• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.39 no.5
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• pp.213-219
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• 2018

Stomach cancer is the most diagnosed cancer in Korea. When gastric cancer is detected early, the 5-year survival rate is as high as 90%. Gastroscopy is a very useful method for early diagnosis. But the false negative rate of gastric cancer in the gastroscopy was 4.6~25.8% due to the subjective judgment of the physician. Recently, the image classification performance of the image recognition field has been advanced by the convolutional neural network. Convolutional neural networks perform well when diverse and sufficient amounts of data are supported. However, medical data is not easy to access and it is difficult to gather enough high-quality data that includes expert annotations. So This paper evaluates the efficacy of transfer learning in gastroscopy classification and diagnosis. We obtained 787 endoscopic images of gastric endoscopy at Gil Medical Center, Gachon University. The number of normal images was 200, and the number of abnormal images was 587. The image size was reconstructed and normalized. In the case of the ResNet50 structure, the classification accuracy before and after applying the transfer learning was improved from 0.9 to 0.947, and the AUC was also improved from 0.94 to 0.98. In the case of the InceptionV3 structure, the classification accuracy before and after applying the transfer learning was improved from 0.862 to 0.924, and the AUC was also improved from 0.89 to 0.97. In the case of the VGG16 structure, the classification accuracy before and after applying the transfer learning was improved from 0.87 to 0.938, and the AUC was also improved from 0.89 to 0.98. The difference in the performance of the CNN model before and after transfer learning was statistically significant when confirmed by T-test (p < 0.05). As a result, transfer learning is judged to be an effective method of medical data that is difficult to collect good quality data.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.23 no.6
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• pp.16.1-16.10
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• 2020

This study was conducted in Lake Hayq between January and December 2018. The objectives of this study were to determine the growth, condition, sex ratio, fecundity, length at first sexual maturity (L₅₀), and spawning seasons of common carp (Cyprinus carpio). Monthly fish samples of C. carpio were collected using gillnets of stretched mesh sizes of 4, 6, 7, 8, 10, and 13 cm and beach seines of mesh size of 6 cm. Immediately after the fish were captured, total length (TL) and total weight (TW) for each individual were measured in centimeters and grams, respectively, and their relationship was determined using power function. Length at first maturity (L₅₀) was determined for both males and females using the logistic regression model. The spawning season was determined from the frequency of mature gonads and variation of gonadosomatic index (GSI) values of both males and females. Fecundity was analyzed from 67 mature female specimens. The length and weight relationship of C. carpio was TW = 0.015TL^2.93 for females and TW = 0.018TL^2.87 for males that indicate negative allometric growth in both cases. The mean Fulton condition factor (C_F) was 1.23 ± 0.013 for females and 1.21 ± 0.011 for males. The value of C_F in both cases was > 1 that shows both sexes are in good condition. Among the total 1055 C. carpio collected from Lake Hayq, 459 (43.5%) were females and 596 (56.5%) were males. The chi-square test showed that there was a significant deviation between male and female numbers from 1:1 ratio (χ²= 22, df = 11, P > 0.05) within sampling months. The length at first sexual maturity (L₅₀) for females and males were 21.5 and 17.5 cm, respectively. Males mature at smaller sizes than females. The spawning season of C. carpio was extended from February to April, and the peak spawning season for both sexes was in April. The average absolute fecundity was 28,100 ± 17,462. C. carpio is currently the commercially important fish while Nile tilapia fishery has declined in Lake Hayq. Therefore, this baseline data on growth, condition, and reproductive biology of common carp will be essential to understand the status of the population of carp and design appropriate management systems for the fish stock of Lake Hayq, Ethiopia, and adjacent countries.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.39 no.8
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• pp.786-794
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• 2006

The purpose of this study was to establish an association between the consumption of ready-to-eat cereal (RTEC), milk, and calcium within the context of the most current population dietary practice in Korea. Inadequate calcium intake among Korean children and adults is one of the important public health concern. Milk is one of the best calcium sources because or its bioavailability, and RTEC is one or the foods commonly consumed with milk. The most recent Korean National Health and Nutrition Survey, 2001 dataset was used as the source of data for this research. Subjects excluding pregnant women, were categorized according to gender and age ($1{\sim}5,\;6{\sim}11,\;12{\sim}19,\;20{\sim}49,\;50+$ years) and then by consumption of RTEC and milk. SAS and SUDAAN were used for statistical analyses. Sample weighted means, standard errors, and population percentages were calculated, and multiple regression model with adjustment for covariates were used to determine the predictability of total daily calcium intake from inclusion of RTEC and milk compared to the meal without RTEC and milk. RTEC was consumed by 2.4% or Korean people. Average calcium intake was 17 times greater when RTEC was consumed with milk than when RTEC was consumed without milk. Respondents who consumed RTEC with milk had significantly higher mean daily calcium and other nutrient intakes than respondents who consumed neither. in the multiple regression analysis, milk consumption with or without RTEC predicted total daily calcium intake after adjusting for age, income, and alcohol consumption (p<0.0001). The percentage of respondents below the estimated average requirement (EAR) level for calcium was lower for RTEC consumers than for RTEC non-consumers in all age-gender groups, especially significant differences were in children aged $1{\sim}5$, boys and girls aged $12{\sim}19$, men aged $20{\sim}49$, and women older than 50 years of age. RTEC consumption was not associated with intake in excess of the tolerable upper intake level (UL) for calcium. In conclusion, RTEC consumption was positively associated with both milk and calcium intakes in all age and gender groups in Korean population.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.557-564
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• 2000

The bone graft materials can be grossly divided into autogenous bone, allogenic bone, xenogenic bone, and alloplastic material. Much care was given to other bone graft materials away from autogenous bone due to its additional operation for harvesting, delayed resorption and limitation of quantity. Demineralized freeze-dried bone(DFDB) and hydroxyapatite are the representatives of bone graft materials. As resorbable hydroxyapatite is developed in these days, the disadvantage of nonresorbability can be overcome. So we planned to study on the strength and the bone formation at the rats calvarial defects of DFDB graft and those of the composite graft with DFDB and resorbable hydroxyapatite. We used the 16 male rats weighting range from 250 to 300 gram bred under the same environment during same period. After we made the 6mm diameter calvarial defect, we filled the DFDB in 8 rats and DFDB and resorbable hydroxyapatite in another 8 rats. We sacrificed them at the postoperative 1 month and 2 months with the periostium observed. As soon as the specimens were delivered, we measured the compressive forces to break the normal calvarial area and the newly formed bone in calvarial defect area using Instron(Model Autograph $S-2000^{(R)}$, Shimadzu, Japan). The rest of the specimens were stained with H&E(Hematoxylin & Eosin) and evaluated with the light microscope. So we got the following results. 1. In every rats, there was no significant difference between the measured forces of normal bone area and those of the bone graft area. 2. In 1 month, the measured forces at DFDB graft group were higher than those of the DFDB and resorbable hydroxyapatite composite graft group(P<0.05). 3. In 2 months, there was no significant differences between the measured forces of DFDB graft group and those of the DFDB and resorbable hydroxyapatite composite graft group. 4. In lightmicroscopic examination, most of the grafted DFDB were transformed into bone in 1 month and a large numbers of hydroxyapatite crystal were observed in DFDB and resorbable hydroxyapatite composite graft group in 1 month. 5. Both group showed no inflammatory reaction in 1 month. And hydroxyapatite crystals had a tight junction without soft tissue invagination when consolidated with newly formed bone. 6. In both groups, newly formed bone showed the partial bone remodeling and the lamellar bone structures and some of reversal lines were observed in 2 months. From the above results, it is suggested that DFDB and resorbable hydroxyapatite composite graft group had a better resistance to compressive force in early stage than DFDB graft group, but there would be no significant difference between two groups after some period. And it is suggested that the early stage of bone formation procedure of DFDB and resorbable hydroxyapatite composite graft group was slight slower than that of DFDB graft group, but there would be no significant difference between two groups after some period.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.118-132
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• 1999

To improve the effectiveness and efficiency of public health personnel training, we evaluated not only how appropriate the students felt the objectives, contents, methods and multimedia used in the train ing courses, but also how much the students accomplished the objectives and applied skill and knowledge to their own works. We selected 5 courses for the study : Tuberculosis control, Radiological technique, Public health information, Immunization, Mental health management courses used by Kirkpatrick's evaluation model. Reaction evaluation was carried out in final day by questionnaire. The results showed that all of them were very satisfied with educational input and curricula, learn Ing environment. Secondly, we measured the degree of learning achievement on pre and post training by questionaire of specific behavioral objectives. The degree of learning achievement was statistically higher just after training than pre training (paired t-test, p<0.01). Thirdly, evaluation of behavioral change to job was conducted to find out how much students applied skill and knowledge to their own job in 3 months after training by questionnaire. The results of behavioral change evaluation showed that 43.5% of the students who were performing job related with the training courses in 3 months after training applied the learned skill and knowledge to their own job quite well and 37.8% of them applied relatively well, therefore total 81.4% of them applied to their own job. And effectiveness of training for the above mentioned students showed that 41.9 % of them had improved or enforced their jobs after training, 35.5% of them had had no remarkable changes, and 15.7% had newly applied the learned skill and knowledge to their jobs. For evaluating the degree of usefulness of material predistribution in two weeks before training, we compared experimental groups with control groups. The results showed that general reactions are helpful but the degree of learning achievement is no discrepancy.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.157-169
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• 2001

Objective : The purpose of this study is to investigate the effects on WBC counts and each differential of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes in whole blood sample of each experimental Aqua-acupuncture treated mice groups PCortex Ulmi Pumilae(CU), Ramulus Cinnamomum(RC), Radix Achyranthes(RA), Apitoxin(BV), Calculus Bovis Fel Ursi Moschus compound(BUM). Materials & Method : All the BALB/c mice used in this study were bred and maintained in our pathogen-free mouse facility and were 6 weeks of age at the start of the experiment. The experimental model of arthritis was induced by injecting 300${\mu}g$/kg LPS to all mice knee joint. The each of Aqua-acupuncture(Cortex Ulmi Pumilae, Ramulus Cinnamomum, Radix Achyranthes, Apitoxin, Calculus Bovis Fel Ursi Moschus compound) was injected into GB34(陽陵泉) of mice groups every other day for 6 times. And the WBC counts and each differential of neutrophils, lymphocytes, monocytes were measured at the 3rd, 7th and 14th day after LPS injection. Results : 1. The WBC counts were significantly decreased compared with the control(CON) group in every Aqua-acupuncture groups at all days. And at the 14th day, BV & BUM groups were more significantly decreased than RA group. 2. The Neutrophil's ratio was significantty increased compared with the CON group in CU & RC groups at the 3rd day and RC group was more significant than CU group. But at the 7th and 14th day, every Aqua-acupuncture groups were significantly increased compared with the CON group and at the 7th day, RC group was more significant than RA, BV & BUM groups and at the 14th day, RC, BV & BUM groups were more significant than RA group. 3. The Lymphocyte's ratio was significantly decreased compared with the CON group in RC group at the 3rd day. At the 7th day, CU, RC & BV groups were significantly decreased compared with the CON group. At the 14th day, every Aqua-acupuncture groups were significantly decreased compared with the CON group and RC group was more significant than RA group, 4. The Monocyte's ratio was significantly decreased compared with the CON group in every Aqua-acupuncture groups at the 7th day. At the 14th day, BV & BUM groups were significantly decreased compared with the CON group. Conclusion : According to the above results, it was concluded that CU & RC groups were more effective at the early period of this experiment, and at the latter period, BV & BUM groups were more effective than others. RA group was less effctive than others.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.73-78
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• 2012

Excessive intake of trans fats is known to be a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. Previously, we have shown that green tea extract (GTE) lowers the intestinal absorption of lipids and lipid-soluble compounds in rats. This study was conducted to investigate a possible role of GTE on the lymphatic absorption of elaidic acid, a major trans fat in the diet. Adult male Sprague-Dawley rats with lymph duct cannula were infused via an intraduodenal catheter at 3.0 mL/hr for 8 hr with a lipid emulsion containing $180.0{\mu}mol$ elaidic acid, $400.0{\mu}mol$ triolein, $20.7{\mu}mol$ cholesterol, $3.1{\mu}mol$ ${\alpha}$-tocopherol, and $396.0{\mu}mol$ sodium-taurocholate with or without (control) GTE in a 24 mL PBS buffer (pH, 6.4). Simultaneously, lymph was collected hourly for 8 hr via the lymph duct cannula. There was a significant difference in lymph flow by GTE. Also, the lymphatic absorption of elaidic acid for 8 hr was significantly lower in rats infused with GTE than in those not infused with GTE. Similarly, GTE infusion decreased the lymphatic outputs of cholesterol, oleic acid, and phospholipids, compared with the controls. These findings provide clear evidence that GTE has an inhibitory effect on the intestinal absorption of elaidic acid and other lipids. Our work here provides the foundation for further studies to examine and evaluate dietary strategies to ameliorate dietary trans fats from the diet.

• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.66-67
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• 2005

The domestic chicken (Gallus gallus) is an important model for research in developmental biology because its embryonic development occurs in ovo. To examine the mechanism of embryonic germ cell development, we constructed proteome map of gonadal primordial germ cells (gPGC) from chicken embryonic gonads. Embryonic gonads were collected from 500 embryos at 6 day of incubation, and the gPGC were cultured in vitro until colony formed. After 7-10 days in cultured gPGC colonies were separated from gonadal stroma cells (GSCs). Soluble extracts of cultured gPGCs were then fractionated by two-dimensional gel electrophoresis (pH 4-7). A number of protein spots, including those that displayed significant expression levels, were then identified by use of matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization-time of flight (MALDI-TOF) mass spectrometry and LC-MS/MS. Of the 89 gPGC spots examined, 50 yielded mass spectra that matched avian proteins found in on-line databases. Proteome map of thistype will serve as an important reference for germ cell biology and transgenic research.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.17 no.8
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• pp.891-898
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• 2008

This study was conducted to develop the effects of site environmental factors on estimation of site index function for Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher stands. We derived nonlinear growth equation and the draw site index curves by applying this estimated equation. This study with Chapman-Richards function showed significant P-value which was less then 0.0001 and $R^2$ value 0.5947. This study was conducted to develop the feasible site index equation of Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher. For the table, the data of 82 sample areas that were thought to be without errors among the data of Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher sample area located on the value-oriented forest location chart were used and estimated. After analyzing the quantification method I based on 13 environmental factors to develop the score table for the site-index estimation of Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher, $R^2$ value of the model was 0.7555. It has been analyzed that the scope value of Soil moisture in horizon A was 7.5045, that of total soil depth was 6.3896, that of topography was 5.3471, that of slope was 4.7000 and that of aspect was 3.2038. After analyzing the partial correlation to examine the factors that affected most the site-index of Chamaecyparis obtusa Endlicher, it has been noted that the partial correlation of climatic zone was 0.4987, which was highest, and it was followed by Soil moisture in horizon A (0.4592), slope (0.4537), topography (0.3299) and total soil depth (0.1035). As a result of conducting the significance test for partial correlation, it has been found that topography, climatic zone, parent rock, slope, altitude, aspect, Soil moisture in horizon A, soil hardness in horizon A and total soil depth were recognized significant with 1% of significance level and sedimentary type and soil texture in horizon A were recognized significant with 5% of significance level.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.15
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• pp.6449-6453
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• 2014

Background: Prior studies showed a relationship between serum albumin and the albumin to globulin ratio with different types of cancer. We aimed to evaluate the predictive value of the albumin-globulin ratio (AGR) for survival of patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Materials and Methods: This retrospective study included 240 lung adenocarcinoma patients. Biochemical parameters before chemotherapy were collected and survival status was obtained from the hospital registry. The AGR was calculated using the equation AGR=albumin/(total protein-albumin) and ranked from lowest to highest, the total number of patients being divided into three equal tertiles according to the AGR values. Furthermore, AGR was divided into two groups (low and high tertiles) for ROC curve analysis. Cox model analysis was used to evaluate the prognostic value of AGR and AGR tertiles. Results: The mean survival time for each tertile was: for the $1^{st}$ 9.8 months (95%CI:7.765-11.848), $2^{nd}$ 15.4 months (95%CI:12.685-18.186), and $3^{rd}$ 19.9 months (95%CI:16.495-23.455) (p<0.001). Kaplan-Meier curves showed significantly higher survival rates with the third and high tertiles of AGR in comparison with the first and low tertiles, respectively. At multivariate analysis low levels of albumin and AGR, low tertile of AGR and high performance status remained an independent predictors of mortality. Conclusions: Low AGR was a significant predictor of long-term mortality in patients with lung adenocarcinoma. Serum albumin measurement and calculation of AGR are easily accessible and cheap to use for predicting mortality in patients with lung adenocarcinoma.