• Journal of the korean society of oceanography
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.52-59
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• 2003

In this paper, a brief overview on data assimilation is provided in the context of oceanographic application. The ocean data assimilation needs to ingest various types of data such as satellites and floats, thus essentially requires dynamically-consistent assimilation methods. For such purpose, sequential and variational approaches are discussed and compared. The major advantage of the Kalman filter (KF) is that it can forecast error covariances at each time step. However, for models with very large dimension of state vector, the KF Is exceedingly expensive and computationally less efficient than four-dimensional variational assimilation (4D-Var). For operational application, simplified 4D-Var schemes as well as ensemble KF may be considered.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.93-99
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• 2020

This study was performed to find anti-inflammatory or antitumor compounds from the polar fraction obtained from the extract of Clinopodium chinense var. shibetchense (H. Lev) Koidz (Labiatae). Chromatography of the BuOH fraction yielded two flavonoid glycosides (compounds 1 and 2) and two saponins (compounds 3 and 4). On the basis of spectroscopic data, compounds 1 and 2 were identified to be ponciretin 7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-glucopyranoside (neoponcirin) and naringenin 7-O-α-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1→6)-α-D-glucopyranoside (isonaringin). Compounds 3 and 4 were identified to be 3-O-{β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-fucopyranosyl}-saikogenin F (buddlejasaponin IV) and 3-O-{β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→2)-[β-D-glucopyranosyl-(1→3)]-β-D-fucopyranosyl}-21β-hydroxysaikogenin F (clinoposaponin XV). In addition, ursolic acid (5) was isolated and identified from the CHCl₃ fraction. Inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) assay and sulforhodamine B (SRB) assay were performed to lead a potential anti-inflammatory or anti-tumor compounds from C. chinense var. shibetchense. Of the four compounds (1 - 4), compound 3 considerably inhibited cancer cell growth and NO production (IC₅₀s, 5.59 μM in iNOS assay and 6.62 - 14.88 μM in SRB assay).

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.509-522
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• 2008

한국산 가막사리속(Bidens L.)에 포함된 10분류군(8종 2변종)의 수과형태를 연구하기 위하여 입체현미경과 주사전자현미경을 이용하여 관찰하였다. 연구된 가막사리속에서 까끄라기를 제외한 수과의 크기는 $3.0-19.5{\times}0.7-2.6 mm$이다. 관모는2-4개의 까끄라기로 구성되어 있고, 까끄라기의 길이는 2.2-5.6 mm이다. 강모의 배열은 1-3열이었다. 수과의 다형화가 6개의 분류군(B. bipinnata, B. biternata, B. frondosa, B. parviflora, B. pilosa var. pilosa, B. tripartita var. tripartita)에서 확인되었다. 수과의 형태와 까끄라기의 수에 의해 4가지 유형으로 구분되었다. - Type A: 장타원형이고, 까끄라기 수는 2개(B. parviflora); Type B: 장타원형이고, 까끄라기 수는 3개 이상(B. bipinnata, B. biternata, B. pilosa var. pilosa, B. pilosa var. minor) Type C: 도란형이고, 까끄라기의 수는 2개(B. frondosa, B. radiata var. radiata, B. radiata var. pinnatifida, B. tripartita var. tripartita); Type D: 도란형이고, 까끄라기의 수는 3개 이상(B. cernua). 까끄라기의 강모 표면무늬는 3가지 즉 나선상, 평활상, 불규칙한 직선형으로 나타났다. 수과의 표면은 각피층이 발달한 다각형, 평활상 그리고 굴곡형으로 나타났다. 수과형질의 분류학적 적용에 대하여 간략하게 토의하였다. 수과형질을 바탕으로 한국산 가막사리속 분류군에 대한 검색표를 제시하였다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.62-66
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• 2006

A steroidal saponin, $3-O-{\alpha}-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1{\rightarrow}2)-[{\alpha}-L-rhamnopyranosyl-(1{\rightarrow}3)]-{\beta}-D-glucopyranosylpennogenin$ ;(1, spiroconazole A) was isolated from the tubers of Dioscorea bulbifera L. var sativa and $^1H-and\;^{13}C-NMR$ assignment was completed using HMBC correlation. In addition, four phenolic substances, 2,7-dihydroxy-4-methoxyphenanthrene (2), quercetin (3), $quercetin-3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ (4), and $quercetin-3-O-{\beta}-D-galactopyranoside$ (5) were also isolated.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.19 no.8
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• pp.1047-1055
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• 2010

This research conducted a vegetation survey on Mt. Changbai which are habitats of Papaver radicatum var. pseudoradicatum to obtain a basic data for artificial cultivation. The habitas of P. radicatum var. pseudoradicatum consisted of two communities as Dryas octopetala var. asiatica community and Aconogonon ajanense community. The community units as D. octopetala var. asiatica community and A. ajanense community belong to alpine vegetation in Mt. Changbai. A. ajanense community is distributed around altitude of 2007-2061m, and D. octopetala var. asiatica community is distributed altitude of 2350-2570m at relatively high elevation. According to the correlation between the vegetation structure and elevation. This vegetation structure can be simplified at the herb layer. The vegetation is classified into D. octopetala var. asiatica community and A. ajanense community on the axis 1 basis in the BC ordination analysis. Further, there appeared higher plant life totalling to 40 taxa comprising 35 species, 4 varieties and 1 forma with 20 families and 34 genuses at the whole survey area. Among these, Cyperaceae and Ericaceae plants excellent in resistance to environment was surveyed the most, accounting for 16%.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.601-608
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• 2014

This study evaluates changes in yogurt with Ulmus davidiana var. japonica (U. davidiana) in terms of its physicochemical, microbial, and sensory properties during storage. The pH value and mean microbial counts of this yogurt with 0.2 to 0.8% of U. davidiana added ranged from 4.1 to 4.3 and from $1.4{\times}10^8$ to $2.3{\times}10^8cfu/mL$, respectively, during storage at $7^{\circ}C$ for 16 d. In terms of its color, the L value was significantly higher in the control and U. davidiana yogurt 0.2 to 0.4% up to 4 d, than other yogurt samples, and the b value was influenced by the addition of U. davidiana over 0.6% throughout the storage. According to a sensory test, there was a significant difference in the yellowness score between U. davidiana yogurt and the control, but earthy, and bitterness, and viscosity scores were similar. Overall acceptability was not significantly influenced after 8 d of storage in all yogurt samples, including the control. According to these results, concentrations (0.2 and 0.4%) of U. davidiana yogurt had no significantly adverse effects on its physicochemical, microbial, and sensory properties.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.600-603
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• 2004

(＋）-Dehydrovomifoliol (1）. 3-hydroxy-5$\alpha$,6$\alpha$-epoxy-$\beta$-ionone (2）, vitexin 7 -O-$\beta$-D-glucopyrano-side (3）, and vitexin 2'-O-$\beta$-D-glucopyranoside (4） were isolated as new constituents from the aerial parts of Beta vulgaris var. cicla. Compounds 3 and 4 demonstrated hepatoprotective activity with values of 65.8 and 56.1％, respectively, in primary cultured rat hepatocytes with $CCl_4$-induced cell toxicity, compared to controls. This was comparable to that of silibinin (69.8％） which was used as a positive control.trol.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.49 no.4
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• pp.300-318
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• 2019

Many infraspecific taxa within Lespedeza maximowiczii and hybrids with related species have been described, but taxonomic verification remains controversial. We examined the morphological traits of hybrids (L. chiisanensis and L. patentibicolor) and infraspecific taxa (var. tomentella, elongata, and tricolor) and analyzed their genetic structures using microsatellite loci. Flower and leaflet shapes in var. tomentella and elongata were within the range of variation of those in var. maximowiczii, and individuals in the two former varieties were grouped into var. maximowiczii. Lespedeza maximowiczii var. tricolor was similar to L. buergeri in terms of the structure and flower color, whereas the leaflet and bracteole shapes of var. tricolor were similar to those of var. maximowiczii. Based on the genetic structure (K = 3), var. tricolor had a mixed lineage with L. maximowiczii and L. buergeri. In addition, these formed a distinct lineage at K = 5. For two hybrids, the flower and leaflet structure in L. chiisanensis did not differ from those in L. maximowiczii, whereas the flowers of L. patentibicolor were within the range of variation of L. bicolor. In addition, L. chiisanensis and L. patentibicolor were assigned to L. maximowiczii and L. bicolor, respectively, based on the genetic structure. We treated var. tomentella and elongata as a forma, f. friebeana, because L. friebeana preceded var. tomentella, whereas var. tricolor was treated as a distinct species, L. tricolor. Lespedeza chiisanensis was recognized as a synonym of L. maximowiczii. Lespedeza patentibicolor was considered to be L. bicolor.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.67-74
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• 2016

In order to find potential therapeutic agents on lung inflammatory conditions, the extracts of Acanthopanax divaricatus var. albeofructus were prepared and its constituents were isolated. They include lignans such as (+)-syringaresinol (1), acanthoside B (2), salvadoraside (3) and acanthoside D (4), lariciresinol-9-O-${\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (5) and phenylpropanoids such as 4-[(1E)-3-methoxy-1-propenyl]phenol (6), coniferin (7), and methyl caffeate (8). The extracts and several constituents such as compound 1, 6 and 8 inhibited the production of inflammatory markers, IL-6 and nitric oxide, from IL-$1{\beta}$-treated lung epithelial cells and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-treated alveolar macrophages. Furthermore, the extracts and compound 4 significantly inhibited lung inflammation in lipolysaccharide-treated acute lung injury in mice by oral administration. Thus it is suggested that A. divaricatus var. albeofructus and its several constituents may be effective against lung inflammation.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.75-79
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• 1996

Four steroids and one flavonol glycoside were isolated from the ethanol extract of the whole plant of Aconitum pseudolaeve var. erectum. Their structures were identified as ${\beta}-sitost-4-en-3-one$, 22-dihydro-stigmast-4-en-3,6-dione, ${\beta}-sitosterol$, ${\beta}-sitosterol-3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside$ and $kaempferol-3-O-{\beta}-D-glucopyranoside(astragalin)$ on the basis of spectral data.