• Computers and Concrete
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.289-299
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• 2022

Based on the random cracking theory, the cylinder RVE model of reinforced concrete is established and the damage process is divided into three stages as the evolution of the cracks. The stress distribution along longitude direction of the concrete and the steel bar in the cylinder model are derived. The equivalent elastic modulus of the RVE are derived and the user-defined field variable subroutine (USDFLD) for the equivalent elastic modulus is well integrated into the ABAQUS. Regarding the tensile rebars and the concrete surrounding the rebars as the equivalent homogeneous transversely isotropic material, and the FEM analysis for the reinforced concrete beams is conducted with the USDFLD subroutine. Considering the concrete cracking and interfacial debonding, the macroscopic damage process of the reinforced concrete beam under four-point bending loading in the simulation. The volume fraction of rebar and the cracking degree are mainly discussed to reveal their influence on the macro-performance and they are calibrated with experimental results. Comparing with the bending experiment performed with 8 reinforced concrete beams, the bending stiffness of the second stage and the ultimate load simulated are in good agreement with the experimental values, which verifies the effectiveness and the accuracy of the improved finite element method for reinforced concrete beam.

• 한국군사과학기술학회지
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• 제3권1호
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• pp.176-182
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• 2000

$360^{\circ}$ bending of Ti-6Al-4V large-diameter seamless tube(62.37 mm $OD {\times} 4.40mm$ wall thickness) has been achieved at room temperature without heating. The bending process comprised two steps : the first step is $360^{\circ}$ bending by an uniquely designed rotary bender allowing spring back, which is subsequently eliminated by the second or finishing step which comprised repeated bending processes by powered three roll bender, In odor to prevent collapse of tube during bending, Cerro $Tru^{TM}$(Trade name of a non-ferrous low melting point alloy)has been employed as a filler metal. The resultant ovality(out of roundness) obtained was 1.28%, as compared with 6~8% without applying Cerro $Tru^{TM}$.

• 생물환경조절학회지
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.391-399
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 현장에서 사용되는 온실 강관의 이음 방법에 대해 휨성능을 평가하고 그 결과를 바탕으로 가장 휨성능이 우수한 이음 방법을 알아보았다. 실험 결과, 모든 실험체는 이음이 없는 실험체 보다 휨성능이 작았다. 그러나 모든 실험체의 최대 휨모멘트는 이음이 없는 실험체 소성모멘트의 1.07~1.3정도로 나타났다. 또한 연결방법에 따른 결과는 연결핀 보다 인발 실험체가 상대적으로 큰 휨성능을 보였다. 현장 이음 방법의 파괴 모드는 연결핀과 강관 끝부분의 응력집중에 의한 국부좌굴이 지배적이었다. 현장시공 시 강관을 절단 후 연결할 경우, 이음 없이 사용하는 것이 가장 우수한 휨성능을 발휘하지만 부득이 강관을 절단할 경우는 연결핀보다는 인발 강관에 직결나사로 고정한 이음 방법(SPJ-F)으로 시공하는 것이 유리할 것으로 판단된다.

• 마이크로전자및패키징학회지
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.35-39
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• 2013

반도체센서의 응력에 따른 전기적 특성을 프로브 스테이션 위에서 측정하기 위해 소형 4점 굽힘 장치를 개발하였다. 4점 굽힘 장치는 $60{\times}83mm^2$의 면적을 갖는 소형 장치로 마이크로미터를 통해 정확한 변위를 인가함으로서 가해진 응력을 구할 수 있다. 유한요소해석법을 사용하여 기기의 오차를 예측하고 정밀도를 향상하였다. 실험적으로는 4점 굽힘 장치로 인가된 응력을 검증하기 위해 스트레인 게이지로 검증하였다.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.486-496
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• 2018

4점 휨 시험에서 지간 길이에 따른 낙엽송 제재목의 휨 성능 변화를 알아보기 위하여 연구를 진행하였다. 연구에 사용된 시험편의 크기는 38(너비) ${\times}$ 89(깊이) ${\times}$ 3,600(길이) $mm^3$이며, 평균 기건 밀도와 함수율은 각각 $543.5kg/m^3$, 10.5%이었다. 낙엽송 육안 등급 1등급 248본을 두 그룹으로 나눠, 지간 거리 1,650 mm와 3,000 mm에서 휨 실험을 진행하여 휨 강도와 휨 탄성계수를 도출하였다. 휨 탄성계수는 유의 수준 5%에서 지간 거리에 따라 차이가 없다고 판단된 반면 휨 강도는 차이가 있었으며, 지간에 반비례하였다. 지간 거리 1,650와 3,000 mm에서 휨 강도의 5% 하한치는 각각 28.65와 25.70 MPa로 확인되었다. 지간 거리에 따른 휨 강도 차이는 백분위 수가 증가함에 따라 커지는 것으로 확인되었으며, 이는 와이블 최약 링크 파손 이론에 의한 치수 효과 때문으로 사료된다. 따라서 지간 대 깊이 비가 15 이상으로만 제한되어 있는 목구조용 실대재 휨 시험법(KS F 2150)에 치수 효과를 고려할 수 있는 방법이 포함되어야 할 것으로 판단된다. 이를 통해 다양한 치수의 제재목에서 얻어지는 강도를 설계 값에 반영할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 복합신소재구조학회 논문집
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• 제6권4호
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• pp.16-23
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• 2015

The industrialization and urbanization forced to increase the density of pipelines such as water supply, sewers, and gas pipelines. The materials used for the existing pipe lines are mostly composed of concretes and steels, but it is true that the development for more durable and efficient materials has been continued performed to produce long lasting pipe lines. Recently, underground pipes serve in diverse applications such as sewer lines, drain lines, water mains, gas lines, telephone and electrical conduits, culverts, oil lines, etc. In this paper, we present the result of investigation pertaining to the structural behavior of unplasticized polyvinyl chloride (PVC-U) flexible pipes buried underground. In the investigation of structural behavior such as a ring deflection, pipe stiffness, 4-point bending test, experimental and analytical studies are conducted. In addition, pipe stiffness is determined by the parallel plate loading tests and the finite element analysis. The difference between test and analysis is about 8% although there are significant variations in the mechanical properties of the pipe material. In addition, it was found by the 4-point bending test there is no problem in the connection between the pipes by coupler.

• 한국가구학회지
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• 제19권3호
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• pp.211-218
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• 2008

This experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of internal holes on the bending strength of PB. The diameters of holes are 0mm to 13mm. The locations of holes are 1/8 to 4/5 point horizontally from sample end and are 1/5 to 4/5 vertically from sample surface, the numbers of holes are 1 to 4 pcs. In the size of internal holes, the bending strengths of PB were decreased significantly with the increase of diameter of holes, and the relationship between diameters(D) of holes and bending strength (${\sigma}_b$) of PB was ${\sigma}_b=-11D+168.8$ ($r^2=-0.99^{**}$). The effects of hole-locations and hole-numbers on the bending strengths of PB were large. and so they should be considered as major factors for the jointing design of PB.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.149-157
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• 2000

Computer simulations of the mechanical behavior of a three point bend specimen with a quarter notch under impact load are performed. The case with a load application point at the side is considered. An elastic-plastic von Mises material model is chosen. Three phases such as impact bouncing and bending phases are found to be identified during the period from the moment of impact to the estimated time for crack initiation. It is clearly shown that no plastic deformation near the crack tip is appeared at the impact phase. However it is confirmed that the plastic zone near the crack tip emerges in the second phase and the plastic hinge has been formed in the third phase. Gap opening displacement crack tip opening displacement and strain rate are compared with rate dependent material(visco-plastic material). The stability during various dynamic load can be seen by using the simulation of this study.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
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• 제20권6호
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• pp.1836-1842
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• 1996

In this paper, static and fatigue bending strengths of CFRP(carbon fiber reinforced plastic laminates having impact damage(FOD) are evaluated. Composite laminates used for this experiment are CF/EPOXY and CF/PEEK orthotropy laminated plates, which have two-interfaces[${0^0}_4{90^0}_4}$]$_sym$. A steel ball launched by the air gun colides against CFRP laminates to generate impact damages. The damage growth during bending fatigue test is observed by the scanning acoustic microscope(SAM). When the impacted side is compressed, the residual fatigue bending strength of CF/PEEK specimen P is greater that that of CF/EPOXY SPECIMEN B. On the other hand, when the impacted side is in tension, the residual fatigue bending strength of CF/PEEK speicemen P is smaller than that of CF/EPOXY specimen B. In the case of impacted-side compression, fracture is proposed from the transverse crack generated near impact point. On the other hand, fracture is developed toward the impact point from the edge of interface-b delamination in the case of impacted-side tension.

• 한국정밀공학회지
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• 제31권10호
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• pp.889-895
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• 2014

Machine parts and structures of a change in the displacement and strain can be evaluated safety is one of the important factors. Typically the strain gauge has been employed to measure the displacement and strain. However, this contact-type measurement method has disadvantages that are not measured under condition of specific object shape, surface roughness and temperature. In particularly, 3 point bending and 4 point bending test not use strain gauge. So its test used cross head displacement and deflect meter. Digital Image Correlation measurement methods have many advantages. It is non contact-type measurement method to measure the object displacements and strain. In addition, it is possible to measure the Map of full field displacements and strain. In this paper, measured the 3 point bending deflection using the Digital Image Correlation methods. In order to secure the reliability, Digital Image Correlation method and universal test machine were compared.