performance evaluation parameter that can be applied to any type of ultrasonic transducers.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1190-1196
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• 2006

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of Korean, Japanese and Chinese green tea on laying performance and egg quality in hens. A total of 168 "Tetran Brown" hens aged 40 weeks were assigned to 7 treatments in a completely randomized design. Each treatment had 4 replicates accommodating 6 layers per replication. The seven dietary treatments were: 1) control diet with no green tea added, 2) diet containing 1.0% Korean green tea (1.0% KGT), 3) diet containing 2.0% Korean green tea (2.0% KGT), 4) diet containing 1.0% Japanese green tea (1.0% JGT), 5) diet containing 2.0% Japanese green tea (2.0% JGT), 6) diet containing 1.0% Chinese green tea (1.0% CGT), and 7) diet containing 2.0% Chinese green tea (2.0% CGT). Egg production rate of the layers fed diets containing 1.0 or 2.0% green tea powders were significantly increased compared to that of the control (p<0.05). The egg weight of layers was significantly reduced in layers fed 1.0% CGT (p<0.05). The feed intake was significantly decreased in KGT and CGT groups at 2.0% inclusion levels (p<0.05). The egg shell thickness and shape index of JGT treatment was significantly lower than that of the control (p<0.05). There were no significant differences in albumen index, yolk index and Haugh unit of eggs for layers fed diets containing green tea powders regardless of origin (p>0.05). Green tea feeding to layers tended to reduce the overall cholesterol content of egg yolk. Particularly, 1.0 or 2.0% CGT significantly depressed the total cholesterol content of egg yolk (p<0.05). In conclusion, incorporation of 1.0 or 2.0% Korean, Japanese and Chinese green tea into layer diets regardless of origin had favorable effects on laying performance and egg quality profiles. Among the three green tea sources, the Chinese green tea powder had the highest reducing effect on cholesterol content in egg yolk.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 2002

This study was carried out to investigate the load of soil layers affected by soil depth in artificial soil alone or in blends with Loam with various ratio. The artificial soils were perlite large grain, perlite small grain, and perlite small grains blended with Loam (sand 46%, silt 40%, clay 14%) at a ratio of 8:2, 6:4, 5:5 (v/v). The soil layers were divided into a planting layer and a well-drained layer, then the weight of each layer in the air-dried state and in the field capacity were determined. The data were subjected to correlation analysis, regression analysis, and paired samples t-test. The summarized results are as follows; 1) In the air-dried state, the regression equations of the well-drained layer weight(kg/m2) in perlite large grain, planting layer weight in perlite small grain, planting layer weight in perlite small grain biended with loam(8:2, v/v), perlite small grain blended with loam(6:4, v/v), and perlite small grain blended with loam(5:5, v/v) were; 1.65824*X+0.026, 1.52292*X-0.052, 3.21468*X+0.515, 6.17549*X+ 0.083, and 6.02100*X + 33.133, respectively, where X is soil depth measured in Centimeters. 2) In the field capacity, the regression equations of the well-drained layer weight(kg/m2) in perlite large grain, planting layer weight in perlite small grain, planting layer weight in perlite small grain blended with loam(8:2, v/v), perlite small grain blended with loam(6:4, v/v), and perlite small grain blended with loam(5:5, v/v) were 5.055*X - 2.006, 7.073*X + 100.008, 8.092*X + 116.676, 10.766*X + 100.112, and 10.974*X + 124.423, respectively, where X is the soil depth measured in Centimeters. 3) All of the equations mentioned above were statistically reliable and therefore easily applicable in practical business affairs.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.169-174
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• 1982

Light intensities under and above shading material were measured at different layers (upper, middle and lower layers) and lines (lst, 3rd and 5th lines) on clear and cloudy days in S-year-old ginseng plant populations. Rates of photosynthesis and respiration were also measured in field. Light intensities of the 1st lines at upper and lower layers were relatively high as compared with the 3rd and the 5th lines, and there were no remarkable difference between the 3rd and the 5th line. But in middle layer, the light intensity of each line differed considerably. As compared with fair and clear day, the day of clear but much diffuse light showed high light intensity under shading. Relative light intensity was higher on cloudy day than on clear day. There were notable differences of photosynthetic rates among the lines and the rearest lines exhibited the lowest rates. But it was not considered that even the front plants demonstrated the maximum photosynthetic capacity.

• Journal of the Korean Magnetics Society
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• v.5 no.5
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• pp.383-386
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• 1995

A universal dispersion equation for magnetostatic waves(MSW) propagating in the film with arbitrary-multiple magnetic layers magnetized in an arbitrary direction was derived with a matching boundary condition method. The computing result curves of delay time were shown.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.77-83
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• 1993

난모세포성숙기 (peripheral germinal vesicle stage)의 무지개송어(Oncorhynchus mykiss)를 대상으로 방사성 표지 전구체(3H-pregnenolone, 3H-l7$\alpha$-hydroxyprogesterone 그리고 3H-androstenedione)를 이용하여 유 nitro에서 관찰한 협막세포층의 스테로이드 주 대사 경로는 다음과 같으며, pregnenolone -) 17a-hydroxypregnenolone$\longrightarrow$ 17u-hydroxyprogesterone $\longrightarrow$ androstenedione $\longrightarrow$ testosterone 이는 $\Delta$5-스테로이드 경로의 존재가능성을 지적하고 있다.