• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.43-44
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• 2003

The subacute toxicity and toxicokinetics of a type IV phosphodiesterase inhibitor, CJ-10882, were evaluated after single (on the 1st day) and 4-week (on the 27th day) oral administration of the drug, in doses of 0 (to serve as a control), 2, 10 and 50 mg/kg/d, to male and female dogs (n = 3 for male and female dogs for each dose). During the test period, clinical signs, mortality, body weight, food consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, gross findings, organ weight and histopathology were examined.(omitted)

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.12 no.2
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• pp.184-194
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• 2000

1.Purpose This study was researched in order to investigate the effect of Hyungbangdojucksan-Gami and Kamsuchunilhwan on the obesity in rats. 2. Methods The rats were divided into 10 groups - The normal group fed with normal diet. One of the sample groups fed with high fat diet, and since fifth week had fed with Hyungbangdojucksan-Gami. The other sample groups fed with high fat diet, and since fifth week had fed with Kamsuchunilhwan. The control group fed with high fat diet, and since fifth week had fed sodium chloride. 3. Results 1. The rate of increasing weight was significantly decreased after oral administration of Hyungbangdojucksan-Gami and Kamsuchunilhwan. 2. The rate of feeding effect was not significantly decreased after oral administration of Hyungbangdojucksan-Gami and Kamsuchunilhwan. 3. After oral administration of Hyungbangdojucksan-Gami, the quantities of total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride on the serum were significantly decreased but that of lipid peroxide on the serum was significantly increased. 4. After oral administration of Kamsuchunilhwan., the quantities of glucose, total cholesterol, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride on the serum were significantly decreased but those of HDL cholesterol, lipid peroxide on the serum were significantly increased. 4.Conclusion Hyungbangdojucksan-Gami and Kamsuchunilhwan have significant effects on the obesity in the rats.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.45-62
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• 2003

Objective: This study was designed to investigate effects of Nokyongsageunhwan and Nokyongsageunhwan aquapuncuture on body weight, body length, intellectual development Methods: We observed body weight, body length, intellectual development after feeding Nokyongsageunhwan and Nokyongsageunhwan aquapuncuture for thirty three days, and mRNA expressions of GHRF, Somatostatin, IGF-1, NPY were analyzed by RT-PCR method. Results: The results were summarized as follows. 1. Body length was significantly increased in Nokyongsageunhwan herbal acupuncture group compared to normal group and normal saline injection group on 4th week, 2. Lower part of hind leg length was significantly increased in Nokyongsageunhwan oral administration group compared to normal group on 3rd week, and it was significantly increased in Nokyongsageunhwan herbal acupuncture group and Nokyongsageunhwan oral administration group compared to that of normal group on 4th week. 3. As results of observing memory aquisition using Morris water maze system, there was significantly difference in Nokyongsageunhwan oral administration group compared to that of normal group on 4th week. 4. As results of observing retention using Morris water maze system, staying time was significantly increased in Nokyongsageunhwan herbal acupuncture group compared to that of normal group. 5. The somatostatin mRNA expression in the hypothalamus was significantly decreased in Nokyongsageunhwan oral administration group compared to that of normal group. 6. The IGF-1 mRNA expression in the hypothalamus is significantly increased in Nokyongsageunhwan herbal acupuncture group and Nokyongsageunhwan oral administration group compared to that of normal group. 7. The NPY mRNA expression in the hypothalamus was significantly increased in Nokyongsageunhwan oral administration group compared to that of normal group, and it was increased in Nokyongsageunhwan herbal acupuncture group compared to that of normal group, but there was no significant difference. Conclusions: According to the above results, it appears that Nokyongsageunhwan oral administration and Nokyongsageunhwan herbal acupuncture on acupoint GB34 and GB39 showed effects on the growth and the intellectual development of rats.

• Proceedings of the Korea Environmental Mutagen Society Conference
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• 2003.05a
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• pp.43-44
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• 2003

• Toxicological Research
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.77-88
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• 2015

Lithospermum erythrorhizon has long been used in traditional Asian medicine for the treatment of diseases, including skin cancer. The oral toxicity of a hexane extract of Lithospermum erythrorhizon root (LEH) was investigated in Beagle dogs by using single escalating doses, two-week dose range-finding, and 4-week oral repeat dosing. In the single dose-escalating oral toxicity study, no animal died, showed adverse clinical signs, or changes in body weight gain at LEH doses of up to 2,000 mg/kg. In a 2 week dose range-finding study, no treatment-related adverse effects were detected by urinalysis, hematology, blood biochemistry, organ weights, or gross and histopathological examinations at doses of up to 500 mg LEH/kg/day. In the 4 week repeat-dose toxicity study, a weight loss or decreased weight gain was observed at 300 mg/kg/day. Although levels of serum triglyceride and total bilirubin were increased in a dose dependent manner, there were no related morphological changes. Based on these findings, the sub-acute no observable adverse effect level for 4-week oral administration of LEH in Beagles was 100 mg/kg/day.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.94-100
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• 2022

Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effects of systemic administration of levofloxacin or cephalexin on fracture healing in rats. Materials and Methods: In this animal study, tibial fractures not requiring fixation were artificially induced in 30 male Wistar albino rats using a 1.1 mm surgical bur. The rats were randomly divided into 6 groups (n=5). Groups 1 and 2 received daily subcutaneous saline injections. Groups 3 and 4 received subcutaneous injections of 25 mg/kg levofloxacin twice daily. Groups 5 and 6 received daily subcutaneous injections of 20 mg/kg cephalexin. The rats in Groups 1, 3, and 5 were sacrificed after 1 week, while the rats in Groups 2, 4, and 6 were sacrificed after 4 weeks. The score of fracture healing was determined through histological assessment of sections from the fracture site according to Perry and colleagues. Data were analyzed by Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests. Results: The mean score of fracture healing at 4 weeks was significantly higher than that at 1 week in the saline, levofloxacin, and cephalexin groups (P<0.001). At 1 week, no significant difference was noted among the three groups of saline, levofloxacin, and cephalexin in the mean score of fracture healing (P=0.360). However, this difference was significant at 4 weeks (P=0.018), and the mean score in the saline group was significantly higher compared to that in the levofloxacin group (P=0.015). Conclusion: It is recommended not to prescribe levofloxacin for more than 1 week after surgical management of bone fractures due to its possible adverse effects on fracture healing.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.25-45
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• 1994

The purposes of this study were to investigate the effect of pilocarpine-containing chewing gum for the treatment of xerostomia and to compare the effect of pilocarpine-containing chewing gum with that of pilocarpine oral administration. The 20 subjective and objective xerostomic patients were included in this study and divided into 3 groups. Five subjects were included in gum base chewing group, 10 in pilocarpine-containing gum chewing, and 5 in pilocarpine oral administration. The author measured unstimulated whole salivary flow rate, stimulated parotid salivary flow rate, pH of resting whole saliva, viscosity of stimulated whole saliva, and subjective symptoms and discomforts using VAS(visual analogue scale) at the beginning of the experiment. And the author investigated the changes of these factors at 1, 2, 3, and 4 week after. The obtained results were as follows : 1. There were significant increases in the unstimulated whole salivary flow rate in pilocarpine-containing gum chewing and pilocarpine oral administration groups. But there was no significant difference between pilocarpine-containing gum chewing and pilocarpine oral administration groups. 2. There was a significant increase in the stimulated parotid salivary flow rate in pilocarpine- containing gum chewing group. But there was no significant difference between pilocarpine- containing gum chewing and pilocarpine oral administration groups. 3. The change of salivary pH showed the increasing pattern in all groups. But there was no significant difference among groups. 4. There were no significant changes in the values of salivary viscosity in all groups through the experimental period. 5. There were significant decreases of VAS(visual analogue scale) in the degree of subjective symptoms and discomforts in pilocarpine-containing gum chewing and pilocarpine oral administration groups. But there was no significant difference between pilocarpine- containing gum chewing and pilocarpine oral administration groups.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.61-72
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• 2018

Objectives The purpose of this experiment is to evaluate 4 weeks DRF (Dose Rate Finding) and single oral dose toxicity of ChondroT in rats. Methods In 4-week DRF, male and female Sprague-Dawely rats were treated with ChondroT at oral dose of 0, 500, 1000, and 2000 mg/kg. clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, necropsy findings, organ weight, hematological and blood-chemical parameters, and histological findings were monitored for 4 weeks. Also, after single oral administration of ChondroT, mortality, clinical signs, body weight, and necropsy findings were minitored for 2 weeks. Results In 4-week DRF and single dose oral toxicity study of ChondroT in sprague-Dawley rats, ChondroT did not exhibit any toxicity under the study conditions employed. Conclusions The results suggested a no-observed adverse effects level (NOAEL) was over 2,000 mg/kg/day in SD rats after oral administration, this study could be used as basic study of the repeated dose 13-week oral toxicity study of ChondroT.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.222-228
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• 2020

Background: 20(S)-ginsenoside-Rg3 (C₄₂H₇₂O₁₃), a natural triterpenoid saponin, is extracted from red ginseng. The increasing use of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 has raised product safety concerns. Methods: In acute toxicity, 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 was singly and orally administrated to Kunming mice and Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats at the maximum doses of 1600 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg, respectively. In the 26-week toxicity study, we used repeated oral administration of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 in SD rats over 26 weeks at doses of 0, 20, 60, or 180 mg/kg. Moreover, a 4-week recovery period was scheduled to observe the persistence, delayed occurrence, and reversibility of toxic effects. Results: The result of acute toxicity shows that oral administration of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3 to mice and rats did not induce mortality or toxicity up to 1600 and 800 mg/kg, respectively. During a 26-week administration period and a 4-week withdrawal period (recovery period), there were no significant differences in clinical signs, body weight, food consumption, urinalysis parameters, biochemical and hematological values, or histopathological findings. Conclusion: The mean oral lethal dose (LD₅₀) of 20(S)-ginsenoside Rg3, in acute toxicity, is above 1600 mg/kg and 800 mg/kg in mice and rats, respectively. In a repeated-dose 26-week oral toxicity study, the no-observed-adverse-effect level for female and male SD rats was 180 mg/kg.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.72-79
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• 2003

The present study was conducted to investigate the potential subacute toxicity of AS6, [(3$\beta$, 4$\alpha$)-3,23-dihydroxyurs-12-en-28-oic acid], by a 4-week repeated oral administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. To test the subacute toxicity, AS6 was administered once daily by gavage to rats at dose levels of 0, 250, 500, and 1000 mg/kg/day for 4 weeks. There were no treatment-related effects on mortality, clinical signs, body weight, food and water consumption, ophthalmoscopy, urinalysis, hematology, serum biochemistry, necropsy findings, organ weights, and histopathology in any treatment group. In the condition of this study, target organ was not observed and the no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was considered to be 1000 mg/kg/day for both male and female rats.