• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2018.05a
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• pp.37-37
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• 2018

Mating type of Lentinula edodes is determined by two unlinked genetic loci, A and B. To better understand mating behavior of L. edodes, we investigated variations in mating type genes in129 dikaryotic strains collected from East Asia. Through sequence analysis of A locus, we discovered that hypervariable region spanning N-term of HD2-intergenic region-N-term of HD1 could represent A mating type. Mating and hypervariable region analyses revealed 70 unique A mating types: 27 from 98 cultivated strains, 53 from 31 wild strains, and 10 commonly found. It was also revealed that only a few A mating type alleles such as A1, A4, A5, and A7 were prevalent in cultivated strains. Contrarily, A mating type in wild strains was highly diverse: 23 unique A alleles were discovered in small mountainous area in Korean peninsula, suggesting rapid evolution of A mating type in nature. The B locus was assessed by allelic variations in pheromone (PHB) and pheromone receptor (RCB) pairs which constituted subloci Ba and Bb. Sequence analyses and mating assay revealed 5 alleles of RCB1 with 9 associated PHBs in Ba sublocus and 3 alleles of RCB2 with 5 associated PHBs in Bb sublocus. Each RCB was primarily associated with two PHBs. Each PHB-RCB pair was always discovered as a distinct unit. This allowed us to propose 15 B mating types via combinations of five Ba and three Bb subloci. Further investigation on 129 strains confirmed that the B locus, unlike the A locus, was indeed restricted to 15 mating types. Thus, the total number of mating types became 1,050 in L. edodes through a combination of 70 A and 15 B. This number will further increase because of rapid diversification of A mating type. Our findings provide a comprehensive and practical knowledge on mating behaviors of L. edodes.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.1-8
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• 1998

This study was carried out to investigate the distribution of PAHs in atmosphere and soil, and their relationship, accumulation tendency in soil, and its contain burden ratio (%) the PM$_{10}$ and soil were sampled adjacent to a roadside and analysed by HPLC from August 25th 1996 to September 22nd 1996 in Seoul and Kunggido area. The main results are summarized below 1. The concentration of PM$_{10}$ in the ambient air was showed in order of industrial region ($142.70\pm 21.77 \mu g/m^3$), commercial region ($136.51\pm 31.62 \mu g/m^3$), residential region ($110.12\pm 14.98 \mu g/m^3$), greenbelt region ($77.44\pm 12.12 \mu g/m^3$), respectively. 2. Distribution of PAHs concentration level in PM$_{10}$ and soil was showed in order of industrial region, commercial region, residential region, greenbelt region, respectively in all components. 3. The contain burden ratio (%) in PM$_{10}$ was attested that BbF was the highest contain burden component (21.7-32%) and An was the lowest contain burden component (0.35-1.95%) in all region. 4. The contain burden ratio (%) in soil was attested that Pb (20.5%) was the highest and An (0.8%) was the lowest contain burden component in industrial region and BbF (21.9%) and An (0.45%) were the same tendency in commercial region and Py (21.6%) and BkF (3.5%) were in residential region, Py (29%) and An (2.6%) were in greenbelt region. 5. The relationship between concentration of PAHs in PM$_{10}$ and soil was attested that the component of BbF (r=0.514) was very highly correlated, and there were significant in Fl and BaA in soil between industrial region and commercial region (P<0.05).

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.391-396
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• 2009

The biological effects of carcinogenic polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (cPAHs) including benzo[a]pyrene (BaP), dibenzo[a,h]anthracene (DBA), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA), benzo[b] fluoranthene (BbF), benzo[k]fluoranthene (BkF), and indeno[1,2,3-c, d]pyrene (InP) on transcriptomic changes were determined in the liver of Oryzias latipes. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) by binary exposure to cPAHs (BaP+BaA, BaP+BbF, BaP+BkF, BaP+DbA, BaP+InP) were screened by annealing control primers-based polymerase chain reaction followed by sequence analysis and BLAST searching. The results showed that four DEGs were commonly expressed by cPAHs and they were identified as ribosomal protein S4, coagulation factor II, elongation factor 1 beta, and a predicted protein similar to human immunodeficiency virus type I enhancer binding protein 3. This finding suggests that binary exposure to cPAHs interferes protein synthesis required for fundamental liver functions in fish.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.199-205
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• 2013

Avian pathogenic Escherichia coli (APEC) is a causative agent for a number of extra intestinal diseases and account for significant losses to the poultry industry. Since protective immunity against APEC is largely directed to virulence antigens, we have individually expressed four different viulence antigens, papA, papG, IutA, and CS31A, using an attenuated Salmonella Typhimurium and a plasmid pBB244. Following oral immunization of mice with combination of two or four of these strains, serum IgG and mucosal IgA responses were elicited against each antigen represented in the mixture. The antigen-specific mucosal IgA responses were significantly higher in the group of mice immunized with the heat-labile Escherichia coli enterotoxin B subunit (LTB) strain than those in the group of mice immunized without the LTB strain. While, there was no significant difference between these two groups in antigen-specific serum IgG responses. The results showed that LTB could act as mucosal immune adjuvant. To assess the nature of immunity, the distribution of antigen-specific IgG isotypes was analyzed. All groups promoted Th1-type immunity as determined by the IgG2a/IgG1 ratio. Thus, our findings provided evidence that immunization with a combination of several vaccine strains is one of the strategies of developing effective vaccines against APEC.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.73-77
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• 2004

The gene analysis of resistance in rice cultivars, Daeanbyeo, Hwasunchalbyeo, Daejinbyeo, Naepungbyeo, Hwajinbyeo and Surabyeo to strains of Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae was studied. F$_1$ plants and F$_2$ populations from the crosses between six cultivars and near isogenic lines carrying the single bacterial blight(BB) resistance gene were analyzed using Korean and Japanese BB races. Daeanbyeo, Hwasunchalbyeo, Daejinbyeo, Naepungbyeo, Hwajinbyeo and Surabyeo are alleic with IRBB101 but are non-alleic with IRBB104 and IRBB105. The allelic tests indicated that Daeanbyeo, Hwasunchalbyeo, Daejinbyeo, Naepungbyeo, Hwajinbyeo and Surabyeo have the Xal gene for resistance.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.525-528
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• 1996

Seven cali[4]arenes, having two different substituents in AAAB or AABB pattern at the upper rim of calix were synthesized by fragmentation condensation reaction of p-substituted phenol trimer (AAA) with 2,6-bishydroxymethylated 4-substituted phenol (B) or that of dimer (AA) with 2,2'-bishydroxymethylated dimer (BB). An equimolar mixture of the coupling components (trimer and monomer or dimer and dimer) was refluxed in dioxane in the presence of TiCl4to afford calix[4]arene 6 and 7 in 15-38% yield. The structure of calix[4]arenes was confirmed by elemental analysis and the 1H/13C NMR spectroscopy.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.277-284
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• 2000

Background: Coronary artery bypases grafting in the old aged is associated with high mortality and morbidity, and it is difficult to perform if the coronary artery is diffusely disease. Recently it has been known that platelet derived growth factor(PDGF), especially PDGF-BB, stimulates angiogenesis. Material and Method: New Zealand white rabbit were used. In an attempt to achieve effevtive cardiac revasculatrization without vascular anastmosis, we divided into three groups(group I : Left anterior descending artery(LAD) was occluded by ligature, group II : Bilateral internal mammary vascular pedicles were dissected and implanted into myocardium, group III : The vascular pedicles were implanted into myocardium and PDGF-BB was injected into the myocardial tissue). Two weeks after IMA implantation, the proximal region of implanted LAD was ligated. Four days after LAD ligation angiogram, triphenyl tetrazolium chloride(TTD) staining and hematoxylin eosin staining were performed. Result: 1. Survival rate in group II was significantly higher than that in group I (P<0.05), and survival rate in group III was signficantly higher than that in group II(53% vs 93%, P<0.01). 2. There were significant differences in the ratio of area of necrosis to area at risk between group I and group II, and between group II and group III (P<0.01). 3. Microangiogram for angiogenic response revealed wide area of extensive revascularization with patent vessels in group III. 4. Histologic findings of three groups showed that polymorphonuclear leukocyte infiltration was minimal in group II and none in group III. Conclusion: PDGF-BB can establish functinal cardiac revasculatization through systemic vessels implanted directly into the myocardium.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.56-67
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• 1993

To applying of genetic markers of milk proteins as dairy cow registration and selection aids for genetic improvement, genopypes controlling the 4 milk protein loci, ${\alpha}S1$-casein (${\alpha}S1$-CN), ${\beta}$-casein(${\beta}$-CN), ${\kappa}$-casein(${\kappa}$-CN), and ${\beta}$-lactoglobulin(${\beta}$-LG), from a total of 159 Holstein lactating cows reared at National Animal Breeding Station in 1992 were detected by polyacrylamide gel(PAGE) electrophoresis, and associations between genetic polymorphisms of milk proteins and milk compositions were analyzed. The observed distribution of phenotypes for ${\alpha}S1$-CN, ${\beta}$-CN, ${\kappa}$-CN and ${\beta}$-LG were agreement with those expected under the assumption of genetic equilibrium. The observed genotypic frequencies of the ${\alpha}S1$-CN BB, ${\beta}$-CN AA, ${\kappa}$-CN AA and ${\beta}$-LG AB genotypes were founded to be very high as 79.87%, 84.28%, 71.70% and 49.10%, respectively. Gene frequencies were 0.899 and 0.101 for ${\alpha}S1-CN^B$ and ${\alpha}S1-CN^C$, 0.921 and 0.079 for ${\beta}-CN^A$ and ${\beta}-CN^B$, 0.837 and 0.163 for ${\kappa}-CN^A$ and ${\kappa}-CN^B$, 0.378 and 0.622 for ${\beta}-LG^A$ and ${\beta}-CN^B$. According to the results of analysis of variance, the genotypes of the ${\alpha}S1-CN$, ${\beta}-CN$, ${\kappa}-CN$ and ${\beta}-LG$ were significantly difference for fat, protein and total solid percentage in milk compositions. On milk compositions, the ${\kappa}$-CN BB genotype was very high fat and protein percentage more than ${\kappa}$-CN AA and AB genotypes, and ${\beta}$-LG AA genotype was very high fat percentage more than ${\beta}$-LG AB and BB genotype at 5% level of significant difference, respectively. As a consequence, the fat and protein percentage may be improved to select to ${\kappa}$-CN BB and ${\beta}$-LG AA genotypes.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.6 no.3
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• pp.152-157
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• 2017

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine the intra-rater and inter-rater reliability of the dual rehabilitative ultrasound imaging (D-RUSI) when simultaneously measuring muscle thickness changes at rest and during co-contraction of the biceps brachii (BB) and triceps brachii (TB). Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: This study included 36 healthy participants (23 men, 13 women). The participants sat on a chair in a comfortable position with a cushion placed under their elbow to maintain a 90-degree elbow flexion angle. The muscle thickness of the biceps brachii and triceps brachii was measured twice using the D-RUSI by two examiners during resting and co-contraction states. One week later, the same procedure was performed once again. Results: The intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) for intra-rater reliability ranged from 0.887 to 0.989 and the confidence interval was within an acceptable range of 0.778 to 0.994. The standard error of measurement (SEM) values ranged from 0.303 to 0.866 and the minimal detectable change (MDC) values ranged from 0.84 to 2.40. The ICCs for inter-rater reliability ranged from 0.758 to 0.925. The SEM values ranged from 0.702 to 1.486 and the MDC values ranged from 1.95 to 4.12. Conclusions: The use of the D-RUSI of the BB muscle had a very good intra-rater reliability and very good inter-rater reliability at the resting state, and a, good inter-rater reliability at the co-activation state. ICC values showed very good intra-reliability and inter-reliability for the TB muscle. the D-RUSI is a useful tool for simultaneously measuring the thickness of two muscles when the BB is an agonist and the TB is an antagonist during co-activation of the upper arm.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.101-106
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• 2004

This study was conducted to examine the effect of bluefin tuna bone on the bone metabolism of the rats. Weaned 6-week old male rats were fed low-calcium diets for 2 weeks after the adjustment period. Rats were divided into 6 groups and were fed experimental diets for six weeks. Experimental groups were \circled1 Normal calcium: CC (0.5% CaCO$_3$; control) \circled2 TB (bluefin tuna bone powder) \circled3 CT (citrated bluefin tuna bone powder) \circled4 BB (bovine bone powder) \circled5 CL (calcium lactate) \circled6 Low calcium LC (0.15% CaCO$_3$). Low-calcium diet group (LC) showed the lowest calcium retention. There was no differences in calcium excretion in stool and calcium absorption among various calcium sources. Serum calcitonin levels were high in TB, CT and BB group compared to those in CC, CL LC group. Parathyroid hormone and osteocalcin levels showed no differences among experimental groups. Deoxypyridinoline (DPD) levels were significantly higher in LC group than in other groups. Wet weight of the femur were significantly high in TB and CT group, and dry weight of femur showed no differences among normal calcium groups. Bone density of femur in LC group was significantly lower than those of normal calcium feeding group, and TB group showed highest bone density among experimental groups. There was no differences in bone metabolism among various calcium sources. Therefore, it is pointed out that the amount of calcium intake is very important because there was significant differences between normal calcium diet and low calcium diet. According to the results of femur weight, ash, calcium and bone density, it is suggested that bluefin tuna bone have alternative effects to bovine bone powder on the maintenance of bone health.