• 한국토양비료학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.17-21
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• 1991

연작지(連作地) 토양(土壤)의 pH저하(低下)의 원인(原因)에 대(對)하여 수행(遂行)한 시험결과(試驗結果)를 요약(要約)하면 다음과 같다. 1. 연작연수(連作年數)가 증가(增加)할수록 독소물질(毒素物質)의 함량(含量)이 증가(增加)하였으며, 독소물질(毒素物質)의 증가(增加)가 pH를 저하(低下)시켰다. 2. 독소물질(毒素物質)에 의한 pH저하율(低下率)이 증류수와 수도수에서는 높았으나 토양(土壞)에서는 이온들의 간섭(干涉)에 의해 저하율(低下率)이 낮았다. 3. 작물(作物)의 발아(發芽)에 미치는 독소물질(毒素物質)의 영향(影響)은 benzoic acid가 p-hyd roxybenzoic acid보다 컸으며 benzoic acid 300ppm 이상(以上)에서는 발아(發芽)되지 않았다. 4. acetone으로 독소물질(毒素物質)을 추출해낸 연작지(連作地) 토양(土壤)에서는 pH가 비연작토양(非連作土壤)과 거의 같았으며 참깨의 생육(生育)도 비연작토(非連作土)의 생육(生育)정도까지 회복(回復)되었다.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제14권4호
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• pp.311-318
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• 1991

Corneal permeability of various n-alkyl p-hydroxybenzoates (parabens) was studied in vitro using excised rabbit corneas, and the effect of lipophilicity of parabens on the corneal permeability was also investigated. Permeability coefficients were obtained from the least-square linear regression after the steady state had been reached. Lipophilicity of parabens was calculated by distribution coefficients determined in octanol-S | $12{\phi}{\parallel}$) rensen's buffer solution (pH 5.0). The relationship between lipophilicity and corneal permeability of parabens was not linear, but the optimum lipophilicity for the maximum permeation was found. The influence of tween 80 on corneal permeability of methyl and butylparaben was not significant.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• 제44권2호
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• pp.191-202
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• 2017

Chemical compounds from four different tissues of the kenaf plant (Hibiscus cannabinus), a valuable medicinal crop originating from Africa, were examined to determine its potential for use as a new drug material. Leaves, bark, flowers, and seeds were harvested to identify phytochemical compounds and measure antioxidant activities. Gas chromatography mass spectrometry analyses identified 22 different phytocompounds in hexane extracts of the different parts of the kenaf plant. The most abundant volatile compounds were E-phytol (32.4%), linolenic acid (47.3%), trisiloxane-1,1,1,5,5,5-hexamethyl-3,3-bis[(trimethylsilyl)oxy] (16.4%), and linoleic acid (46.4%) in leaves, bark, flowers, and seeds, respectively. Ultra-high performance liquid chromatography identified the major compounds in the different parts of the kenaf plant as kaemperitrin, caffeic acid, myricetin glycoside, and p-hydroxybenzoic acid in leaves, bark, flowers, and seeds, respectively. Water extracts of flowers, leaves, and seeds exhibited the greatest DPPH radical scavenging activity and SOD activity. Our analyses suggest that water is the optimal solvent, as it extracted the greatest quantity of functional compounds with the highest levels of antioxidant activity. These results provide valuable information for the development of environmentally friendly natural products for the pharmaceutical industry.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제28권7호
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• pp.761-764
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• 2005

Indigin, alkylated xanthene (1) and indigoferic acid (2) have been isolated from the chloroform soluble fraction of Indigofera oblongifolia, along with $\beta$-sitosterol (3) and 3-hydroxybenzoic acid (4), which are reported for the first time from this species. Their structures were determined through spectroscopic techniques. Both the new compounds 1 and 2 showed significant activity against enzyme lipoxygenase, while 2 further showed moderate inhibition against BChE.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.47-51
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• 2012

Among 38 Vietnamese medicinal plant extracts investigated for their ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity, 35 extracts showed $IC_{50}$ values below $250{\mu}g/mL$. The MeOH extracts of the heartwood of Oroxylum indicum, the seeds of Caesalpinia sappan, and the fruits of Xanthium strumarium exhibited strong ${\alpha}$-glucosidase inhibitory activity with $IC_{50}$ values less than $50{\mu}g/mL$. Fractionation of the MeOH extract of the heartwood of O. indicum led to the isolation of oroxylin A (1), oroxyloside (2), hispidulin (3), apigenin (4), ficusal (5), balanophonin (6), 2- (1-hydroxymethylethyl)-4H,9H-naphtho[2,3-b]furan-4,9-dione (7), salicylic acid (8), p-hydroxybenzoic acid (9), protocatechuic acid (10), isovanillin (11), and ${\beta}$-hydroxypropiovanillon (12). Compounds 1 - 3, 5, 6, 8, 10, and 12 showed more potent activities, with $IC_{50}$ values ranging from 2.13 to $133.51{\mu}M$, than a positive control acabose ($IC_{50}$, $241.85{\mu}M$). The kinetic study indicated that oroxyloside (2) displayed mixed-type inhibition with inhibition constant (Ki) was $3.56{\mu}M$.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.115-121
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• 2019

Alzheimer's disease is a chronic neurodegenerative disorder with no curative treatment. The commercially available drugs, which target acetylcholinesterase, are not satisfactory. The aim of this study was to investigate the cholinesterase inhibitory activity of Solenostemma argel aerial part. Eight compounds were isolated and identified by NMR: kaempferol-3-O-glucopyranoside (1), kaempferol (2), kaempferol-3-glucopyranosyl($1{\rightarrow}6$)rhamnopyranose (3) p-hydroxybenzoic acid (4), dehydrovomifoliol (5), 14,15-dihydroxypregn-4-ene-3,20-dione (6), 14,15-dihydroxy-pregn-4-ene-3,20-dione-$15{\beta}$-D-glucopyranoside (7) and solargin I (8). Two of them (compounds 2 and 3) could inhibit over 50 % of butyrylcholinesterase activity at $100{\mu}M$. Compound (2) displayed the highest inhibitory effect against acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) with a slight selectivity towards the latter. Molecular docking studies supported the in vitro results and revealed that (2) had made several hydrogen and ${\pi}-{\pi}$ stacking interactions which could explain the compound potency to inhibit AChE and BChE.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.132-137
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• 2016

Enhanced production of individual phenolic compounds by subcritical water hydrolysis (SWH) of pumpkin leaves was investigated at various temperatures ranging from 100 to $220^{\circ}C$ at 20 min and at various reaction times ranging from 10 to 50 min at $160^{\circ}C$. Caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, and gentisic acid were the major phenolic compounds in the hydrolysate of pumpkin leaves. All phenolic compounds except gentisic acid showed the highest yield at $160^{\circ}C$, but gentisic acid showed the highest yield at $180^{\circ}C$. The cumulative amount of individual phenolic compounds gradually increased by 48.1, 52.2, and $78.4{\mu}g/g$ dry matter at $100^{\circ}C$, $120^{\circ}C$, and $140^{\circ}C$, respectively, and then greatly increased by $1,477.1{\mu}g/g$ dry matter at $160^{\circ}C$. The yields of caffeic acid and ferulic acid showed peaks at 20 min, while those of cinnamic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and procatechuic acid showed peaks at 30 min. Antioxidant activities such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl and ferric reducing antioxidant power values gradually increased with hydrolysis temperature and ranged from 6.77 to 12.42 mg ascorbic acid equivalents/g dry matter and from 4.25 to 8.92 mmol $Fe^{2+}$/100 g dry matter, respectively. Color $L^*$ and $b^*$ values gradually decreased as hydrolysis temperature increased from $100^{\circ}C$ to $140^{\circ}C$. At high temperatures ($160^{\circ}C$ to $220^{\circ}C$), L* and b* values decreased suddenly. The $a^*$ value peaked at $160^{\circ}C$ and then decreased as temperature increased from $160^{\circ}C$ to $220^{\circ}C$. These results suggest that SWH of pumpkin leaves was strongly influenced by hydrolysis temperature and may enhanced the production of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activities.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.276-283
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• 1997

본 실험(實驗)은 자호종자(紫胡種子)의 발아적정온도(發芽適定溫度)를 구명(究明)하고, 유수 황산(流水 黃酸) 및 $GA_3$ 처리(處理)가 시호종자의 발아(發芽)에 미치 는 영향(影響)을 조사(調査)하며, 발아억제물질(發芽抑制物質)을 검정(檢定)하고자 수행(遂行)하였던 바 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1. 공시품종(供試品種)모두 암상태(暗狀態)에서 15, 20, 25및 $30^{\circ}C$ 처리(處理)에서는 $15^{\circ}C$에서 발아율(發芽率)이 가장 높게 나타났으며, 황산0.1및 1.0%를 5, 10 및 60분간처리 하였을 경우는 두 품종 모두 5분간 처 리 하였을 때 발아율이 높았으며, 유수(流水)에 1, 2및 5일간 처리하였을 경우는 두 품종 모두 2일간 처리 하였을 때 발아율이 가장높았고, 10, 50 및 100ppm의 $GA_3$를 처리하였을 경우는 두 품종 모두 100ppm에서 발아율이 높았다. 이상 모든 처리(處理)의 품종간 비교에서는 처리에 상관(相關)없이 정선종이 삼조종보다 발아율이 높게 나타났다. 2. SEM으로 관소(觀素)한 결과(結果) 무처리 에 북(比)해 유수(流水)에 2일간 처리한 경우는 시호종자의 종피 에 붙어 있던 많은 발아억제물질(發芽抑制物質)같은 것이 씻겨져 종피 표면(種皮 表面)이 깨끗하였다. 3. 시호종자 EtOH 추출물 농도(抽出物 濃度)가 4000ppm일 때 정선종에서는 41.7%, 삼도종에서는 58.3%의 상추종자 발아율을 나타내어 추출(抽出)농도가 높아질수록 상추종자 발아억제 현상(發芽抑制 現象)이 심(甚)하게 나타났다. 4. Phenolic acids의 검정(檢定)에 있어서는 두 품종에서 orchinol, Pyrogallol 및 p-hydroxybenzoic acid의 함양(含量)이 모두 높게 나타났으나, 삼도종은 정선종에 비하여 salicylic acid와vanillic acid의 함량이 다소 낮게 나타났다.

• 환경생물
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.323-333
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• 2009

파라벤은 p-하이드록시 벤조산(p-hydroxybenzoic acid)의 알킬에스테르로, 비교적 빠르게 흡수, 대사 및 배설되는 살균성 보존제로 식품, 화장품, 약품 등에 널리 사용되고 있다. 실제 인체는 파라벤 복합물에 노출된다. 파라벤의 안전성에 관한 연구결과들에 대한 고찰 결과 파라벤 종류에 따라 다양한 독성종말점을 대상으로 파라벤의 급성, 아급성 및 만성독성 영향은 비교적 적은 것으로 나타났다. 파라벤은 에스트로젠 유사활성을 가지며 화장품을 통한 경피흡수를 통해 유방암과의 상관성이 보고되었으나, 이와 상반된 견해도 있다. 파라벤의 항안드로젠성은 남성생식기계의 장애를 유발할 수 있으나 이와 상반된 견해도 있다. 파라벤은 정자의 미토콘드리아 기능 및 남성호르몬 생성을 저해할 수 있으나 이와 상반된 견해도 있다. 배아발달에는 독성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 세포독성으로는 세포용혈, 미토콘드리아 막투과성 변화, 세포사멸 등을 유발할 수 있다. 수환경에서 파라벤은 환경에스트로젠으로 작동하여 어류에서 내분비장애 효과를 발휘한다. 결론적으로 파라벤은 저독성물질로 분류할 수 있으나, 인체 및 수생동물들에서 파라벤의 노출경로 및 농도, 사용기간 등에 따른 독성과 내분비계장애 효과에 대하여는 다양한 종말점을 대상으로 좀 더 구체적인 독성자료들이 요구된다.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.193-200
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• 2016

This study describes the anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and melanogenesis inhibition activities of methanol extract and various organic solvent fractions of Arecae Pericarpium. We examined the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced nitric oxide (NO) production in RAW 264.7 cells, 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazine (DPPH) scavenging activity, mushroom tyrosinase inhibition activity and melanin contents. The study showed that, among all tested fractions, methylene chloride fraction showed the strongest inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells ($IC_{50}$ value $8.89{\mu}g/mL$) and DPPH radical scavenging activity ($EC_{50}$ value $21.39{\mu}g/mL$). Methylene chloride and ethyl acetate fractions similarly inhibited mushroom tyrosinase activity. Methanol extract exhibited strongest reduction of melanin content in B16F10 melanoma cells. Based on the bioactivity assay results, methylene chloride and ethyl acetate fractions were further separated. Eight phenolic compounds were isolated, which are dimeric syringol (1), catechol (2), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (3), vanillin (4), 4-hydroxyacetophenone (5), apocynin (6), protocatechuic acid (7) and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (8). Among the isolated compounds tested, catechol showed the strongest inhibition of LPS-induced NO production in RAW 264.7 cells. Catechol also showed the concentration-dependent NF-${\kappa}B$ inhibition activity. Arecae Pericarpium might have potentials to be developed as anti-inflammatory agent or dermatological product for skin-whitening agent.