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Fatigue Damage of Quasi-Isotropic Composite Laminates (의사등방성 복합재 적층판의 피로손상)

  • 김인권
    • Composites Research
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    • v.12 no.4
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    • pp.8-16
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    • 1999
  • In this study, when the applied directions of tensile loading is changed fatigue damage of quasi-isotropic composite laminates was discussed. Low cycle fatigue tests of $[0/-60/+60]_s$ laminates and $[+30/-30/90]_s$ laminates were carried out. Material systems used were AS4/Epoxy and AS4/PEEK. The fatigue damage of $[+30/-30/90]_s$ laminates differed from that of $[0/-60/+60]_s$ laminates. The position of delamination generated at AS4/Epoxy and AS4/PEEK $[+30/-30/90]_s$ laminates appeared differently according to the kind of matrix. Critical values of strain energy release rate were obtained by using the strain measured at the initiation of delamination. The experimental results agreed well with the results obtained by the proposed method for determining strain energy release rate.

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Influences of Sowing Time and Nursery Period on Growth and Yield of Perilla frutescens BRITTON var. acuta KUDO (파종기(播種期) 및 육묘기간(育苗期間)이 자소(紫蘇)의 생육(生育) 및 수량(收量)에 미치는 영향(影響))

  • Park, Hi-Jin;Chung, Dong-Hee;Kim, Sang-Gon;Kwon, Byung-Sun
    • Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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    • v.3 no.1
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    • pp.1-4
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    • 1995
  • To determine the optimum sowing time and nursery period in Perilla frutescens in the southern areas of Korea, perilla frutescens cv. red Perilla local cultivar was grown under three different sowing dates and nursery periods. The blooming period of the area which was sown on the seedbed in Apr.10 and carried out the growing seedling in 30days is Aug. 12 and it is two days earlier than that of the area, Aug.14, sown on the seedbed in Apr. 20 and carried out the growing seedling in 30days of the same month and it is also six days earlier than that of the area, Aug.18, sown on the seedbed in April 30 and conducted the growing seedling in the same date. The stem lengths are 135cm,131cm and 125cm respectively and the number of branches are 26.4, 25.3 and 23.6 respectively. The fresh weight of stem and leaf at the area sown on the seedbed in Apr.10 and conducted the growing seedling in 30days with the width of leaf over 5cm in the middle of Aug. and at the beginning of Sep. is 2,476kg/10a and it shows more increase of 172kg than that of fresh weight of stem and leaf with 2,304kg/10a which was sown on the seedbed in Apr.20 and earned out the growing seedling in 30days, and it also shows more increase of 411kg than that of fresh weight of stem and leaf with 2,065kg/10a at the area sown on the seedbed in April 30 and con­ducted the growing seedling in the same date, The fresh weight of seeds are 609.5kg/10a,509.3kg/10a and 463.2kg/10a respectively and $100.2{\sim}146.3kg$ is more increased. Therefore, the seedling period of the proper seedbed for high yield bumper crop of perilla frutescens for exporting to Japan is April 10 and the number of days for seedling is 30 days.

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Synthesis and Thermal Degradation of Poly(oxydiethylene adipate urethane) Composites Containing Cloisite 30B and Melamine Phosphate (Cloisite 30B와 멜라민포스페이트를 함유한 Poly(oxydiethylene adipate urethane) Composites의 합성과 열분해 특성)

  • Shin, Seung-Wook;Lee, Sang-Ho
    • Polymer(Korea)
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    • v.36 no.5
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    • pp.643-650
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    • 2012
  • In order to improve the thermal stability of polyurethane, we synthesized poly(adipate urethane) (PAU) and three PAU composites, PAU/30B (2.7 wt% 30B), PAU/MP (2.2 wt% MP), PAU/30B/MP (2.2 wt% 30B and 2.2 wt% MP), from poly(oxydiethylene adipate)-diol (PAD), 4,4'-methylene diphenyl diisocyanate (MDI), Cloisite 30B (30B), and melamine phosphate (MP). 30B and MP were introduced into the reactant mixture at the initial stage of the esterification between adipic acid and diethylene glycol, so 30B and MP were evenly dispersed in the PAU composites for long period. At temperatures lower than $250^{\circ}C$, the PAU composites were degraded faster than pristine PAU, mainly due to the decomposition of 30B and MP. At higher temperatures, the 30B and MP enhanced the thermal stability of the PAU composites. Compared with the pristine PAU, the thermal decomposition rates of the PAU composites decreased by 13~17%. In air, the residual weights of PAU/30B, PAU/MP, and PAU/30B/MP were 2.4, 2.3, and 7.3 wt% at $700^{\circ}C$, respectively.

Effect of Different Sowing Time on the Yield and Plant Growth for Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) Production (파종시기의 차이가 오크라 생장 및 수량에 미치는 영향)

  • Ahn, Yul Kyun;Seong, Ki Cheol;Kim, Shun Hwan
    • Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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    • v.21 no.3
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    • pp.267-270
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    • 2012
  • This study was conducted to investigate of germination, okra yield and plant growth according to sowing time in the field cultivation. The percentages of germination in okra seed according to sowing time were 4.4.% (15 April), 66.7% (30 April), 88.9% (15 May), and 100% (30 May). The highest germination rate (100%) was observed on 30 May sowing whereas the lowest germination rate (4.4%) was observed on 15 April sowing. Treatment on 30 April showed the best result compared with other treatments in the growth and development. The plant growth was 476cm in 30 April, 317cm in 15 May, and 271cm in 30 May treatment. The fruit yield significantly was affected by sowing time. In case of sowing time, 15 May sowing produced the highest yield (836 kg/10a) and 30 May sowing produced the lowest yield (507 kg/10a). Therefore, 15 May sowing is best for better growth and yield of okra.

Evaluation of Antimicrobial Activities of Sequential Spray Applications of Decontamination Treatments on Chicken Carcasses

  • Benli, Hakan;Sanchez-Plata, Marcos X.;Ilhak, Osman Irfan;De Gonzalez, Maryuri T. Nunez;Keeton, Jimmy T.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.28 no.3
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    • pp.405-410
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    • 2015
  • The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sequential applications of ${\varepsilon}$-polylysine (EPL) or lauramide arginine ethyl ester (LAE) sprays followed by an acidic calcium sulfate (ACS) spray on inoculated chicken carcasses to reduce Salmonella (Salmonella enterica serovars including Salmonella typhimurium and Salmonella enteritidis) contamination during 6 days of storage ($4.4^{\circ}C$). Secondly, reductions of the resident microflora were studied on uninoculated chicken carcasses following the sequential application of the treatments, chilling and 10 days of storage at $4.4^{\circ}C$. The treatment of Salmonella inoculated carcasses with 300 mg/L EPL followed by 30% ACS (EPL300-ACS30) sprays reduced Salmonella counts initially by 1.5 log cfu/mL and then by 1.2 log cfu/mL (p<0.05) following 6 days of storage at $4.4^{\circ}C$. Likewise, 200 mg/L LAE followed by 30% ACS (LAE200-ACS30) treatment reduced initial Salmonella counts on poultry carcasses by 1.8, 1.4 and 1.8 log cfu/mL (p<0.05), respectively, after 0, 3, and 6 days storage. Immediately after the treatments, EPL300-ACS30 and LAE200-ACS30 both reduced Escherichia coli counts significantly by 2.6 and 2.9 log cfu/mL, respectively. EPL300-ACS30 and LAE200-ASC30 were effective in lowering psychrotroph counts by 1 log cfu/mL on day 10 when compared to the control and distilled water treatments. This study demonstrated that EPL300-ACS30 and LAE200-ACS30 were effective in reducing Salmonella on inoculated chicken carcasses both after treatment and during the storage at $4.4^{\circ}C$ for up to 6 days. In addition, reductions in psychrotroph counts indicated that these treatments might have the potential to increase the shelf-life of poultry carcasses.

Effect of n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio on metabolic partitioning in hyperlipidemic rats (n-6/n-3 지방산 비율이 고지혈증 랫드의 지질대사 분할에 미치는 영향)

  • Lee, Seunghyung;Um, Kyung-Hwan;Park, Byung-Sung
    • Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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    • v.35 no.3
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    • pp.643-653
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    • 2018
  • This study was investigated the mechanism of action of n-6/n-3 fatty acid ratio on the metabolic partitioning of blood glycerolipids by in vivo monitoring technique in hyperlipidemic animal model rats. The ratio of cholesteryl 14C-oleate metabolized in the liver of total glycerolipids was lower in the order of n-6/n-3 ratios of 4:1, 15:1, 30:1 and control group (p<0.05). The secretion amount of phospholipid was higher in the order of n-6/n-3 ratio 4:1, 15:1, 30:1 than the control (p<0.05). The secretion amount of triglyceride was lower in especially 4:1, in order of n-6/n-3 4:1, 15:1 and 30:1 compared with the control. The ratio of phospholipid partitioning to total glycerolipid was high in orfer of n-6/n-3 ratio 4:1, 15:1, 30:1 and control (p<0.05). The triacylglycerol partitioning (%) via liver was higher 72.97, 75.93, 78.12% in n-6/n-3 4;1, 15:1, 30:1, respectively than the control of 82.25%, according to increased n-6/n-3 (p<0.05). The phospholipid partitioning (%) was lower 25.15, 18.87, 18.15% in n-6/n-3 4;1, 15:1, 30:1, respectively, compared to control 11.04%, according to increased n-6/n-3 (p<0.05).

Evaluation of Proper Image Acquisition Time by Change of Infusion dose in PET/CT (PET/CT 검사에서 주입선량의 변화에 따른 적정한 영상획득시간의 평가)

  • Kim, Chang Hyeon;Lee, Hyun Kuk;Song, Chi Ok;Lee, Gi Heun
    • The Korean Journal of Nuclear Medicine Technology
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    • v.18 no.2
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    • pp.22-27
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    • 2014
  • Purpose There is the recent PET/CT scan in tendency that use low dose to reduce patient's exposure along with development of equipments. We diminished $^{18}F$-FDG dose of patient to reduce patient's exposure after setting up GE Discovery 690 PET/CT scanner (GE Healthcare, Milwaukee, USA) establishment at this hospital in 2011. Accordingly, We evaluate acquisition time per proper bed by change of infusion dose to maintain quality of image of PET/CT scanner. Materials and Methods We inserted Air, Teflon, hot cylinder in NEMA NU2-1994 phantom and maintained radioactivity concentration based on the ratio 4:1 of hot cylinder and back ground activity and increased hot cylinder's concentration to 3, 4.3, 5.5, 6.7 MBq/kg, after acquisition image as increase acquisition time per bed to 30 seconds, 1 minute, 1 minute 30 seconds, 2 minute, 2 minutes 30 seconds, 3 minutes, 3 minutes 30 seconds, 4 minutes, 4 minutes 30 seconds, 5 minutes, 5 minutes 30 seconds, 10 minutes, 20 minutes, and 30 minutes, ROI was set up on hot cylinder and back radioactivity region. We computated standard deviation of Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) and BKG (Background), compared with hot cylinder's concentration and change by acquisition time per bed, after measured Standard Uptake Value maximum ($SUV_{max}$). Also, we compared each standard deviation of $SUV_{max}$, SNR, BKG following in change of inspection waiting time (15minutes and 1 hour) by using 4.3 MBq phantom. Results The radioactive concentration per unit mass was increased to 3, 4.3, 5.5, 6.7 MBqs. And when we increased time/bed of each concentration from 1 minute 30 seconds to 30 minutes, we found that the $SUV_{max}$ of hot cylinder acquisition time per bed changed seriously according to each radioactive concentration in up to 18.3 to at least 7.3 from 30 seconds to 2 minutes. On the other side, that displayed changelessly at least 5.6 in up to 8 from 2 minutes 30 seconds to 30 minutes. SNR by radioactive change per unit mass was fixed to up to 0.49 in at least 0.41 in 3 MBqs and accroding as acquisition time per bed increased, rose to up to 0.59, 0.54 in each at least 0.23, 0.39 in 4.3 MBqs and in 5.5 MBqs. It was high to up to 0.59 from 30 seconds in radioactivity concentration 6.7 MBqs, but kept fixed from 0.43 to 0.53. Standard deviation of BKG (Background) was low from 0.38 to 0.06 in 3 MBqs and from 2 minutes 30 seconds after, low from 0.38 to 0 in 4.3 MBqs and 5.5 MBqs from 1 minute 30 seconds after, low from 0.33 to 0.05 in 6.7 MBqs at all section from 30 seconds to 30 minutes. In result that was changed the inspection waiting time to 15 minutes and 1 hour by 4.3 MBq phantoms, $SUV_{max}$ represented each other fixed values from 2 minutes 30 seconds of acquisition time per bed and SNR shown similar values from 1 minute 30 seconds. Conclusion As shown in the above, when we increased radioactive concentration per unit mass by 3, 4.3, 5.5, 6.7 MBqs, the values of $SUV_{max}$ and SNR was kept changelessly each other more than 2 minutes 30 seconds of acquisition time per bed. In the same way, in the change of inspection waiting time (15 minutes and 1 hour), we could find that the values of $SUV_{max}$ and SNR was kept changelessly each other more than 2 minutes 30 seconds of acquisition time per bed. In the result of this NEMA NU2-1994 phantom experiment, we found that the minimum acquisition time per bed was 2 minutes 30 seconds for evaluating values of fixed $SUV_{max}$ and SNR even in change of inserting radioactive concentration. However, this acquisition time can be different according to features and qualities of equipment.

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Floral Visitors and Nectar Secretion of the Japanese Camellia, Camellia Japonica L.

  • Rho, Jeong-Rae;Choe, Chun-Choe
    • Animal cells and systems
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    • v.7 no.2
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    • pp.123-125
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    • 2003
  • We studied the nectar secretion of the Japanese Camellia (Camellia japonica L.), an evergreen tree and observed its floral visitors during the day. The mean volume of nectar secreted, during daylight (08:31 to 16:30 h) was 30.26$\pm8,29ml$ (SD) (n = 27). During the late afternoon and overnight (16:31 to 08:30 following day), 100.54$\pm54.85$(n = 27) of nectar was secreted. Total volume measured when flowers were sampled once every two hours for an eight-hour period was approximately one-half the volume which was measured when the flowers were sampled only once after eight hours. The mean nectar volume secreted was 8.55$\pm8.3ml$(n = 30) between 08:31 to 10:30, 4.38$\pm$6.1 ml (n = 30) between 10:31 to 12:30, 4.6$\pm5.4ml$(n = 30) between 12;31 to 14:30, and 4.02$\pm3.5ml$(n = 30) between 14:31 to 16:30 hours. During the day, Japanese Camellia flowers were principally visited by the Japanese white-eye (Zosterops erythropleura erythropleura 5.), a native bird, although insects and squirrels also visited to a lesser degree.

Intraspecific Protoplast Fusion of Citric Acid Producer, Candida lipolytica (구연산 생성 Candida lipolytica의 원형질체 융합)

  • 성낙계;심기환;전효곤;강신권;박석규
    • Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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    • v.13 no.4
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    • pp.391-395
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    • 1985
  • In order to develope a protoplast fusion system for citric acid and SCP producing Candida lipolytica, the optimal conditions for the formation and regeneration of protoplast were examined and the protoplast fusion was performed. At the optimal conditions of growth phase and Zymolyase treatment, frequencies of protoplast formation were 98%. Approximately 20-30% of protoplasts were regenerated on the regeneration minimal medium containing 3% agar and 30mM $CaCl_2$ with the overlay of the same medium. The fusion frequencies, 4-5${\pm}$10$^{-4}$, were accomplished by the treatment of two nutritionally complementary auxotrophic protoplasts, L-14 ($lys^-$) and T-24 (X$30^-$), with 30% PEG 6000 containing 100mM $CaCl_2$ at $30^{\circ}C$ for 20 minutes.

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Utilization of Faba Bean (Ficia faba) By-Products as Feed Ingredients for Lactating Cows

  • Al-Saiady, M.Y.
    • Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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    • v.11 no.3
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    • pp.255-259
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    • 1998
  • Sixteen Friesian Cows were allocated equally into 4 groups in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square design to evaluate the effects of utilizing bean by-products on the feed intake and milk production. Cows were fed on 4.5% of their body weight fresh alfalfa; the remainder of their requirements were covered by one of 4 experimental concentrate treatments: 1) commercial concentrate (CC), 2) 70% CC + 30% bean hulls (BH), 3) 70% CC + 30% Polished bean (PB) and 4) 70% CC+ 15% BH + 15% PB. Results showed that the inclusion of bean hulls at 30% improved (p<0.05) milk yield, 4% fat corrected milk yield, feed conversion ratio and fat percent of the milk over the other treatments. Feeding cows on a commercial concentrate plus 30% BH or 30% PB or 15% from each of BH and PB decreased the cost of feed per kg milk by 13.6, 2.5 and 1.3 %, respectively, lower than those fed on the commercial concentrate.