• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제24권11호
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• pp.1464-1472
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• 2014

The microbial community structures of two continuous stirred tank reactors digesting turkey manure with pine wood shavings as well as chicken and swine manure were investigated. The reactor fed with chicken/swine wastes displayed the highest organic acids concentration (up to 15.2 g/l) and ammonia concentration (up to 3.7 g/l ammonium nitrogen) and generated a higher biogas yield (up to $366ml/g_{VS}$) compared with the reactor supplied with turkey wastes (1.5-1.8 g/l of organic acids and 1.6-1.7 g/l of ammonium levels; biogas yield was up to $195ml/g_{VS}$). The microbial community diversity was assessed using both sequencing and profiling terminal restriction fragment length polymorphisms of 16S rRNA genes. Additionally, methanogens were analyzed using methyl coenzyme M reductase alpha subunit (mcrA) genes. The bacterial community was dominated by members of unclassified Clostridiales with the prevalence of specific clostridial phylotypes in each reactor, indicating the effect of the substrate type on the community structure. Of the methanogenic archaea, methanogens of the genus Methanosarcina were found in high proportions in both reactors with specific methanosarcinas in each reactor, whereas the strict hydrogenotrophic methanogens of Methanoculleus sp. were found at significant levels only in the reactor fed with chicken/swine manure (based on the analyses of 16S rRNA gene). This suggests that among methanogenic archaea, Methanosarcina species which have different metabolic capabilities, including aceticlastic and hydrogenotrophic methanogenesis, were mainly involved in anaerobic digestion of turkey wastes.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제41권3호
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• pp.316-325
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• 2017

Background: Ginseng essence (GE) is a formulation comprising four medicinal and edible herbs including ginseng (Panax ginseng), American ginseng (Panax quinquefolius), lotus seed (Nelumbo nucifera), and lily bulb (Lilium longiflorum). This study was aimed at investigating the hepatoprotective effect of GE against carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$)-induced liver injury in rats. Methods: We treated Wistar rats daily with low, medium, and high [0.625 g/kg body weight (bw), 1.25 g/kg bw, and 3.125 g/kg bw, respectively] doses of GE for 9 wk. After the 1st wk of treatment, rats were administered 20% $CCl_4$ (1.5 mL/kg bw) two times a week to induce liver damage until the treatment ended. Results: Serum biochemical analysis indicated that GE ameliorated the elevation of aspartate aminotransferase and alanine aminotransferase and albumin decline in $CCl_4$-treated rats. Moreover, $CCl_4$-induced accumulation of hepatic total cholesterol and triglyceride was inhibited. The hepatoprotective effects of GE involved enhancing the hepatic antioxidant defense system including glutathione, glutathione peroxidase, glutathione reductase, glutathione S-transferase, superoxide dismutase, and catalase. In addition, histological analysis using hematoxylin and eosin and Masson's trichrome staining showed that GE inhibited $CCl_4$-induced hepatic inflammation and fibrosis. Furthermore, immunohistochemical staining of alpha-smooth muscle actin indicated that $CCl_4$-triggered activation of hepatic stellate cells was reduced. Conclusion: These findings demonstrate that GE improves $CCl_4$-induced liver inflammation and fibrosis by attenuating oxidative stress. Therefore, GE could be a promising hepatoprotective herbal formulation for future development of phytotherapy.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제59권4호
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• pp.305-311
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• 2016

본 연구는 야관문과 호로파 복합추출물인 YHM이 과산화수소($H_2O_2$)로 산화적스트레스를 가한 TM3 세포의 테스토스테론 발현에 미치는 영향을 확인하고자 수행되었다. 세포독성 시험을 수행하여 YHM의 경우 $40{\mu}g/mL$을 최고 농도로 중농도 $20{\mu}g/mL$, 저농도 $10{\mu}g/mL$ 처리군을 설정하였고, TM3 세포에 산화적 스트레스를 주기 위해서는, serum free 배지에 $50{\mu}M$의 과산화수소를 4시간 동안 처리하였다. 산화적 스트레스가 가해진 TM3 세포에 YHM 시료를 처리하여 세포 생존률에 미치는 영향을 평가하였을 때 모든 농도 처리군에서 세포증식이나 독성이 없었다. 테스토스테론은 과산화수소를 처리하였을 때 감소하였다가 YHM 시료를 처리하였을 때 control 수준으로 회복되거나, control 보다 더 증가하였다. 또한 시료에 의한 테스토스테론 양의 증가원인을 확인하기 위하여, 테스토스테론 합성 및 분해에 관여하는 효소들의 발현량을 ELISA와 Real-time PCR을 통해 알아보았다. 테스토스테론 합성에 관여하는 $3{\beta}$-HSD4와 17,20-desmorase는 과산화수소 처리 시 감소하였다가, YHM을 처리하였을 때는 control 수준으로 회복하였다. 테스토스테론을 estradiol 및 dihydrotestosterone로 변환시키는 aromatase와 $5{\alpha}$-reductase2는 과산화수소를 처리하였을 때 증가하였다가 YHM 시료를 처리하면 control 수준이나 그 이하로 감소하였다. 이 결과들로 보았을 때 YHM 시료는 TM3 세포의 증식에는 영향을 미치지 못 하지만, 산화적 스트레스에 의해 감소된 테스토스테론 합성 효소의 발현을 증가시키고, 반대로 증가되는 테스토스테론 분해 효소의 발현은 감소시켜, 결국 산화적 스트레스에 의해 저하된 테스토스테론의 양을 회복시키거나 증가시키는 효과가 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한방안이비인후피부과학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.38-60
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• 2004

We made an experiment if the extracts of DanGuiBoHyulTangGami-Bang(DBTG) and 15 kinds of the medical herbs used the materials of DBTG were effective on the hair formation palpation and the falling out of hair, and came to the following conclusions. 1. The extracts of Paeonia lactiflora, Cuscuta chinensis and Angelica tenuissima of DBTG consisted of the 15 kinds of the medical herbs kept the activity of 5${\alpha}$-reductase type Ⅱ from being active 75.3$\%$, 63.8$\%$. 75.5$\%$. 2. The hair growth index, 1.6(control group 0.8) of the extracts of DBTG bas a little effect on the hair growth palpation and that of Rubus coreanus 1.8(control group 0.4) was the most effective one of the medical herbs, and Paeonia lactiflora 2.3(control group 1.7) and Vitex rotundifolia 2.3(control group 1.5) showed the effect on hair formation palpation. 3. The hair growth period couldn't be extended by DBTG in this experimental stage. 4. The 15 kinds of constitution medicines of DBTG didn't have effects in dermal papilla cells DNA increase, IGF- I, KGF, HGF the revelation of a gene heredity, the protein synthesis of the hair follicle tissues. 5. All of the 15 kinds of constitution medicines of DBTG didn't have the antibacterial activity in Paper disc rule. 6. The results from the test of a radical scavenging activity of the 15 kinds of constitution medicines of DBTG showed that the extracts of Paeoria lactiflora, Scutellaria baicalensis, Rubus coreanus have the superior antioxidant activity in the concentration of 0.01$\%$ and 0.001$\%$ 7. In the formation controlled experiment, Vitex rotundifolia (70.6$\%$), Scutellaria baicalensis (47.1$\%$, Saposhnikovia (44.8$\%$) of the 15 kinds of constitution medicines of DBTG in the 50㎍／㎖ concentration controled NO forming and Vitex rotundifolia (12.7$\%$) controled NO forming in the 5㎍／㎖ concentration in order. 8. MTT(lC／50) of the extracts of Rehmannia glutinosa, Paeonia lactiflora, Scutellaria baicalensis, Lycium chinense, Rubus coreanus of the 15 kinds of constitution medicines of DBIG was more than 500㎍／㎖ and had the least cell virulence.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제33권7호
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• pp.1167-1179
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to fathom the underlying mechanisms of nutrition intervention and redox sensitive transcription factors regulated by Antrodia cinnamomea fermented product (FAC) dietary supplementation in broiler chickens. Methods: Four hundreds d-old broilers (41±0.5 g/bird) assigned to 5 groups were examined after consuming control diet, or control diet replaced with 5% wheat bran (WB), 10% WB, 5% FAC, and 10% FAC. Liver mRNA expression of antioxidant, inflammatory and lipid metabolism pathways were analyzed. Prostaglandin E2 (PGE₂) concentration in each group were tested in the chicken peripheral blood mononuclear cells (cPBMCs) of 35-d old broilers to represent the stress level of the chickens. Furthermore, these cells were stimulated with 2,2'-Azobis(2-amidinopropane) dihydrochloride (AAPH) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) to evaluate the cell stress tolerance by measuring cell viability and oxidative species. Results: Heme oxygenase-1, glutathione S-transferase, glutamate-cysteine ligase, catalytic subunit, and superoxide dismutase, and nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2) that regulates the above antioxidant genes were all up-regulated significantly in FAC groups. Reactive oxygen species modulator protein 1 and NADPH oxygenase 1 were both rather down-regulated in 10% FAC group as comparison with two WB groups. Despite expressing higher level than control group, birds receiving diet containing FAC had significantly lower expression level in nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and other genes (inducible nitric oxide synthase, tumor necrosis factor-α, interleukin-1β, nucleotide-binding domain, leucine-richcontaining family, pyrin domain-containing-3, and cyclooxygenase 2) involving in inflammatory pathways. Additionally, except for 3-hydroxy-3-methyl-glutaryl-coenzyme A reductase that showed relatively higher in both groups, the WB, lipoprotein lipase, Acetyl-CoA carboxylase, fatty acid synthase, fatty acid binding protein, fatty acid desaturase 2 and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha genes were expressed at higher levels in 10% FAC group. In support of above results, promoted Nrf2 and inhibited NF-κB nuclear translocation in chicken liver were found in FAC containing groups. H₂O₂ and NO levels induced by LPS and AAPH in cPBMCs were compromised in FAC containing diet. In 35-d-old birds, PGE₂ production in cPBMCs was also suppressed by the FAC diet. Conclusion: FAC may promote Nrf2 antioxidant pathway and positively regulate lipid metabolism, both are potential inhibitor of NF-κB inflammatory pathway.

• 한국잡초학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.89-101
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• 1992

직(直), 간접적(間接的)으로 활성산소(活性酸素)를 발생시켜 엽록소(葉綠素) 및 막파괴(膜破壞)를 일으키는 제초제(除草劑)들의 선택성기구(選擇性機構)를 명확히 하기 위해서는 제초제(除草劑)의 체내흡수(體內吸收), 이행(移行), 대사(代謝) 외(外)에 작용점(作用點)에서의 감수성(感受性), 과산화(過酸化) 능력(能力), 막(膜)의 안정성(安定性) 및 항산화(抗酸化) 능력(能力)의 차이(差異) 등(等)에 대해서도 검사(檢射)되어야 할 것이다. 본(本) 실험(實驗)에서는 대부분의 백화형(白化型) 제초제(除草劑) 처리에서 관찰되는 벼, 피 반응(反應) 차이(差異)의 일부(一部)를 이러한 관점에 기준을 두어 해석해 보고자 실험(實驗)을 수행하였다. 1. 피가 벼보다 여러 백화형(白化型) 제초제(除草劑)에 대해 민감(敏感)하였으며, 무처리(無處理)의 엽신(葉身)을 절취(切取)하여 두었을때도 노화(老化), 괴사(壞死)되는 정도가 피에서 더욱 빨라 생리적(生理的)으로 약한 특성을 보였다. 2. Oxyfluorfen 처리후의 PPIX 축적과 norflurazon 처리후의 carotene 감소율(減少率)은 벼, 피간의 선택성(選擇性)과는 상관이 없었다. 3. Lipoxygenase 활성(活性)은 피가 약 5-6배(倍)높고, 불포화지방산(不飽和脂肪酸)의 비율도 피가 벼보다 높아 과산화(過酸化)가 쉽게 일어날 수 있는 소질(素質)을 갖고 있었다. 4. Peroxidase, catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione reductase, ascorbic acid oxidase 등(等)의 생체중당(生體重當) 활성(活性)은 벼가 피보다 각각 3.6, 11.4, 1.5. 2.5배(倍) 더 높았다. 한편 약제처리 후 항산화(抗酸化) 효소(酵素) 유기능력(誘起能力)에 있어서는 오이 peroxidase에서와는 달리 벼, 피에서는 변화가 없거나 오히려 비슷한 정도로 활성(活性)이 떨어지는 경향이었다. 5. 항산화제(抗酸化劑) 함량(含量)의 경우 벼가 피보다 ${\alpha}$-tocopherol은 2.3배(倍) ascorbic acid는 4.1배(倍), GSH는 1.7배(倍), carotenoid는 1.8배(倍) 높았다. 따라서 유묘기(幼苗期)(3-4 엽기(葉期) 미만(未滿))의 벼, 피에 백화형(白化型) 제초제(除草劑)를 처리할 때 피가 공통적 A로 감수성(感受性)을 보였던 이유는 피가 기본적으로 가지고 있는 성질(性質) 즉 낮은 색소대사력(色素代謝力), 항산화(抗酸化) 효소(酵素)의 낮은 활성(活性), 항산화제(抗酸化劑)의 저함량(低含量), 높은 불포화(不飽和) 지방산(脂肪酸) 비율(比率), lipoxygenase의 고활성(高活性) 등(等)을 보유하고 있는데도 그 원인이 있는 것으로 생각된다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.355-364
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• 2009

Objectives : Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) is one of the most common diseases among elderly men. Though medicines such as 5${\alpha}$-reductase inhibitor (finasteride) have recently been developed for treating BPH, their adverse effects and low efficacy should not be overlooked. Curcuma longa has a long history of use in traditional medicines of Asian countries. Many reports conclude the component curcumin in Curcuma lonfa, has the potential to treat various diseases including prostate cancer. In this study, we investigated the therapeutic effects and action mechanism of Curcuma longa with a BPH rat model. Methods : Sprague-Dawley rats were used with subcutaneous injection of testosterone after castration, which were histologically similar to human BPH. A total of 30 rats were equally divided into five groups: Group 1 served as control (sham-operated group): Group 2 was the model group: Group 3 and Group 4 animals were administered Curcuma longa at dose levels of 0.5g/kg and 1.0g/kg: Group 5 served as a positive control group and was treated with finasteride at a dose of 1 mg/kg. The drugs were administered orally once a day for 30 days consecutively. After 31 days, the prostates were removed, and analyzed for their prostatic weight and histological examination. Results : The oral Curcuma longa ingestion group showed statistically significant decreases in their prostatic weights compared with the BPH-induced group and the oral finasteride ingestion group (p<0.05). Curcuma longa is also very safe in liver and kidney up to a dose of lg/kg. Injected testosterone histologically led to prostatic hyperplasia in rats, but oral Curcuma longa ingestion decreased this change. Conclusions : These results suggest that Curcuma longa has a definite inhibitory effect on BPH and might be an alternative medicine for treatment and prevention of human BPH.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제14권6호
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• pp.1211-1216
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• 2004

A MNNG (N-methyl-N'-nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine) induced chromium resistant strain ($Cr^{r}18$) of unicellular cyanobacterium Anacystis nidulans has been isolated and characterized. The resistant strain could grow (although restricted to $50\%$ of control) in chromium concentration (180${\mu}M$) lethal to the wild-type. Sublethal ($160{\mu}M$) concentration of $Cr^{6+}$ significantly reduced (13-$37.5$) all the photosynthetic pigments of A. nidulans with maximum reduction in phycoerythrin followed by ChI $\alpha$. Pigments of A. nidulans were drastically decreased in lethal concentration of Cr^{6+} with maximum reduction in phycoerythrin ($75\%$) and allophycocyanin ($67.5\%$). Resistant strain $Cr^{r}18$ resisted toxic effects of sublethal and lethal concentrations of $Cr^{6+}$ on photosynthetic pigments as revealed by less decrease in pigments as compared to A. nidulans. Effect of $Cr^{6+}$ stress was also studied on nitrogen assimilation and phosphate uptake. Sublethal concentration of $Cr^{6+}$ drastically reduced ($71.5\%$) nitrate uptake by A. nidulans while a decrease of $29\%$ was observed in strain $Cr^{r}18$. Short (2 day) exposure of A. nidulans and its resistant strain $Cr^{r}18\;to\;Cr^{6+}$ did not affect nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase (transferase), whereas longer (10 day) exposure to $Cr^{6+}$ lowered activities of both enzymes in A. nidulans but not significantly in the strain $Cr^{r}18$. Ammonium uptake by both strains was not affected by $Cr^{6+}$. Thus, $Cr^{6+}$ affected photosynthetic pigments, nitrogen assimilation, and phosphate uptake of A. nidulans, while strain $Cr^{r}18$ was able to resist toxic effects of the metal. Advantages of using strain $Cr^{r}18$ for bioremediation purposes have been evaluated by studying $Cr^{6+}$ removal from the solution. Resistant strain $Cr^{r}18$ was able to remove $33\%$ more $Cr^{6+}$ than A. nidulans and thus it can prove to be a good candidate for bioremediation of $Cr^{6+}$ from polluted waters.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제36권10호
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• pp.1263-1270
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• 2007

난소절제 흰쥐에서 녹차가공품(GTP)의 항동맥경화 효과를 분석하여 폐경기 증후 개선을 위한 기능성식품으로의 활용 가능성을 확인하고자하였다. 본 연구에 사용된 GTP는 경남하동 소재 화개제다(花開製茶)로부터 제공받았다. 실험 동물은 10주령의 Sprague-Dewley 암컷 흰쥐로 평균 체중 $279{\pm}2g$인 실험 동물을 완전임의배치로 한 군당 10마리씩 4군으로 나누어 양쪽 난소를 절제한 후(OVX) 실험 식이를 제공하였다. Sham 대조군은 실험군과 동일한 스트레스를 주기 위해 난소를 절제하지 않고 개복수술만 실시한 후 실험하였다. 난소 절제 후 2주간 배합사료를 급여한 후 Sham-대조군(Sham-C)과 OVX-대조군(OVX-C)은 AIN' 76에 기초해서 제조한 콜레스테롤 첨가 식이를, OVX 실험군은 콜레스테롤 첨가 식이에 GTP 5%(OVX-G 5%)와 20%(OVX-G 20%)로 함유한 실험 식이를 조제하여 6주간 급여하였다. 식이 조제시 Ca함량은 총 식이의 0.4%수준으로 GTP첨가량 5%(Ca 함량 50%와 $CaCO_3$ 50%)와 GTP 첨가량을 20%(Ca함량 0.4%)로 조정하였으며 Sham-E와 OVX-C는 20% GTP 수준의 Ca 함량과 동일한 양으로 $CaCO_3$로 조정하여 첨가하였다. 혈청의 TG농도는 OVX-C군에 GTP 20%를 첨가한 식이를 섭취한 군에서 유의적으로(p<0.05) 낮은 수준을 보였다. 총 콜레스테롤 농도에 대한 HDL-C 농도비(%)는 GTP 20%를 첨가한 식이를 제공받은 군에서 유의적으로(p<0.05) 높았으며 $TNF-{\alpha}$ 수준은 GTP 20%를 첨가한 식이를 제공받은 군에서 유의적으로(p<0.05) 감소하였다 간의 TG와 TBARS 수준은 GTP 20%를 첨가한 식이를 제공받은 군에서 감소하는 경향을 보였으며 GTP의 첨가가 간에서의 GSH함량 및 항산화 효소계의 활성을 증진시키는 것으로 나타났다. GTP를 첨가한 식이를 섭취한 실험군의 1일 변중의 총 지방 및 TG 배설량은 유의적인 차이는 보이지 않았으나 OVX-C군에 비해 다소 높은 경향을 보였으며 총 콜레스테롤 배설량은 OVX-C군에 비해 높은 수준이었다. 난소 절제 흰쥐에서 5% GTP를 제공받은 군에 비해 20% GTP를 첨가한 식이를 제공받은 군에서 혈액과 간에서의 지질농도 감소와 항산화 효소의 활성이 높은 수준을 보여 GTP의 첨가량이 높을수록 더 효과적인 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과들로 미루어 볼 때 난소절제 흰쥐에서 GTP 첨가가 변의 총지질과 TG및 콜레스테롤 배설을 증가시켜 혈청과 간의 총 지질 농도와 TG및 총콜레스테롤 농도를 감소시키는 것과 관련이 있는 것으로 보이며 GTP의 섭취가 체내 총 지질 농도를 감소시켜 항 동맥경화 작용을 나타내는 것으로 사료된다. 따라서 녹차가공품의 폐경기 고지혈증 개선을 위한 기능성식품으로의 가능성을 보여 준다고 할 수 있다.

• KSBB Journal
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.517-522
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• 2011

In our previous study, we isolated and characterized a 1-deoxynojirimycin (DNJ)-producing bacterium, Bacillus subtilis MORI, from chungkookjang, a Korean traditional food. B. subtilis MORI was subjected to ${\gamma}$-irradiation and the resulting bacteria were screened for increased DNJ production. A mutant was identified that produced 7.6 times more DNJ and named B. subtilis MORI 3K-85. In this study, the protein profiles of both strains were compared by one-dimensional and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (1-DE and 2-DE, respectively) under both native and denaturing conditions. The 1-DE native-PAGE and 1-DE SDS-PAGE analyses identified 5 and 7 bands, respectively, that were found at higher concentrations in B. subtilis MORI 3K-85 than in B. subtilis MORI. Similarly, 2-DE analyses identified 20 protein spots which were found at higher concentrations in B. subtilis MORI 3K-85. The peptide mass profiles of these 20 proteins were analyzed by MALDI-TOF and compared with peptide sequences of B. subtilis and B. amyloliquefaciens in the MASCOT database. This screening suggested that three dehydrogenases, an aldolase, a synthetase, an isomerase, a reductase, and a peroxidase are elevated in B. subtilis MORI 3K-85. Based on this data, one or more of the elevated 8 enzymes might be related to the DNJ biosynthetic pathway.