• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.201-207
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• 1997

This study was carried out to investigate the changes of blood chemical values in 61 crossbred calves at 1 day, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 9 weeks of age, respectively. The blood chemical values of calves with diarrhea were compared with those of normal calves, and blood chemical values were compared for groups of calves with weight gain divided into four ranges; up to 0.9 kg/wk and over 7.0 kg/wk. The results obtained in this study show that the mean values and standard deviation of red blood cell (RBC) and packed cell volume (PCV) of normal calves at 1 day of age (806.7$\pm $56.5 10$^{4}$/$\mu$l and 33.8$\pm $5.2 %) decreased at 1 week of age and increased at 2 and 4 weeks of age. The PCV of normal calves at 9 weeks of age (32.6$\pm $2.3 %) was significantly lower than that at 2 and 4 weeks of age (p<0.05). Total protein of normal calves at 1 day of age (6.8$\pm $0.5 g/100 ml) decreased to 6.4$\pm $0.6 g/100ml at 1 week and increased to 7.0$\pm $ 0.7 g/100 ml at 2 weeks. After 2 weeks of age, total protein tended to decrease gradually to 9 weeks of age. Glucose of normal calves at 9 weeks of age (78$\pm $4 mg/100 ml) was significantly lower than that at 1 week (110$\pm $8 mg/100 ml) (p<0.01). At all ages, RBC, white blood cell (WBC), PCV and fibrinogen of calves with diarrhea were higher than those of normal calves. RBC and PCV of calves with diarrhea at 1 week of age (929.7$\pm $39.7 10$^{4}$/$\mu$ and 42.3$\pm $0.4 % were significantly higher than those of normal calves at 1 week (786.4$\pm $80.9 10$^{4}$/$\mu$l and 32.2$\pm $3.8 %) (p< 0.05), which suggest that diarrhea at this age can be dangerous. The weekly weight gain was an average of 4.2 kg/wk from birth to 9weeks. RBC, PCV, fibrinogen, total protein and vitamin E of calves with weight gain more than 4.0kg/wk. From the above results we obtained eledata support the importance of providing high quality feed from 4 weeks to 9 weeks of age for satisfactory weight gain of calves.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제15권1호
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• pp.82-89
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• 1986

식이 지방의 P/S비율을 0.05, 0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 3.0, 4.0으로 조절한 실험식이로 Wistar계 흰쥐를 사육하면서 급식 2주 및 4주에 혈장 총 콜레스테롤과 중성지방 함량, 간, 소장 및 동맥의 콜레스테롤과 중성지방 함량을 측정하여 식이지방의 P/S비율이 체내 지방대사에 미치는 영향을 검토한 바 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 식이효율은 2주 급식시에는 여섯 실험군간에 차이가 없었으나 4주 급식시에는 P/S 비율이 높을수록 높은 경향을 나타내었다. 2. 혈장의 총 콜레스테롤 함량은 P/S비율이 높아감에 따라 2주 급식시에는 증가하는 경향을 보였으나, 4주 급식시에는 유의하게 감소하였다. (p＜0.05) 3. 혈장의 중성지방 함량은 4주 급식시 P/S비율이 높을수록 유의하게 감소하였다.(p＜0.05) 4. 간 및 소장의 콜레스테롤 함량은 4주 급식시 P/S비율이 높아감에 따라 증가하였다. 그러나 동맥의 콜레스테롤 함량은 P/S 비율의 변화에 따른 영향을 보이지 않았다. 5. 간 및 소장의 중성지방 함량은 P/S비율이 높아감에 따라 현저하게 증가하였으나(p＜0.05), 동맥의 중성지방 함량은 P/S비율의 변화에 따른 영향이 뚜렷하지 않았다.

• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제41권6호
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• pp.438-448
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• 2015

Objectives: This study was performed to examine the effects of storage time and temperature and their interaction on the hygienic quality parameters of shell eggs. Methods: Eggs from 40-week-old Hy-Line Brown hens were sampled immediately after being laid and subjected to storage periods of four weeks at a refrigerated temperature ($4-5^{\circ}C$) or room temperature ($13.0-19.7^{\circ}C$). Interior/exterior qualities were examined every one week. Results: Weight loss was 2.4-3.1%. The initial specific gravity of the eggs was maintained until one week at both temperatures. Air cell size exceeded 4 mm when stored for one week at room temperature, and two weeks at refrigerated temperature. Albumen index and Haugh unit were significantly decreased at both temperatures after one week (p<0.001). Rapidly increased pH of the albumen with one week of storage was observed, regardless of temperature (p<0.001). Extension of the storage for up to four weeks at room temperature resulted in remarkable deterioration of eggshell quality and instrumental color as redness (a). Air cell size, albumen and yolk indices, Haugh unit, pH of albumen and yolk were found to be influenced by storage time and temperature (p<0.001). Interaction effects between storage time and temperature were also significant for air cell size, pH of albumen and yolk (p<0.001). Conclusion: The results suggest that air cell size and pH of albumen and yolk were important parameters influenced by storage time and temperature in shell eggs. Storage time was more influential for air cell size, and temperature for the pH of yolk. Both variables almost equally influenced the pH of albumen.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.3-12
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• 1993

This study was performed to investigate effects of dietary fat content and degree of saturation on the function of the immune system. Sixty male BALB/c mice average-weighing 17g were divided into three dietary groups: 5% safflower oil group, 20% safflower oil group, 19.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil group. Food intake and body weight were measured every day. At 4th, 7th, 10th week after dietary treatment, organ weight measurements, delayed-type hypersensitivity test, plaque forming cell test, agglutination test, differential white cell count and histological examination of spleen were performed. Results are follows; 1) Body weight, food intake and calorie intake were not different in the three dietary groups during the experimental period($\alpha$=0.05). 2) Liver weight was significantly higher in 5% safflower oil group($\alpha$=0.05). Spleen index was slightly higher in mice fed 5% safflower oil and 19.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil. Thymus index in all mice was decreased by aging. 3) Delayed-type hypersensitivity of the mice fed 5% safflower oil and 19.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil was significantly higher than that of the mice fed 20% safflower oil. 4) The number of plaque forming cell was significantly reduced at 10th week compared to 7th week in all group($\alpha$=0.05). Although there was no difference in plaque forming cell among three groups at 10th week, 5% safflower oil group showed slightly higher plaque forming cell than 20% safflower oil group at 7th week. 5) At 4th week, agglutination test seems to be higher in 5% safflower oil group and 19.3% beef tallow & 0.7% safflower oil group compared to 20% safflower oil group. 6) Percentage of neutrophil and eosinophil was slightly reduced in 20% safflower oil group. 7) Spleen tissue was not affected by and dietary treatments. According to our results, the higher the fat content & unsaturation of the diet the lower the cell-mediated immunity of the mice. Humoral-immunity did not appear to be affected by the dietary manipulation. However humoral-immunity was decreased significantly by aging in all dietary groups.

• 디지털융복합연구
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• 제14권12호
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• pp.633-644
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• 2016

본 연구는 대학생들의 피톤치드 아로마 흡입과 운동의 복합 처치가 그들의 대학생활스트레스, 기분상태 및 수면에 미치는 영향을 12주 장기간 실험을 통하여 규명하고자 하였다. 피톤치드 아로마 흡입과 운동의 복합 처치의 효과를 탐색하고자 피톤치드 아로마 흡입군(18명), 운동군(17명), 피톤치드 아로마 흡입군+운동군(17명), 대조군(20명)의 4집단 총 72명을 대상으로 하였으며, 사전측정(0week), 중간측정(6week), 사후측정(12week)으로 구성되는 $4{\times}3$ 반복측정에 의한 요인설계($4{\times}3$ factorial design with repeated measure)로 설계하여 대학생의 대학생활 스트레스 지수, 기분상태의 변화를 살펴보았다. 그 결과 통제집단을 제외한 모든 집단에서 기분상태, 수면, 대학생활스트레스의 점수가 향상된 것으로 나타났다. 특히 피톤치드 아로마 흡입과 운동만을 실시한 집단보다 피톤치드 아로마 흡입과 더불어 운동을 병행한 집단이 더 유익한 효과를 나타냈다는 점에서 매우 의미 있는 연구라고 생각된다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제13권3호
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• pp.252-264
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• 1991

The purpose of this study was to compare the response of adjacent tissue and new bone formation after implantation by different methods of subperiosteal using using Proplast I and II in rabbit mandible. Microstructure of Proplast I and II was observed by scanning electron microscope. And the implantation procedure was carried out by dividing into tow groups, A and B. a group consisted of subperiosteal graft on the cortex, and the other B group was made up onlay graft following artificial decortication in the madibular body of rabbit. The experimental animals were sacrificed on the 1st, 2nd, 4th and 8th week after grafting for macroscopic and histopathologic examination. The samples extracted at the 6th postgrafting week were also used for biometric test. The result ere as follows : 1. By scanning electron microscopic observation, pore size was $50{\sim}180{\mu}m$ in the Proplast I and $100{\sim}220{\mu}m$ in Proplast II. 2. Macroscopically, infection of the graft site, deformation and displacement of the implanted materials were not observed in all experimental groups. 3. In the tissue response, infiltration of inflammatory cells and multinucleated giant cells were observed from the 2nd to the 8th week in Proplast I. Inflammatory cells decreased in number from the 2nd week in Proplast II suggesting that Proplast II is better than Proplast I. 4. Bone formation was not observed until the 8th week in the group A, but new bone formation from the surrounding graft bed and the periostium was appeared from the 4th week in the group B. 5. The maximum mean values of shear stress mere serially $65.5gf/mm^2$ in Proplast II of group B, $32.9gf/mm^2$ in Proplast I of group B, $17.0gf/mm^2$ in Proplast II of group A, and $15.7gf/mm^2$ in Proplast I. of group A.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제12권6호
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• pp.593-598
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• 2003

The effects of bisphenol A on the catalase activities in the development stage of zebrafish were investigated. In this study, the catalase activities for zebrafish fries exposed to bisphenol A of 1${\times}$10$\^$-10 g/$\ell$ during 1 week, 2 week, and 4 week post-hatching were examined. Also, the changes of organs weight and the catalase activities for adult zebrafishes exposed to bisphenol A during 3 weeks were investigated. Catalase activities for zebrafish fries exposed to bisphenol A of 1${\times}$10$\^$-10/ g/$\ell$ during 1 week post-hatching were significantly lower, compared to the control. Somewhat, for zebrafish fries exposed to bisphenol A during 4 week post-hatching, catalase activities were significantly increased. For adult zebrafishes, the effects of bisphenol A were higher for female than male. Specially, catalase activities were significantly increased in the ovary of zebrafishes exposed to bisphenol A during 3 weeks. The ovary weight were increased for zebrafishes exposed to bisphenol A during 3 weeks. Catalase activities were increased in the intestine of female exposed to bisphenol A during 3 weeks. Catalase activities were increased in testis exposed to bisphenol A during 3 weeks but there was no significance. In conclusion, the damages of an endocrine disrupter were higher in the earlier development stage compared with adult. The damages were higher for female exposed to an endocrine disrupter compared with male.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제48권4호
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• pp.309-312
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• 2010

Objective : This study describes a method for inducing osteopenia using bilateral ovariectomy (OVX), which causes significant changes in bone mineral density (BMD) in rats. Methods : Twenty-five 10-week-old female Sprague Dawley rats were used. Five rats were euthanized after two weeks, and BMD was measured in their femora. The other 20 rats were assigned to one of two groups : a sham group (n = 10), which underwent a sham operation, and an OVX group (n = 10), which underwent bilateral OVX at 12 weeks of age. After six weeks, five rats from each group were euthanized, and BMD was measured in their femora. The same procedures were performed in the remaining rats form each group eight weeks later. Results : The femur BMD was significantly lower in the six-week OVX group than in the six-week sham group, and in the eight-week OVX group than in the eight-week sham group. Conclusion : Bilateral OVX is a safe method for creating an osteopenic rat model. The significant decrease in BMD appears six weeks after bilateral OVX.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.34-39
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• 2008

Oxidative stress may represent a common link between chronic liver damage and hepatic fibrosis. In the present study, we investigated activity changes of sphingomyelin catabolic enzymes, such as sphingomyelinases and ceramidases by using dimethylnitrosamine (DMN)-treated Sprague-Dawley (SD) male rats hepatic fibrosis model as a hepatic fibrosis model. Twenty rats divided into five groups received: (1) saline; (2) DMN for 1 week, (3) DMN for 2 weeks, (4) DMN for 3 weeks, and (5) DMN for 4 weeks by intraperitoneally 10 mg/kg of body weight for three consecutive days a week. Activities of acidic and neutral sphingomyelinases and acidic, neutral and alkaline ceramidases were measured in the liver and kidney from DMN-treated rats. We found increased ceramidase activities from 2-week and/or 3-week DMN treated rat livers compared to control rat liver. Acidic sphingomyelinase and alkaline ceramidase activities were significantly increased in 3-week DMN-treated rat kidneys compared to control rat kidney. Therefore, sphingolipid metabolizing enzymes and sphingolipid metabolites are supposed to be involved in liver fibrosis, although further investigation is necessary to elucidate meanings of sphingolipids during the liver fibrosis

• 대한치과보철학회지
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• 제27권1호
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• pp.181-192
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• 1989

Loss of teeth causes the inevitable reduction of residual ridge. Among the various methods solving this problem, hydroxyapatite proved to be useful for correction of ridge defect and irregularity. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the tissue responses of two types Of hydroxyapatites and resin polymer. Calcitite 2040 (Calcitek Inc.), Interpore 200 (Interpore Int.), and HTR polymer (HTR Sciences) were implanted into the jaw of an adult dog. The procedure was designed to obtain the results of 1 week, 2 week, 4 week, and 12 week-intervals. And after 12 weeks from the first operation day, the dog was sacrificed and evaluated histologically by light microscope. The results were as follows : 1. The mucosa was healed after two weeks. 2. After 1 week, there were acute inflammatory cells, but diminished after 2 weeks and were not seen after 12 weeks. 3. The hydroxyapatites implanted in soft tissues were surrounded by fibrous connective tissue. And some foreign body giant cells were found. 4. Calcitite and Interpore particles implanted subperiosteally were surrounded by newly formed bone after 12 months. And direct contact between bone and particles was noted. 5. The HTR particles implanted in soft tissues were encapsulated by fibrous connective tissues. The sample where the particles contacted directly to bone could not obtained by some probable insufficiencies of surgical technique or care of the animal. And the residue of HTR particles was digested by macrophage.