• 대한한의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.67-82
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• 2002

Objectives: In recent years, extensive focus has been laid on adulteration of herbal medicine with heavy metals. This may be mainly due to soil contamination by environmental pollution. The objective of this study is to identify the contents of various heavy metals in the blood from Ohjeok-san (Wuji-san) Decoction (OD) treated-rats. Methods: For this study, 13 kinds of metals including essential and heavy metals, i.e. A1, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Hg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Se and Zn were analyzed by a slight modification of EP A methods and the following results are obtained. Results: 1. There was no significant difference between the OD-treated groups and control group in liver, kidney, bone, brain and weight, especially no significant difference at the 5th and 10th days in weight and the amount of food intake. 2. The amount of each metal analyzed in the blood were as follows; A1: 2.3~3.07 mg/l, As: 2.90~3.66 mg/l, Cd: 0~0.001 mg/l, Co: 0~0.01 mg/l, Cr: 0.40~043 mg/l, Cu: 0.93~1.88 mg/l, Fe: 414.35~464.46 mg/l, Hg: 0.01 mg/l, Mn: 0.10~0.17 mg/l, Ni: 0.01 mg/l, Pb: 0.03~012 mg/l, Se: 0.73 mg/l, Zn: 3.41~4.13 mg/l by groups, respectively. In control and experimental group, Experimental I and other experimental II, III, IV, and V groups, there were no significant differences. 3. The amount of non-toxic metals (A1, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Se, Zn) were $64.1{\pm}7.71{\;}mg/l$ in the control group and 60.70~67.58 mg/l in the experimental groups I, II, III, IV and V. The amount of Toxic metals (As, Cd, Cr, Ag, Pb) were $0.68{\pm}0.21{\;}mg/l$ in the control group and 0.57 ~ 0.66mg/l in the experimental groups. The total amount of metals were 32.35 mg/l in the control group and 30.48~34.12 mg/l in the test groups I, II, III, IV and V, respectively. Conclusions: There was no significant difference of metal concentration in the blood from the OD-treated-rats compared to those of the control group even if higher dosage (1~8 times the dosage for a person) of OD was administered. This may be mainly due to a decoction treatment which contains only supernatants filtered from the herb-mass after boiling. This indicates the legal limitation for metal concentration in herbal medicine must be applied according to different treatment methods of herbal medicine.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.33-41
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• 1996

In order to study the effect of phenobarbital(PB) on the hepatic transport of diltiazem(DTZ), $Ca^{2+}$ channel blocker, we used isolated hepatocytes of rat which was intraperitoneally pretreated with phenobarbital sodium(75 mg/kg) for four days once a day. For the isolation of rat liver cells, a modification of the two step procedure of Seglen was used. DTZ was dissolved in incubation buffer to the final DTZ concentrations of 200, 400, 600, 800 and 1000 ng/ml in order to elucidate the uptake characteristics of DTZ by hepatocytes. Reactions were stopped at 10, 20, 30, 45, 60, 90, 120 and 300 sec. The initial velocity was determined by disappearance of diltiazem in the hepatocyte suspension. On the other hand, to determine the effect of PB on the in vitro hepatic intrinsic clearance of DTZ we obtained the metabolism rates of DTZ in the control and the PB-pretreated rat hepatocyte at various time intervals. According to pretreatment with PB, the size of hepatocyte and the amount of protein per $10^6$ cells were significantly (p<0.01) increased from $26.92{\pm}0.1364\;m$ to $35.31{\pm}1.00\;m$ and from $468{\pm}6.5\;{\mu}g/10^6$ cells to $628.8{\pm}12.1{\mu}g/10^6$ cells, respectively. In the case or hepatic uptake of diltiazem, $K_m$ was not different in the normalization by cell numbers and increased from $2.90\;{\mu}M\;to\;13.89\;{\mu}M$ in the normalization by protein amount. $V_max$ was increased regardless of normalization by protein amount and cell numbers, from $1.21\;{\mu}mole/min \;{\cdot}\;mg\;protein\;to\;3.96\;{\mu}mole/min\;{\cdot}\;mg\;protein\;and\;from\;2.38\;{\mu}mole/min\;{\cdot}\;10^6\;cells\;to\;2.83\;{\mu}mole/min\;{\cdot}\;10^6\;cells$, respectively. The in vitro hepatic intrinsic clearance of DTZ was significantly (p<0.01) increased from $0.640{\pm}0.038\;ml/mim\;{\cdot}\;10^6\;cells\;to\;2.385{\pm}0.212\;ml/min\;{\cdot}\;10^6\;cells$ due to PB-pretreatment. These results suggest that the uptake of DTZ by hepatocyte is extremely fast and PB enhances the hepatic intrinsic metabolic clearance of DTZ.

• 한국농공학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.108-114
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• 1980

A deterministic conceptual erosion model which simulates detachment, entrainment, transport and deposition of eroded soil particles by rainfall impact and flowing water is presented. Both upland and channel phases of sediment yield are incorporated into the erosion model. The algorithms for the soil erosion and sedimentation processes including land and crop management effects are taken from the literature and then solved using a digital computer. The erosion model is used in conjunction with the modified Kentucky Watershed Model which simulates the hydrologic characteristics from watershed data. The two models are linked together by using the appropriate computer code. Calibrations for both the watershed and erosion model parameters are made by comparing the simulated results with actual field measurements in the Four Mile Creek watershed near Traer, Iowa using 1976 and 1977 water year data. Two water years, 1970 and 1978 are used as test years for model verification. There is good agreement between the mean daily simulated and recorded streamflow and between the simulated and recorded suspended sediment load except few partial differences. The following conclusions were drawn from the results after testing the watershed and erosion model. 1. The watershed and erosion model is a deterministic lumped parameter model, and is capable of simulating the daily mean streamflow and suspended sediment load within a 20 percent error, when the correct watershed and erosion parameters are supplied. 2. It is found that soil erosion is sensitive to errors in simulation of occurrence and intensity of precipitation and of overland flow. Therefore, representative precipitation data and a watershed model which provides an accurate simulation of soil moisture and resulting overland flow are essential for the accurate simulation of soil erosion and subsequent sediment transport prediction. 3. Erroneous prediction of snowmelt in terms of time and magnitute in conjunction with The frozen ground could be the reason for the poor simulation of streamflow as well as sediment yield in the snowmelt period. More elaborate and accurate snowmelt submodels will greatly improve accuracy. 4. Poor simulation results can be attributed to deficiencies in erosion model and to errors in the observed data such as the recorded daily streamflow and the sediment concentration. 5. Crop management and tillage operations are two major factors that have a great effect on soil erosion simulation. The erosion model attempts to evaluate the impact of crop management and tillage effects on sediment production. These effects on sediment yield appear to be somewhat equivalent to the effect of overland flow. 6. Application and testing of the watershed and erosion model on watersheds in a variety of regions with different soils and meteorological characteristics may be recommended to verify its general applicability and to detact the deficiencies of the model. Futhermore, by further modification and expansion with additional data, the watershed and erosion model developed through this study can be used as a planning tool for watershed management and for solving agricultural non-point pollution problems.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제34권5호
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• pp.856-861
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• 2002

유산균의 활용성을 증진시키기 위한 방안으로서 건식 Hybridization system을 이용하여 장용성 피복재로 유산균분말의 표면처리를 실시하였다. 전자현미경 관찰 결과 표면처리는 유산균의 표면을 매끄러운 구형의 모양으로 변화시켰으며 표면처리를 통한 분체복합화 과정에서 유산균의 활력은 유의적인 변화없이 유지되었다. 또한 유산균의 내염성은 처리여부에 따른 유의적 변화를 보이지 않음으로써 표면처리 과정 중 유산균 세포막의 물리적 손상은 일어나지 않은 것으로 판단된다. 표면처리된 유산균의 내산성은 처리전후에 차이를 나타내지 않았으나 이는 균주 자체의 높은 내산성에 기인한 것으로 판단된다. 표면처리 후의 유산균은 유의적으로 높은 열저항성을 보여 표면처리가 유산균의 내열성 향상을 위하여 활용될 수 있는 가능성을 나타냈다. 조사된 장용성 피복재 중 Sureteric은 다른 피복재에 비하여 우수한 표면 처리 효과를 보였으며 유산균분말의 표면처리를 위한 적합한 처리조건은 유산균의 초기입도가 $100{\sim}200\;{\mu}m$, 유산균:피복재의 혼합비율(w/w)은 9 : 1, 처리속도는 15,000 rpm, 3분이었다.

• 한국콘텐츠학회논문지
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• 제15권5호
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• pp.426-435
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• 2015

1대 1 낙상 예방 교육이 뇌졸중 성인의 낙상과 낙상 요인에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 하였다. 뇌졸중 성인 17명을 대상으로 낙상에 대한 4개의 다른 주제(낙상의 소개, 낙상 예방 운동, 낙상 예방 보조도구, 낙상예방 환경 수정)에 대하여 주 1회, 총 4회기에 걸쳐서 하는 뇌졸중 성인의 인지 능력을 고려한 1대 1 낙상예방 교육 프로그램을 개발하여 시행하였다. 종속변인으로 최근 한 달간의 낙상횟수 및 낙상위험횟수, 버그균형척도, 낙상공포, 낙상 효능감, Beck 우울증 척도를 측정하였다. 4회의 1대 1 낙상예방교육에 참여한 결과, 대상자들은 버그균형척도를 제외한 모든 종속변인에서 통계학적으로 유의미한 수준의 긍정적 변화가 있었다(p<.05). 본 연구의 결과로 뇌졸중 성인에게 1대1 낙상예방교육을 적용하였을 때, 낙상횟수 및 낙상위험횟수, 낙상공포, 우울증세가 감소하고 낙상 효능감의 긍정적인 변화를 일으킨다는 것을 알 수 있었다. 뇌졸중을 가진 성인들이 지역사회 및 병원에서 낙상의 위험에서 보다 더 안전하기 위해서는 그들의 인지수준을 고려해서 개발된 1대 1 낙상예방교육이 필요하다.

• Elastomers and Composites
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• 제46권3호
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• pp.237-244
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• 2011

비보강, 카본블랙, 카본블랙과 실란커플링제, 실리카, 실리카와 실란커플링제 등 5가지의 다른 충전 시스템을 갖는 NR 복합체를 열노화시켰으며, 가속 열노화에 의한 가교밀도 변화를 연구하였다. 가교밀도는 충전 시스템과 관계없이 노화 시간이 경과함에 따라 증가하였다. 노화 온도가 높아질수록 가교밀도는 눈에 띄게 변하였다. 카본블랙으 로 보강된 NR 복합체의 경우, 실란커플링제는 가교밀도를 증가시켰다. 하지만 실리카로 보강된 NR 복합체의 경우에는 $60^{\circ}C$와 $70^{\circ}C$ 노화에서는 가교밀도 증가분이 감소하였으며, $80^{\circ}C$와 $90^{\circ}C$에서는 거의 영향을 주지 않았다. 카본블랙으로 보강된 NR 복합체의 가교밀도 변화에 대한 활성화 에너지는 로그 함수 형태로 지속적으로 증가한 반면, 실리카로 보강된 NR 복합체의 경우에는 노화 시간 30-150일 구간에서는 거의 변화가 없었다. 비보강 시험편의 활성화 에너지 는 노화 시간에 따라 지수 함수 형태로 증가하였다. 실험 결과는 실란커플링제로부터의 황 제공, 실란커플링제에 의한 충전제의 표면 개질, 실리카 표면에서의 가교제 잔류물의 흡착, 그리고 흡착된 가교제 잔류물의 방출 등으로 설명하였다.

• 대한장애인치과학회지
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• 제5권1호
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• pp.23-26
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• 2009

본 증례는 전반적인 치과치료를 위해 본과에 의뢰된 다수의 치아우식증으로 본과에 내원한 중등도 정신지체 환자로, 전치부 개방교합과 함께 상악 전치부의 총생이 있어 이 부분에 대해서는 본원 보철과에 협진을 의뢰하였다. 전신마취 하에 소아치과에서 보존, 외과적 처치 및 치주 치료를 시행하였으며, 보철과에서 상악 좌우측 견치를 지대치로 한 4-unit bridge를 제작, 심미적 결과를 얻었기에 보고하는 바이다. 본 증례 에서와 같이 전신마취 하의 포괄적인 치과치료를 계획함으로써 여러 번 치료의 불편함 없이 한번에 대부분의 치료를 완료할 수 있었다. 또한 환자에게 치과치료에 대한 공포심을 유발하지 않아 환자와 치과의사의 치료적 관계 형 성이 용이하며 양질의 진료가 가능하고 술자 및 환자의 스트레스를 줄일 수 있는 장점이 있다고 할 수 있겠다.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.235-247
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• 1998

Calcium sulfate has a long history of medical use as an implant material. The biocompatibiliry of the material has been clearly established. Bone ingrowth concomitant with resorption occurs rapidly with efficient conduction of bone from particle to particle. Calcium sulfate also has a potential for functioning as a good bamer membrane. The purpose of this study was to compare the biocompatibility of different types of calcium sulfate grafting materials including an expelimental calcium sulfate compound on periodontal ligament cells in vitro as a preliminary test towards the development of a more convenient and useful form of grafting material which could promote regeneration of periodontal tissue. Human periodontal ligament cells were collected from the premolar teeth extracted for orthodontic treatment. cells were cultured in a.MEM culture medium containing 20% FBS, at $37^{\circ}C$ and 100% humidity, in a 5% CO2 incubator. Cells were cultured into 96 well culture plate $1{\times}104$ cells per well with $\alpha$-MEM and incubated for 24 hours. After discarding the medium, those cells were cultured in $\alpha$-MEM contained with 10% FBS alone (control group), in medcal-grade calcium sulfate(MGCS group), in plaster(plaster group), experimental calcium sulfate paste(CS paste group) for 1, 2, 3 day respectively. And then each group was characterized by examining of the cell counting, MTI assay, collagen synthesis. The results \vere as follows. 1. In the analysis of cell proliferation by cell counting, both medical-grdde calcium sulfate group and plaster group showed no stastically significant difference at day 1, 2, 3 accept for plaster group at day 1 compared to control group, but there was stastically significant difference between CS paste group and all other groups at day 1, 2, 3(P<0.05). 2. In the analysis of cytotoxicity by MIT assay, both medical-grade calcium sJlfate group and plaster group showed no stastically significant difference compared to control group at day 1, 2, 3 but there was stastically significant difference between CS paste group and all other groups at day 1, 2, 3(P<0.OS). 3. In the analysis of collagen synthesis by immunoblotting assay, high level was detected for medical-grade calcium sulfate group and plaster group at day 1, 2, 3 compared to CS paste group. On the basis of these results, medical-grade calcium sulfate and plaster was shown to possess biocompatibility whereas the CS paste had unfavourable outcome. This observation shows a need for modification of the materials contained in calcium sulfate paste.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.51-61
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• 2011

Elevated serum concentration of inflammation markers is known as an independent risk factor of metabolic syndrome (MS) and dietary intake is an important factor to control MS. The purpose of this study was to investigated the hypothesis that inflammatory indices are associated with dietary intake and diet quality index-international (DQI-I) in subjects with MS. A cross-sectional study was conducted on 156 men and 73 postmenopausal women with MS, defined by three or more risk factors of the modified Adult Treatment Panel III criteria. Serum levels of high sensitive C-reactive protein (hs-CRP), adiponectin were examined and nutrients intake and DQI-I were assessed using a semiquantitative food frequency questionnaire. The total DQI-I score was significantly higher in female subjects ($65.87{\pm}9.86$) than in male subjects ($62.60{\pm}8.95$). There was a positive association between hs-CRP and polyunsaturated fatty acid intake (p < 0.05) and a negative association between adiponectin and lipid (p < 0.05), total sugar (p < 0.01), and total fatty acids (p < 0.05). When the subjects were divided into 5 groups by quintile according to serum adiponectin and hs-CRP level, there was no association between DQI-I score and hs-CRP levels. Moderation score of DQI-I was significantly higher in highest quintile group than the lower quintile groups. Therefore, our results provide some evidence that dietary intake and diet quality are associated with inflammation markers and dietary modification might be a predictor to decrease risk for metabolic syndrome complications. However further research is needed to develop the dietary quality index reflecting the inflammatory change by considering the dietary habit and pattern of Koreans.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.723-730
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• 1995

Background: Noninvasive ventilation has been used extensively for the treatment of patients with neuromuscular weakness or restrictive chest wall disorders complicated by hypoventilatory respiratory failure. Recently, noninvasive positive pressure ventilation has been used in patients with alveolar hypoventilation, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD), and adult respiratory distress syndrome. Sanders and Kern reported treatment of obstructive sleep apnea with a modification of the standard nasal CPAP device to deliver seperate inspiratory positive airway pressure(IPAP) and expiratory positive airway pressure(EPAP). Bi-level positive airway pressure(BiPAP) unlike nasal CPAP, the unit delivers a different pressure during inspiration from that during expiration. The device is similar to the positive pressure ventilator or pressure support ventilation. Method and purpose: Bi-level positive airway pressure(BiPAP) system(Respironics, USA) was applied to seven patients with acute respiratory failure and three patients on conventional mechanical ventilation. Results: 1) Two of three patients after extubation were successfully achieved weaning from conventional mechanical ventilation by the use of BiPAP ventilation with nasal mask. Five of seven patients with acute respiratory failure successfully recovered without use of conventional mechanical ventilation. 2) $PaO_2$ 1hour after BiPAP ventilation in acute respiratory failure patients significantly improved more than baseline values(p<0.01). $PaCO_2$ 1hour after BiPAP ventilation in acute respiratory failure patients did not change significantly more than baseline values. Conclusion: Nasal mask BiPAP ventilation can be one of the possible alternatives of conventional mechanical ventilation in acute respiratory failure and supportive method for weaning from mechanical ventilation.