• 제목/요약/키워드: 4G spectrum

검색결과 489건 처리시간 0.024초

Rhodamine 560을 이용한 rhodamine 6G 색소 레이저의 출력 증가 (Output Enhancement of Rhodamine 6G Dye Laser by Rhodamine 560 Energy Transfer Dye)

  • 장원권;이민희
    • 한국광학회지
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    • 제5권2호
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    • pp.266-271
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    • 1994
  • 형광 스펙트럼이 Rhodamine 6G의 흡수 스펙트럼과 일치하는 Rhodamine 560을 첨가 색소로 하여 Rhodamine 6G 색소 레이저의 에너지 전달에 의한 출력 증가를 조사하였다. 펌핑 광원으로 펄스형의 경우 아르곤 기체를 주입한 동축 섬광관을 실험실에서 제작하여 사용하였으며 연속형은 아르곤 레이저를 이용하였다. 펄스형의 경우 주색소인 Rhodamine 6G의 종도가 $1\times10^{-4}mol/l$일 때 첨가 색소인 Rhodamine 560의 농도가 Rhodamine 6G농도의 1% 정도에서 에너지 전달효율이 가장 높았다. 연속형의 경우는 Rhodamine 6G의 종도가 $2\times10^{-3}mol/l$ 일 때 Rhodamine 560의 농도가 Rhodamine 6G 농도의 2.5%에서 에너지 전달효율이 가장 높았다. 아르곤 레이저의 multiline발진에 의한 출력이 3.6W일 때 18% 정도 출력이 증가하였으며 488nm와 514.5nm의 단색광으로 펌핑할 경우 아르곤 레이저의 최대 출력이 1.6W일 때 각각 72%와 88%의 출력 증가율을 보였다.

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COSMIC RAY SPECTRUM IN SUPERNOVA REMNANT SHOCKS

  • Kang, Hye-Sung
    • 천문학회지
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    • 제43권2호
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    • pp.25-39
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    • 2010
  • We perform kinetic simulations of diffusive shock acceleration (DSA) in Type Ia supernova remnants (SNRs) expanding into a uniform interstellar medium (ISM). Bohm-like diffusion due to self-excited $Alfv\acute{e}n$ waves is assumed, and simple models for $Alfv\acute{e}nic$ drift and dissipation are adopted. Phenomenological models for thermal leakage injection are considered as well. We find that the preshock gas temperature is the primary parameter that governs the cosmic ray (CR) acceleration efficiency and energy spectrum, while the CR injection rate is a secondary parameter. For SNRs in the warm ISM of $T_0\lesssim10^5K$, if the injection fraction is $\xi\gtrsim10^{-4}K$, the DSA is efficient enough to convert more than 20% of the SN explosion energy into CRs and the accelerated CR spectrum exhibits a concave curvature flattening to $E^{-1.6}$, which is characteristic of CR modified shocks. Such a flat source spectrum near the knee energy, however, may not be reconciled with the CR spectrum observed at Earth. On the other hand, SNRs in the hot ISM of$T_{0}\approx10^{6}K$ with a small injection fraction, $\xi$<$10^{-4}$, are inefficient accelerators with less than 10% of the explosion energy getting converted to CRs. Also the shock structure is almost test-particle like and the ensuing CR spectrum can be steeper than $E^{-2}$. With amplified magnetic field strength of order of $30{\mu}G$ $Alfv\acute{e}n$ waves generated by the streaming instability may drift upstream fast enough to make the modified test-particle power-law as steep as $E^{-2.3}$, which is more consistent with the observed CR spectrum.

다공 초음속 분류소음에 관한 실험적 연구 (An Experimental Study on the Supersonic Jet Noise from Multihole)

  • 권영필;서기원
    • 설비공학논문집
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    • 제4권2호
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    • pp.96-105
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    • 1992
  • The objective of this paper is to study experimentally on the noise characteristics of supersonic jet from multihole orifice in the range of jet pressure from $at_g$ to $at_g$ in the reverberation room. At first, the single orifice jets are investigated for various hole diameter from 3.8mm to 10mm. Through the noise spectrum, the turbulent mixing noise and the shock associated noise is analyzed. The noise for confined jets into a tube of diameter 30mm or 90mm with length 2m is investigated in comparision with that for the free jets. The sound power level is measured and compared with thoretical models for free jet. At second, multihole orifice jets are investigated to study the effect of multijet on noise reduction. The spectrum and power level of multijets are measured and compared with single jets. The multi-jets in a confined pipe are also investigated. It is found that the noise spectrum is significantly altered by increasing the number of jet with decrease in jet diameter and also by confining the jet into tube.

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Temperature dependence of photocurrent spectra for $AgInS_2$ epilayers grown by hot wall epitaxy

  • Baek, Seung-Nam;Hong, Kwang-Joon
    • 한국전기전자재료학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 한국전기전자재료학회 2007년도 하계학술대회 논문집 Vol.8
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    • pp.123-124
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    • 2007
  • A silver indium sulfide ($AgInS_2$) epilayer was grown by the hot wall epitaxy method, which has not been reported in the liteniture. The grown $AgInS_2$ epilayer has found to be a chalcopyrite structure and evaluated to be high quality crystal. From the photocurrent measurement in the temperature range from 30 K to 300 K, the two peaks of A and B were only observed, whereas the three peaks of A, B, and C were seen in the PC spectrum of 10 K. These peaks are ascribed to the band-to-band transition. The valence band splitting of $AgInS_2$ was investigated by means of the photocurrent measurement. The temperature dependence of the energy band gap of the $AgInS_2$ obtained from the photocurrent spectrum was well described by the Varshni's relation, $E_g(T)=\;E_g(0)\;eV-(7.78\;{\times}\;10^{-4}\;eV/K)T^2/(T\;+\;116\;K\;K)$. Also, Eg(0) is the energy band gap at 0 K, which is estimated to be 2.036 eV at the valence band state A and 2.186 eV at the valence band state B.

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Multichannel Quantum Defect Study of the Perturber's Effect on the Overlapping Resonances in Rydberg Series for the Systems Involving 2 Closed and Many Open Channels

  • Lee, Chun-Woo
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제31권6호
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    • pp.1669-1680
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    • 2010
  • The phase-shifted version of the multichannel quantum-defect theory (MQDT) was reformulated by disentangling the interloper spectrum from the perturbed dense Rydberg series for a systems involving 2 closed and more than 1 open channel. The theory was applied successfully to Martins and Zimmermann's photoionization spectra of the Rydberg series Cu I $3d^9\;4s(^1D_2)\;nd^2G_{9/2}$ perturbed by the interloper, $3d^9\;4p^2\;^4F_{9/2}$, for which Cohen's 4 channel QDT had failed. The zero surface graphic of the perturbed Fano's asymmetry parameter q of the autoionization spectrum of dense Rydberg series by the interloper was determined by only two parameters for this system. It was used as a map to trace the transformation route of the 3 channel autoionization spectra to the 4 channel spectra when the channel coupling of the closed channels with a newly added open channel was turned on progressively.

Interaction of Cu(II)-meso-tetrakis(n-N-methylpyridiniumyl)porphyrin (n = 2,3,4) with Native and Synthetic Polynucleotides Probed by Polarized Spectroscopy

  • Lee, Mi-Jin;Lee, Gil-Jun;Lee, Dong-Jin;Kim, Seog-K.;Kim, Jong-Moon
    • Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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    • 제26권11호
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    • pp.1728-1734
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    • 2005
  • The interactions of Cu(II)-meso-Tetrakis(n-N-methylpyridiniumyl)porphyrin (n = 2,3,4), respectively referred to as o-, m- and p-CuTMPyP, and DNA, poly$[d(A-T)_2]$ and poly$[d(G-C)_2]$ were investigated by circular and linear dichroism (CD and LD). In the o-CuTMPyP case, in which the rotation of the pyridinium ring is prevented, the shape of the CD spectrum when associated to DNA and poly$[d(A-T)_2]$ resembles and is characterized by a positive band at a low drug to DNA concentration ratio (R ratio) and is bisignate at a high R ratio. The former CD spectrum shape has been attributed to porphyrin that is bound monomerically outside of DNA while the latter can be attributed to those that are stacked. When o-CuTMPyP is bound to poly$[d(G-C)_2]$, the excitonic CD appeared at a relatively high R ratio. In contrast, a characteristic negative CD band in the Soret region was apparent for both m- and p-CuTMPyP when bound to DNA and poly$[d(G-C)_2]$ at the low R ratios, indicating that the porphyrin molecule intercalates. However, the DNA is bent near the intercalation site and the plane of the porphyrin molecule tilts relative to the DNA helix axis, as judged by the magnitude of the reduced LD. Various stacking patterns were identified by the shape of the CD spectrum for m- and p-CuTMPyP when bound to poly$[d(A-T)_2]$. Three species for the former complex and two for the latter complex were found which may reflect the extent of the stacking.

증착조건에 따른 극미세 다이아몬드상 카본 박막의 탄성률 변화거동 (A variation of elastic modulus of very thin diamond-like carbon films with deposition condition)

  • 정진원;이광렬;은광용;고대홍
    • 한국진공학회지
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    • 제10권4호
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    • pp.387-395
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    • 2001
  • 증착 조건에 따라 나타나는 폴리머상, 경질, 흑연상의 다이아몬드상 카본(DLC) 박막에서 두께 감소에 따른 탄성률의 변화거동을 구조적인 관점에서 살펴보았다. 실험에 사용된 박막은 r.f.-PACVD 장비를 이용하여 증착하였으며, 반응 가스로는 벤젠과 메탄을 사용하였다. 기판을 식각 과정을 통해 완전히 제거시켜 주기 때문에 다른 방법들과는 달리 기판의 영향 없이 박막만의 탄성률을 정확히 측정할 수 있는 free overhang 방법을 이용하여 DLC 박막의 biaxial elastic modulus를 측정하였다. 또한 Raman 분석을 이용하여 박막의 구조를 조사하였다. 박막이 폴리머상 혹은 흑연상인 경우 두께가 감소함에 따라 탄성률이 감소하는 것을 확인하였고, Ramanm spectrum의 G-peak 위치를 분석한 결과 그 원인은 폴리머상인 경우 증착 초기에 낮은 물성을 가지는 폴리머상의 박막이 형성되기 때문이며, 흑연상인 경우 증착 초기에 낮은 물성을 가지는 흑연상의 박막이 증착되기 때문이다. 반면에 경질의 박막에서는 두께에 상관없이 일정한 탄성률을 가지고 있었으며, 두께에 따른 박막의 구조적인 변화도 관찰되지 않았다.

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Synthesis and Spectroscopic Characterization of Manganese(II), Iron(III) and Cobalt(III) Complexes of Macrocyclic Ligand. Potential of Cobalt(III) Complex in Biological Activity

  • El-Tabl, Abdou S.;Shakdofa, Mohamad M.E.;El-Seidy, Ahmed M.A.
    • 대한화학회지
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    • 제55권6호
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    • pp.919-925
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    • 2011
  • A new series of manganese(II), iron(III) and cobalt(III) complexes of 14-membered macrocyclic ligand, (3,6,10,13,16,19-hexaazabicyclo[6.6.6]icosane-1,8-diamine) have been prepared and characterized by elemental analyses, IR, UV-VIS, $^1H$- and $^{13}C$- NMR spectra, magnetic susceptibilities, conductivities, and ESR measurements. Molar conductance measurements in DMF solution indicate that the complexes are electrolytes. The ESR spectrum for cobalt(III) complex in $CD_3OD+10%D_2O$ after exposure to $^{60}Co-{\gamma}$-rays at 77 K using a 0.2217 M rad $h^{-1}$ vicrad source showed $g_{\perp}$ > $g_{\parallel}$ > $g_e$, indicating that, the unpaired electron site is mainly present in the $d_z2$ orbital with covalent bond character. In this case, the ligand hyperfine tensors are nearly collinear with ${\gamma}$-tensors, so there is no major tendency to bend. Therefore, little extra delocalization via the ring lobe of the $dz^2$ orbital occurs. However, the ESR spectrum in solid state after exposure to $^{60}Co-{\gamma}$-rays at 77 K showed $g_{\parallel}$ > $g_{\perp}$ > $g_e$, indicating that, the unpaired electron site is mainly present in the $d_x2_{-y}2$ ground state as the resulting spectrum contains a large number of randomly oriented molecules provided that, the principle directions of g and A tensors. Manganese (II) complex 2, $[H_{12}LMn]Cl_4.2H_2O$, showed six isotropic lines characteristic to an unpaired electron interacting with a nucleus of spin 5/2, however, iron(III) complex 3, $[H_{12}LFe]Cl_5.H_2O$, showed spectrum of a high spin $^{57}Fe$ (I=1/2), $d^5$ configuration. The geometry of these complexes was supported by elemental analyses, IR, electronic and ESR spectral studies. Complex 1 showed exploitation in reducing the amount of electron adducts formed in DNA during irradiation with low radiation products.

주파수 체배기를 이용한 이중대역 무선 송신부 설계 (Design of Dual-Band WLAN Transmitter with Frequency Doubler)

  • 노희정
    • 조명전기설비학회논문지
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    • 제22권6호
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    • pp.116-126
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    • 2008
  • 본 논문에서는 2.4[GHz]와 5[GHz]로 동작하는 Dual-band WLAN 송신기의 설계에 대하여 기술한다. Dual-band WLAN 송신기는 2.4[GHz] 대역과 5[GHz] 대역에서 각각 동작할 수 있도록 설계되었다. 이중대역의 구조를 갖는 송신 부는 2.4[GHz] 과 5[GHz] 주파수에서 동작하는 증폭기와 두 개의 VCO(Voltage Controlled Oscillator)또는 주파수 가변 범위가 매우 넓은 VCO를 사용해야 한다. 이 문제는 크기와 소비전력으로 나타나며, 이를 해결하기 위하여 이중대역 송신 모듈을 제안하였다. 이 송신부는 단일 송신 블럭을 사용하여 입력되는 주파수와 인가하는 바이어스 전압에 따라, IEEE 802.11b/g의 2.4[GHz] 대역신호에 대해서는 증폭기로 동작하고 IEEE로 802.11a의 5.8[GHz] 대역신호는 주파수 체배 방식을 이용하여 출력신호를 얻도록 설계하였다. 출력스펙트럼은 중심주파수에서 각각 +11[GHz], +20[MHz], +30[MHz] offset인 주파수에서 적응형 방식이 아닌 경우와 비교하여 4[dB], 6[dB], 16[dB]의 ACPR특성이 향상되었으며, IEEE 802.11a 무선 랜 송신스펙트럼 마스크 규격을 만족하였다.

성악도의 두성구와 흉성구 발성에 대한 음향학적 분석 (Acoustic Analysis of Singing Voice)

  • 진성민
    • 대한후두음성언어의학회지
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    • 제13권1호
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    • pp.52-58
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    • 2002
  • The pitch range of the human voice is variable, extending from chest register to falsetto. Although numerous studies have investigated after laryngeal mechanism description of registers, systematic and objective studies were lack. The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare head register with chest register of singers acoustically. Fifteen healthy tenor major students were selected. Fifteen healthy untrained adults were the control group for this study. Long term average(LTA) power spectrum using the Fast Fourier transform(FFT) algorithm and Linear predictive coding (LPC) filter response were made during /a/ sustained in both head(G4, 392Hz) md chest registers (C3, 131Hz). Statistical analysis was performed using Mann-Whitney test. In the LTA power spectrum, head register of singer has increased level(energy gain) in the frequency band of 2.2-3.4kHz(p<0.01), and 7.5-8.4kHz(p<0.01, p<0.05). Chest register of singer has increased level in the frequency band of 2.2-3.1kHz(p<0.01), 7.8-8.4kHz(p<0.05) and around 9.6kHz(p<0.01). LTA power spectrum reveals a peak of acoustic energy around 2500Hz known as the singer's formant and another peak of acoustic energy around 8000Hz in singer's voice.

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