• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• no.12
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• pp.17-20
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• 1970

Occasionally, We make mistake of discrimination of sex since a pair of small spots around tile abdomen of 9th abdominal of males and posterior spots of females of the silkworms larvae are found at almost same position. As already have reported, more larvae which have the small spots were found in Chinese race than the Japanese. This research has been conducted in order to grasp the rate of appearance of the small spotted larvae hereditarily when hybridize with different race (F$_1$) 1. According to the first report, average 17,8％ of the small spotted larvae are found in the Japanese race and 57.0％ in the Chinese, but my re-invested data which was carried out recently shows that average 13.6％ in the former case and 37.8％ in the latter. Those new data are supposed to be come to a conclusion that the figures are flexible but in any case high frequency of appearance of the larvae were found in the Chinese race than the Japanese (Reference Table 1 ) 2. Miscalculated ratio of the larvae from males to females are 1.2-2.6％, and from females to males are found 0.5％-0.9％ in the Japanese race, In case of the Chinese race, 7.1-9.4％ in tile former and 2.9-3.4％ in the latter. Those data also shows that more of the larvae found in Chinese race. 3. The larvae of small spotted and non-spotted are also seperated when hlybridize with different mating types and races. 4. More small spotted larvae are seen when hybridize with less appeared of the small spots of females and males which have the small spots than more appeared of the small spots of females with none spotted of the males (Reference Table 2. C.G.)B.F.). 5. More larvae of the small spots and found in case of hybridize in a group of having small spots than none of the spots (H>E). 6. With the exception of the case (A.B), in the same type of cross breeding (C.D, E.F, G,H), more larvae of the smal1 spots are also found in case of hybridize with males of having the spots than none of the spots.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.7133-7136
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• 2013

Background: We studied Surveillance, Epidemiology and End Results (SEER) breast cancer data of Georgia USA to analyze the impact of socio-economic factors on the disparity of breast cancer treatment outcome. Materials and Methods: This study explored socio-economic, staging and treatment factors that were available in the SEER database for breast cancer from Georgia registry diagnosed in 2004-2009. An area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC) was computed for each predictor to measure its discriminatory power. The best biological predictors were selected to be analyzed with socio-economic factors. Survival analysis, Kolmogorov-Smirnov 2-sample tests and Cox proportional hazard modeling were used for univariate and multivariate analyses of time to breast cancer specific survival data. Results: There were 34,671 patients included in this study, 99.3% being females with breast cancer. This study identified race and education attainment of county of residence as predictors of poor outcome. On multivariate analysis, these socio-economic factors remained independently prognostic. Overall, race and education status of the place of residence predicted up to 10% decrease in cause specific survival at 5 years. Conclusions: Socio-economic factors are important determinants of breast cancer outcome and ensuring access to breast cancer treatment may eliminate disparities.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.278-281
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• 2014

The object of this study was to determine rate of ability restoration after arthroscopic surgeries in Thoroughbred racehorses. The racehorses that under arthroscopic surgery due to be injured his limbs were studied during exercise or training at Busan Race Park from 2005 to 2010. Rate of arthroscopic surgical treatments was 1.4% (63/4642). The results of arthroscopic surgery for the removal of osteochondral fragments from 70 limbs in 63 horses are reported. Number of patients under arthroscopic surgery were 63 and 58 horses were recovered from the surgeries and 5 horses were in training or resting at the time of publication. Only 52 of 58 horses had previous race experiences before the surgeries. Success horses of returned to the same level of performance were 31 horses (59.6%) and failed horses were 21 horses (40.4%). Average resting periods in success and failed horses were 7 months and 8.8 months, respectively. Resting periods in success horses were shorter than failed horses.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.64-68
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• 2003

Cruciferous vegetable crops grown in several locations in Korea were surveyed from 1996 to 2000. Clubroot severely occurred up to a maximum of 100％ in Chinese cabbage fields in 15 out of 42 locations, and in cabbage fields in 5 out of 13 locations surveyed. The disease also severely occurred up to a maximum of 40％ in radish fields in 6 out of 35 locations, and up to a maximum of 40% and 100％ in turnip and brown mustard fields in one each out of the few locations surveyed, respectively. The disease occurred less than l％ in one kale field in one out of two locations surveyed. A total of 268 isolates of Plasmodiophora brassicae was obtained from six cruciferous vegetable crops. The isolates were classified into 13 races based on their pathogenicity to the differential varieties of cabbage and rutabaga. There were 13 races found in isolates from Chinese cabbage, while 6 races each were found in isolates from cabbage and radish. There were five and three races found in turnip and brown mustard isolates, respectively. One isolate from kale was identified as race 8. Race 8 was the most frequently isolated from five cruciferous vegetable crops, except brown mustard. Races 3 and 14 were isolated only from Chinese cabbage.

• Korean Journal Plant Pathology
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.174-179
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• 1987

Four thousand eight hundred and eighty five isolates of Pyricularia oryzae were obtained from the diseased rice specimens collected from various areas of Korea for race identification during 1978 - 1985. A total of 15 races inculding 6 races pathogenic to Tongil lines, 2 T-races, 5 C-races and 2 N-races was identified using a old Japanese differential set during 1978-1980. Since 1981, number of races identified by a Korean differential set was 18 races which were composed of 11 KI-races pathogenic to either Tongil lines or Japonica cultivars and 8 KJ-races pathogenic to only Japonica cultivars. The prevalent race was $N-2^{+t}$ during 1978-1979 and race KJ-301 since 1980, respectively. Races KI-315a and KI-315b pathogenic to most of Tongil lines were identified in 1983. being widely distributed to date. Races KJ-105 and KJ-201 pathogenic to the cultivars possessing resistance genes Pi-k and Pi-i were prevalent in Gangweon province, whereas race KI-315b was prevalent in Chungbug and Jeonnam districts.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.12-21
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• 2009

This study focused on the estimation of econcmic value and the evaluation of attitudes toward plans for the establishment of a walking tour as a public service in the city of Gwacheon. A value analysis based upon 152 questionnaires returned by the residents of Gwacheon and 175 questionnaires from the users of Seoul Race Park in Gwacheon utilized a CVM(Contingent Valuation Method) approach to estimate use value, non-use value, and potential value. The results show that 69.8% of residents and 60.0% of Seoul Race Park users had an interest, 81.6% of residents and 89.7% of Seoul Race Park users agreed to the proposed plan, and 67.8% of residents and 69.7% of Seoul Race Park users expressed a willingness to pay an additional tax or admission fee. The estimated WTP for an additional resident tax per household/year is 11,721 won while it was an additional 750 won per admission for the Seoul Race Park user group. Based on these results, the estimated total economic value of all households/year and the user group over a period of 5 years is 9,997 hundred million won, which was a doubling of the 1.4 in value of total construction costs. The results of this study strongly support the establishment of a walking tour street plan as a public service commodity.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.86-92
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• 2001

This experiment was carried out to analyze the recent epidemic of rice blast in southern provinces of Korea in 1999 and 2000. Incidences of leaf blast and panicle blast in these years were 1.5 and 2.9 times greater than those in 1998, respectively. Cultivation areas of rice cultivars, Daesan, Ilmi and Dongan bred from Milyang 95 as a recurrent parent increased over the country from 11% in 1998 to 38.4% in 2000, which were grown in more than 85% of total paddy fields in Jeonnam province. Predominant race populations of Pyricularia grisea in the farmers' fields had been changed from KJ-301 to KI-1117 in 1999 and KI-1113 and KJ-105 in 2000. Distribution ratio of the KI-1117 race in 1998 in the southern provinces was 1.7%, but increased to 30% in 1999. Although the cultivars Daesan, Ilmi and Dongan have shown wide spectrum of resistance to many races including KJ-301, they were susceptible to such races as KI-1117, KI-1113 and, KJ-105. These three races could be further classified into two sub-races, KI-1117 and KI-1117a, KI-1113 and Kl-1113a, and KJ-105 and KJ-105a based on virulence to Daesan. The newly classfied races, Kl-1113a, Kl-1117a, and KJ-l05a were also pathogenic to Ilmi and Dongan. This indicates that rice blast epidemic in southern provinces in 1999 and 2000 resulted from the breakdown of the resistance of Daesan, Ilmi and Dongan by the rapid increase of virulent races KI-1117, KI-1113, KJ-105 and their new sub-races.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.34 no.3
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• pp.433-441
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• 2016

Clubroot caused by the protist Plasmodiophora brassicae is one of the most destructive diseases of Brassica crops. Developing Chinese cabbage cultivars with durable clubroot resistance (CR) is an important goal of breeding programs, which will require new genetic resources to be identified and introduced. In this study, we evaluated resistance to P. brassicae race 4 using 26 Chinese cabbage (B. rapa ssp. pekinensis ) cultivars compared to the clubroot-susceptible Chinese cabbage inbred line 'BP079' and the clubroot-resistant European turnip (B. rapa ssp. rapifera ) inbred line 'IT033820'. No symptoms of clubroot disease were found in 'IT033820' infected with P. brassicae race 4, whereas the Chinese cabbage cultivars exhibited disease symptoms to various degrees. The Chinese cabbage cultivars that were reported to be clubroot-susceptible were susceptible to P. brassicae race 4; however, seven of the 20 cultivars reported to be clubroot-resistant were susceptible to this race of P. brassicae to varying degrees. Resting spores of P. brassicae were abundant within the infected root tissues of 'BP079', as revealed by light microscopy and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), but they were not detected in root tissues of 'IT033820'. Although resting spores were not detected by light microscopy in root tissues of the clubroot-resistant Chinese cabbage cultivar 'Kigokoro 75', a few spores were observed by SEM. The $F_1$ hybrids from a cross between 'IT033820' and 'BP079' showed no disease symptoms, and all $BC_1P_1$ progenies from a cross between the $F_1$ hybrid and 'IT033820' exhibited a resistance phenotype. In the $BC_1P_2$ population from a cross between the $F_1$ hybrid and 'BP079', this trait segregated at a ratio of 3(R):1(S) (${\chi}^2=1.333$, p = 0.248) at a 5% significance level. Inoculated $BC_1P_2$ plants were either highly resistant or highly susceptible to the pathogen, indicating that the CR to race 4 of P. brassicae carried by 'IT033820' is dominant. In the $F_2$ population, this trait segregated at a ratio of 15(R):1(S) (${\chi}^2=0.152$, p = 0.696) at a 5% significance level, suggesting that CR in 'IT033820' is mainly controlled by two dominant genes. Therefore, 'IT033820' represents a promising genetic resource for developing durable CR breeding lines in Chinese cabbage.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.86-92
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• 2012

Clubroot caused by Plasmodiophora brassicae Woron. is one of the most important diseases in Brassica crops worldwide. To establish more simple and reliable screening method for resistant cabbage and broccoli to P. brassicae, the development of clubroot on the plants according to inoculum concentration and incubation period after inoculating with the pathogen was investigated using P. brassicae GN1 isolate (race 9). To facilitate and acquire precise result of resistance screening of cabbage and broccoli to clubroot, 14-day-old seedlings were inoculated by drenching roots with the spore suspension of P. brassicae to give inoculum density of $2.5{\times}10^9$ spores/pot. To develop the disease, the inoculated seedlings were incubated in a growth chamber at $20^{\circ}C$ for 3 days, and then cultivated in a greenhouse ($20{\pm}5^{\circ}C$) for five weeks. Under the optimum conditions, 16 cabbage and 17 broccoli cultivars were tested for resistance to four field isolates (GN1, GN2, GS and YC) of P. brassicae collected from four regions in Korea. Among them, some cabbage and broccoli cultivars showed different resistance response to three isolates (GN1, GN2 and GS) determined as race 9 by using the differential varieties of Williams. On the other hand, all the tested cultivars were highly susceptible to YC isolate (race 2). The results suggest that this method is efficient screening method of cabbage and broccoli for resistance to P. brassicae.

• Journal of Industrial Convergence
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.91-98
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• 2020

The purpose of this study was to identify differences in records for each section of the wheelchair marathon and to provide information necessary for training and basic data for developing training methods. The subjects of this study were analyzed for the records of a total of 5 foreign male athletes and 4 domestic top athletes who completed the 42.195km full course among the participants at the 2016 Seoul International Wheelchair Marathon. Every 5km section records and finish records were used, and the first section to the ninth section were set. As for the data processing method, descriptive statistics (Mean, SD) were used using the statistical program SPSS 25.0. The following conclusions were drawn according to the above research methods and procedures. In the case of the winning W1 athletes, the record at 30km to 35km was the fastest 8 minutes and 43 seconds in the entire section, and the difference was 1 minute and 4 seconds compared to the K1 athletes of the nation's No. 1 athletes. In order to be ranked higher in international competitions, training to adapt to a quick pace at a later stage is required. That is, it was found that the second half face should be faster based on the half distance. In addition, in each section of the first half, it is necessary to develop a race pace suitable for the average speed level for each individual section. Therefore, it is considered that the fitness training program that can maintain the early race and the training program that can cope with changes in pace after the second half should be applied.