• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
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• v.55 no.3
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• pp.385-394
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• 2017

In this study, reaction mechanism and curing characteristics of adhesives formulated with NaOH- and $H_2SO_4$-hydrolyzed chicken feather (CF) and formaldehyde-based crosslinkers were investigated by FT-IR and DSC. In addition, adhesive properties and formaldehyde emission of medium-density fiberboards (MDF) applied with the adhesives were measured. CF-based adhesives having a solid content of 40% and over were very viscous at $25^{\circ}C$, but the viscosity reduced to $300{\sim}660m{\cdot}Pa{\cdot}s$ at $50^{\circ}C$. Consequently, the adhesives could be used as a sprayable resin. Through the FT-IR spectra of liquid and cured CF-based adhesives, addition reaction of methylol group and condensation reaction between the functional groups with the use of formaldehyde-based crosslinkers were identified. From the analysis of DSC, it was elucidated for CF-based adhesives to require a higher pressing temperature or longer pressing time comparing to commercial urea-formaldehyde (C-UF) resin. MDF bonded with CF-based adhesives, which was formulated with 5% NaOH-hydrolyzed CF (CF-AK-5%) and PF of formaldehyde to phenol mole ratio of 2.5 (PF-2.5), and pressed for 8 min had higher MOR and IB than those with other CF-based adhesives. MOR and IB of MDF bonded with the CF-based adhesives regardless of formulation type and pressing time were higher than those with C-UF resin. When the values compared with the minimum requirements of KS standard, IB exceeded the KS standard in all formulations and pressing time, but MOR of only MDF bonded with CF-AK-5% and PF-2.5 and pressed for 8 min satisfied the KS standard. What was worse, 24-TS of MDF bonded with all CF-based adhesives did not satisfied the KS standard. However, MOR and 24-TS can be improved by increasing the target density of MDF or the amount of wax emulsion, which is added to improve the water resistance of MDF. Importantly, the use of CF-based adhesives decreased greatly the formaldehyde emission. Based on the results, we reached the conclusion that CF-based adhesives formulated under proper conditions had a potential as a sprayable resin for the production of wood panels.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.99 no.1
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• pp.102-110
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• 2010

This study was performed to find out the inhibitory effect of Rhus Verniciflua extract on lipid peroxidation and inflammatory cytokines during endurance exercise training for 8 weeks in rats. For this study, Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into 4 groups; sedentary (SED), exercise training (TRA), RVS extract ingestion (RVE), and RVS extract ingestion and exercise training (RVE-TRA). TRA and RVE-TRA were trained on treadmill with increasing speed gradually and administered 10 mL/kg/d of Rhus Verniciflua extract orally to RVE and RVE-TRA. In order to analyze antioxidant function, blood SOD (superoxide dismutase), GSH-Px (glutathione peroxidase), and MDA (malondialdehyde) were examined. And, analysis of inflammatory cytokines were examined using IL-6 (interleukin-6), TNF-${\alpha}$ (tumor necrosis factor-alpha), CRP (C-reactive protein), and NO (nitric oxide). SOD in TRA was significantly higher than SED and RVE (p<0.05), and RVE-TRA was highest among the groups (p<0.05). The MDA content of TRA, RVE and RVE-TRA were significantly lower than SED. GSH-Px activity of SED was significantly lower than other groups (p<0.05). IL-6 and TNF-${\alpha}$ content of RVE and RVE-TRA were significantly lower than SED and TRA (p<0.05). CRP concentration of SED was the lowest among groups (p<0.05). Finally, NO concentration of SED and TRA were higher than RVE and RVE-TRA (p<0.05). These results suggested that it is efficient for rats to reduce lipid peroxidation and induce anti-inflammatory by taking RVS extract during exercise training. Afterwards, if studies on the properties of RVS extract can be made with various ways, use of Rhus Verniciflua trees might be made widely which are growing naturally in mountains in Korea.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.49 no.1
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• pp.49-59
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• 2000

Backgrounds : Recent cytogenetic studies indicated that long of the long arm of chromosome 5 is a frequent event in small cell lung canær (SCLC), suggesting the presence of a tumor suppressor gene in its place. To map the precise tumor-suppressor loci on the chromosome arm for further positional cloning efforts, we tested 15 primary SCLCs. Methods : The DNAs extracted from paraffin-embedded tissue blocks with primary tumor and corresponding control tissue were investigated. Nineteen polymorphic microsatellite markers located in the long arm of chromosome 5 were used in the microsatellite analysis. Results : We found that ten (66.7%) of 15 tumors exhibited LOH in at least one of tested microsatellite markers. Two (13%) of 10 tumors exhibiting LOH lost a larger area in chromosome 5q. LOH was observed in five common deleted regions at 5q. Among those areas, LOH between 5q34-qter and 5q35.2-35.3 was most frequent (75%). LOH was also observed in more than 50% of the tumors at four other regions, between 5q14-15 and 5q23-31, 5q31.1, 5q31.3-33.3, and 5q34-35. Three of 15 tumors exhibited shifted bands in at least one of the tested microsatellite markers. Shifted bands occurred in 2.5% (7 of 285) of the loci tested. Conclusion : Our data demonstrated that at least five tumor-suppressor loci exist in the long arm of chromosome 5 and that they may play an important role in small cell lung cancer tumorigenesis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.20 no.10
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• pp.1519-1524
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• 2010

Apigenin (4', 5, 7-trihydroxyflavone), a common dietary flavonoid abundantly present in fruits and vegetables, has shown remarkable anti-proliferative effects against various malignant cell lines. To observe the anti-proliferative effects, oral cavity cancer cell lines, $6{\times}10^3$ cells/well (96 well plate) of KB oral cavity tumor cells were plated and 24 hr later treated with apigenin for one day, after which MTT assay was performed. Apigenin induced cell death in a dose-dependent manner after incubation. Cell viability was significantly decreased in the group treated with 100 ${\mu}M$ apigenin for 24 hr (p<0.05) compared to the control group. To assess apoptosis, the nuclei of KB cells were stained with DAPI. The presence of chromatin condensation in the apigenin treated cells was detected on a fluorescent microscope (${\times}200$). We investigated the in vivo growth inhibitory effects of apigenin on oral cavity cancer KB tumor xenograft subcutaneously implanted in male nude mice. Apigenin was administered to mice by gavage at doses of 25 and 50 mg/kg/day in 0.2ml of PBS. Tumor volume was significantly decreased in 25 and 50 mg/kg apigenin-administration groups compared to the control group. For apoptosis analysis, TUNEL staining was performed. A significant increase in TUNEL positive cells was found in the 25 mg/kg apigenin administration group compared to the non- apigenin administration group. Histopathological changes were not observed. These results indicate that apigenin inhibits oral cavity cancer cell growth through the induction of apoptosis.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.428-433
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• 2020

In this study, we created pupal stage extracts of Apis mellifera L. drones for use in cosmetic materials. The effect of the drone pupae extract (DPE) on HDF cells was assessed for analysis of anti-wrinkle activity by collagen or collagenase gene expression, and the skin-lightening effect was studied by in vitro tyrosinase inhibition and B16F10 melanoma assay; the two cells were found to be non-cellular when the concentration of DPE was 100 ㎍/ml. Albutin concentration (positive control) in the whitening test was set at a capacity of 100 ug/ml and m-melanocyte stimulating hormone (α-MSH). A melanin-producing induction material was set at a concentration of 100 nM, and the expression of collagen type I and MMP1 collagenase was measured using HDF cells. MMP1 expression was seen to reduce in a concentration-dependent manner in treatment with DPE. Inhibiting melanin generation with B16F12 cells indicated a tendency to decrease in the DPE treatment group. Both L-Tyrosine and L-DOPA as DPE were used in an in vitro tyrosinase induction test to demonstrate the effects of tyrosinase suppression on concentrations. The higher the concentration of DPE, the greater the wrinkle reduction and whitening effect. In conclusion, it was found that DPE is an effective smoothing and whitening material by increasing collagen generation and inhibiting collagenase expression and reducing melanin production.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.100-106
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to confirm the exactitude of in vitro nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy(NMRS) and to complement the defect of in vivo NMRS. It has been difficult to understand the metabolism of a cerebellum using in vivo NMRS owing to the generated inhomogeneity of magnetic fields (B0 and B1 field) by the complexity of the cerebellum structure. Thus, this study tried to more exactly analyze the metabolism of a canine cerebellum using the cell extraction and high resolution NMRS. In order to conduct the absolute metabolic quantification in a canine cerebellum, the spectrum of our phantom included in various brain metabolites (i.e., NAA, Cr, Cho, Ins, Lac, GABA, Glu, Gln, Tau and Ala) was obtained. The canine cerebellum tissue was extracted using the methanol-chloroform water extraction (M/C extraction) and one group was filtered and the other group was not under extract processing. Finally, NMRS of a phantom solution and two extract solution (90% D2O) was progressed using a 500MHz (11.4 T) NMR machine. Filtering a solution of the tissue extract increased the signal to noise ratio (SNR). The metabolic concentrations of a canine cerebellum were more close to rat’s metabolic concentration than human’s metabolic concentration. The present study demonstrates the absolute quantification technique in vitro high resolution NMRS with tissue extraction as the method to accurately measure metabolite concentration.

• The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.44-47
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• 2013

Purpose: There are several methods of measuring SUV in PET/CT imaging including $SUV_{bw}$ which uses the body weight, $SUV_{bsa}$ which that uses body surface area and $SUV_{lbm}$ which uses lean body mass. Currently, Seoul National University Hospital uses $SUV_{bw}$ method which minimizes the variability. In this study, we compared and analyzed the correlation between $SUV_{bw}$ and $SUV_{bsa}$ according to patients' body mass index. Materials and Methods: Using Biograph mCT40 (Siemens, Germany), we conducted $^{18}F-FDG$ PET/CT imaging on 70 patients (41 males, 29 females; ages $58.04{\pm}12.44$). We classified the patients as underweight (BMI<20), normal weight (20$${\leq_-}$$BMI<25), overweight (25$${\leq_-}$$BMI<30), obese (30$${\leq_-}$$BMI<35) and severely obese (35$${\leq_-}$$BMI) according to the patient's sex, age and BIM. Then, bone, liver and lungs were set as ROI for calculation of maximum values of $SUV_{bw}$ and $SUV_{bsa}$, through Syngo.via VA11A analysis program. Results: Comparing the five groups divided according to the BMI by the standard differences between $SUV_{bw}$ to $SUV_{bsa}$, $SUV_{max}$ was measured to be $0.66{\pm}0.15$, $0.78{\pm}0.35$, $0.77{\pm}0.21$, $1.00{\pm}0.44$, $1.53{\pm}0.38$ for bones in underweight, normal weight, overweight, obese and severely obese groups, respectively. For liver, values of $SUV_{max}$ were $1.64{\pm}0.16$, $2.06{\pm}0.34$, $2.19{\pm}0.21$, $2.52{\pm}0.21$ and $2.74{\pm}0.40$ in the same order. And for lung, values of $SUV_{max}$ were $0.69{\pm}0.33$, $0.54{\pm}0.17$, $0.62{\pm}0.23$, $0.83{\pm0.29}$, $1.03{\pm}0.30$. Conclusion: By comparing and analyzing the differences between $SUV_{bw}$ and $SUV_{bsa}$ in this study, it was found that the differences between $SUV_{bw}$ and $SUV_{bsa}$ increased as patient's BMI increased. Thus, there is room for error in the values of SUV depending on the methods of calculations, and appropriate methods must be applied according to the circumstances in clinical settings.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.15
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• pp.6627-6632
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• 2015

Background: We conducted a study exploring the clinical safety and efficacy of decitabine in patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML) and myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS), combined with a complex karyotype. Materials and Methods: From April 2009 to September 2013, a total of 35 patients with AML/MDS combined with a complex karyotype diagnosed in the First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University were included for retrospective analysis. All patients were treated with decitabine alone ($20mg/m^2$ daily for 5 days) or combination AAG chemotherapy (Acla 20mg qod*4d, Ara-C $10mg/m^2$ q12h*7d, G-CSF $300{\mu}g$ qd, the dose of G-CSF adjusted to the amount in blood routinely). Results: In 35 patients, 15 exhibited a complete response (CR), and 6 a partial response (PR), the overall response rate (CR+PR) being 60% (21 of 35). Median disease-free survival was 18 months and overall survival was 14 months. In the 15 MDS patients with a complex karyotype, the CR rate was 53.3% (8 of 15); in 20 AML patients with complex karyotype, the overall response rate was 65% (13 of 20). The response rate of decitabine alone (22 cases) was 56.5% (13 of 22), while in the combination chemotherapy group (13 cases), the effective rate was 61.5% (8 of 13)(P>0.05). There are 15 patients with chromosome 7 aberration, after treatment with decitabine, 7 CR, 3 PR, overall response rate was 66.7% (10 of 15). Of 18 patients with 3 to 5 kinds of chromosomal abnormalities, 66.7% demonstrated a response; of 17 with more than 5 chromosomal abnormalities, 52.9% had a response. In the total of 35 patients, with one course (23 patients) and ${\geq}$two courses (12 patients), the overall response rate was 40.9% and 92.3% (P<0.05). Grade III to IV hematological toxicity was observed in 27 cases (75%). Grade III to IV infections were clinically documented in 7 (20%). Grades I to II non-hematological toxicity were infections (18 patients), haematuria (2 patients), and bleeding (3 patients). With follow-up until September 2013, 7 patients were surviving, 18 had died and 10 were lost to follow-up. In the 6 cases who underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) all were still relapse-free survivors. Conclusions: Decitabine alone or combination with AAG can improve outcome of AML/MDS with a complex karyotype, there being no significant difference decitabine in inducing remission rates in patients with different karyotype. Increasing the number of courses can improve efficiency. This approach with fewer treatment side effects in patients with a better tolerance should be employed in order to create an improved subsequent chance for HSCT.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.281-287
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• 2013

A major barrier to progress in pig to primate organ transplantation or cell therapy is the presence of terminal ${\alpha}$-1,3-galactosyl epitopes on the surface of pig cells. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to establish and cha- racterize mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) derived from ${\alpha}$-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) knock out (GalT KO) pig to confirm their potential for cell therapy. Bone marrow (BM)-MSCs from GalT KO pig of 1 month old were isolated by Ficoll-Paque PLUS gradient and cultured with A-DMEM + 10% FBS on plastic dishes in 5% $CO_2$ incubator at 38.5. GalT KO BM-MSCs were analyzed for the expression of CD markers ($CD45^-$, $29^+$, $90^+$ and $105^+$) and in vitro differentiation ability (adiopogenesis and osteogenesis). Further, cell proliferation capacity and cell aging of GalT KO BM-MSCs were compared to Wild BM-MSCs by BrdU incorporation assay (Roche, Germany) using ELISA at intervals of two days for 7 days. Finally, the cell size was also evaluated in GalT KO and Wild BM-MSCs. Statistical analysis was performed by T-test (P<0.05). GalT KO BM-MSCs showed fibroblast-like cell morphology on plastic culture dish at passage 1 and exhibited $CD45^-$, $29^+$, $90^+$ and $105^+$ expression profile. Follow in ginduction in StemPro adipogenesis and osteogenesis media for 3 weeks, GalT KO BM-MSCs were differentiated into adipocytes, as demonstrated by Oilred Ostaining of lipid vacuoles and osteocytes, as confirmed by Alizarinred Sstaining of mineral dispositions, respectively. BrdU incorporation assay showed a significant decrease in cell proliferation capacity of GalT KO BM-MSCs compared to Wild BM-MSCs from 3 day, when they were seeded at $1{\times}10^3$ cells/well in 96-well plate. Passage 3 GalT KO and Wild BM-MSCs at 80% confluence in culture dish were allowed to form single cells to calculate cell size. The results showed that GalT KO BM-MSCs($15.0{\pm}0.4{\mu}m$) had a little larger cell size than Wild BM-MSCs ($13.5{\pm}0.3{\mu}m$). From the above findings, it is summarized that GalT KO BM-MSCs possessed similar biological properties with Wild BM-MSCs, but exhibited a weak cell proliferation ability and resistance to cell aging. Therefore, GalT KO BM-MSCs might form a good source for cell therapy after due consideration to low proliferation potency in vitro.

• Food Science of Animal Resources
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.418-425
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• 2006

This study was conducted to evaluate extraction properties of crude saponin and ginsenosides, and their effects on sensory properties of emulsified pork sausage. Non-dried ginseng root was boiled in 0 (e.g., 100% distilled water), 20, 40, 60, 80 or 100% ethanol, and powdered by a freezing dry method. Weight of dried powder for the 0% ethanol extraction was 20% of initial non-dried ginseng weight, while $20{\sim}80%$ and 100% ethanol extractions resulted in approximately 15 and 10% of their initial weights, respectively. On the other hand, crude saponin content in the dried powder was linearly increased for a higher ethanol content where 100% ethanol extraction resulted in 123.52 mg/g. LC/MS analysis of crude saponin for quantifying ginsenosides showed that Rb1, Rb2 and Rc were significantly (p<0.05) higher levels for both 80 and 100% ethanol extractions. In the case of Rg1 ginsenoside, 60, 80 and 100% ethanol extractions resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher levels. Emulsified pork sausages containing 0, 1 or 2% ginseng extracts were smoked or non-smoked and their sensory characteristics and preference were evaluated. Smoking process significantly (p<0.05) decreased juiciness and tenderness, but the treatment significantly (p<0.05) improved flavor and consumer preference. It was particularly noticed that a 2% addition of ginseng extract prevented the adverse effects of smoking process on juiciness and tenderness while the 2% addition significantly (p<0.05) improved consumer preference. The current results implied that addition of ginseng extract in emulsified pork sausage could improve sensory quality.