• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
• /
• v.10 no.2
• /
• pp.241-249
• /
• 1998

Seasonal samples of demersal fish off Yongkwang were collected by an otter trawl from June 1986 to March 1987, and analyzed in terms of species composition and abundance. Of 33 species indentified, Johnius grypotus, Chaeturichthys stigmatias, Argyrosomus argentatus and Cynoglossus joyneri predominated in abundance, consisting 81.9% in the total number of species and 71.4% in biomass. The number of species and abundance were comparatively high in warmer months, and a resident species Cynoglossus joyneri and migrants such as Johnius grypotus and Argyrosomus argentatus were predominated. In cold months, the number of species and abundance were low, and Chaeturichthys stigmatias and Zoarces gillii were dominated. The relative abundance in major species of the present study shows a similar seasonal trend to that obtained in 1995. The relative abundance of major species occurred in the shallow coastal waters of southwestern Korea was highly correlated to the tidal velocity. J. grypotus and C. stigmatias declined in abundance while C. joyneri increased as the tidal velocity increased. This trend in abundance of the major fishes seems to be related to the form of body. The characteristics being flat of C. joyneri could be the major cause of sustaining in the water of high tidal mixing.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.34-58
• /
• 2005

This study was executed to find out how to improve the planting and use of landscaping plants in Weonju and Hoengseong. 1. The number of street trees were 22,068 and the species number were 10 species in Weonju in 2004. The major species of street trees were Ginkgo biloba(58%), Prunus sargentii(15%), Zelkova serrata(9%), Prunus armeniaca var. ansu(8%), and Acer palmatum(6%). The ratio of native species versus exotic were 50:50. In Hoengseong, the number of street trees was 13,500 and the species number were 15 species. The major species of street trees were Prunus sargentii(42%), Ginkgo biloba(23%), Acer triflorum(12%), Prunus armeniaca var. ansu(6%), and Prunus mume(4%). The ratio of native species versus exotic were 67:33. The species of which planting frequency within two areas was very high were Ginkgo biloba and Prunus sargentii. 2. It is necessary to select tree species suitable for the characteristics of the locality and to raise distinctive street trees that contribute to the tourist industry. For the purpose, the appropriate street trees in two areas are Cornus controversa, Quercus aliena, Zelkova serrata, Prunus padus, Sorbus alnifolia, Sorbus comixta, Albizzia julibrissin, Acer triflorum, Styrax japonica, Chionanthus retusus, Celtis sinensis, Prunus yedoensis, Malus sieboldii, Crataegus Pinnatifida, Prunus armeniaca var. ansu and Pyrus pyrifolia etc.. 3. Appropriate pruning adds to the aesthetic and prolongs the useful life, it also requires less managing of insects and diseases to maintain good healthy of street trees. Street trees were not properly pruned due to electric lines and shortage of pruning information. The pruning was controlled by Korea Electric Power Co, which has no pruning information. Pruning must be maintained by a professional landscape company to maintain good shape such as with Bonsai. The shrubs planting zone between street trees and other trees, and preservation plates were established for healthy of street trees. They have to be repaired and maintained well to keep better environmental conditions. The proper fertilization, the control of pests and diseases, the installation of drainpipe and the use of soil brought from another place were needed to improve the planting, use and maintenance of landscape plants. 4. The species number of school trees and flowers of 102 schools in Weonju and Hoengseong were 17species, 16species respectively. The major species of school trees in Weonju were Juniperus chinensis(24%), Ginkgo biloba(17%), Pinus densiflora(14%), Zelkova serrata(14%), and Pinus koraiensis(9%), and those of school trees in Hoengseong were Pinus koraiensis(44%), Abies holophylla(25%), Juniperus chinensis(8%), and Ginkgo biloba(8%). The major species of school flowers in Weonju were Rosa centifolia(47%), Forsythia koreana(24%), Magnolia kobus(12%), and Rhododendron schlippenbachii(6%), and those of school flowers in Hoengseong were Forsythia koreana(36%), Rhododendron schlippenbachii(33%), Magnolia kobus(6%) and Dicentra spectabilis(6%). 5. The species number of the protection trees designated by Woenju and Hoengseong were 15 species. The major species of protection trees were Zelkova serrata(100 trees), Ginkgo biloba(18) Pinus densiflora(7), Quercus spp. (5), Juniperus chinensis(4) and Alnus japonica(4). 6. The landscape plants planted around 2004 in weonju were Prunus yedoensis(2,563 trees), Betula platyphylla var. japonica(2,000), Abies holophylla(1,785), Diospyros kaki(1,100), Prunus sargentii(880) and Prunus armeniaca var. ansu(708) etc.. The shrubs planted were Rhododendron obutusum(21,559 plants), Rosa centifolia (7,150), Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense(5,950), Forsythia koreana(3,000) and Ligustrum obtusi[olium(2,500) etc.. The landscape plants planted in Hoengseong Acer triflorum(928trees), Prunus yedoensis(455), Zelkova serrata(327), Thuja orientalis(261), Prunus sargentii(257), Pinus koraiensis(200), Prunus persica for. rubro-plena(200) and Pyrus pyrifolia (200) etc.. The shrubs planted were Rhododendron yedoense var. poukhanense(15,936), Syringa dilatata(10,090), Forsythia koreana(9,660), Cercis chinensis(3,200), Buxus microphylla var. koreana(2,600) and Rosa centifolia(1,868) etc.. 7. The species numbers of the herbaceous plants planted in 2004 in Weonju were 24 species and the ratio of native species versus exotic were 7:17. The major species of perennial plants were Aster koraiensis(30,656 plants), Coreopsis drummondii(7,656), Rudbeckia bicolor(6,000), Chrysanthemum morifolium(4,850) and Chrysanthemum zawadskii var. latilobum(4,312). The major species of annuals and biennials were Cosmos bipinnatus(672,000 plants), Zinnia elegans(35,600), Petunia hybrida(26,920), Viola tricolor(23,000), Helianthus annuus(17,000), and Geranium cinereum var. pubcaulescens(5,200). In Hoengseong, the numbers of herbaceous plants were 906,310 plants and the species numbers were 15 species. The major species of perennials plants were Aster koraiensis(70,480 plants), Hemerocallis fulva(20,070), and Phlox drummondii(18,000). The major species of annuals and biennials were Phlox hybrida(174,000 plants), Cosmos bipinnatus(125,000), Zinnia elegans(109,000), Tagetes patula(96,700), Vinca rosea(89,000) and Calendula officinalis(70,000). 8. Through these result, it was thought that the diversification of planting species, the selection of plants suitable to each space and the generalization of use of native species were needed.

• Biomedical Science Letters
• /
• v.27 no.4
• /
• pp.277-282
• /
• 2021

Hydrocotyle is a genus of prostrate, perennial aquatic or semi-aquatic plants formerly classified in the family Apiaceae, now in the family Araliaceae. Lipoxygenases (LOX) are present in the human body and play an important role in the stimulation of inflammatory reactions. Ethanolic extracts of five Hydrocotyle species (H. ramiflora, H. maritima, H. nepalensis, H. sibthorpioides, and H. yabei) showed inhibition of 23.5~50.6% at 2.0 mg/mL. Their extracts showed LOX inhibition in half maximal effective concentration (EC₅₀) range 15.1~15.7 ㎍/mL. Hyaluronic acid is a glycosaminoglycan, a major component of the extracellular matrix Five extracts of these species inhibited less than 23.0% of Hyaluronidase (HAase) activity at a concentration of 2.0 mg/mL Xanthine oxidase (XO) is a form of xanthine oxidoreductase, a type of enzyme that generates reactive oxygen species. Five Hydrocotyle species were found to have inhibitory activity of XO at 2.0 mg/ml, with 65% having greater than 50% inhibition. H. ramiflora exhibited the highest activity with an inhibition of 80.0%. The results suggested that Lipoxygenases, Hyaluronidase, and Busan 47340, Republic of Korea from five Hydrocotyle species might be multifunctional and prevent the degradation of allergic reactions and inflammation.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
• /
• v.27 no.12
• /
• pp.1270-1274
• /
• 2004

Random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) analysis was used to determine the genetic relationships among seventeen species of the Acanthopanax species. The DNA isolated from the leaves of the samples was used as template in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with twenty random decamer primers in order to distinguish plant subspecies at the level of their genomes. The RAPD patterns were compared by calculating pairwise distances using Dice similarity index, and produced to the genetic similarity dendrogram by unweighted pair-group method arithmetic averaged (UPGMA) analysis, showing three groups; a major cluster(twelve species), minor cluster (4 species) and single-clustering species. The results of RAPD were compatible with the morphological classification, as well as the chemotaxonomic classification of the Acanthopanax species. The Acanthopanax species containing 3,4-seco-lupane type triterpene compounds in their leaves corresponded to the major cluster, another species having oleanane or normal lupane type constituents to minor clusters, and one species not containing triterpenoidal compound to single-cluster.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.218-242
• /
• 2022

Background: Promising specific growth regulators are employed in the tissue cultures of various bamboo species. Specific natural hardening mixtures support the acclimatization and adaptation of bamboo under protected cultivation. Results: The growth regulators like 2, 4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2, 4-D), Naphthaleneacetic Acid (NAA), Thidiazuron (TDZ), 6-Benzylaminopurine (BAP), Kinetin, Gelrite, Benzyl Adenine (BA), Indole Butyric Acid (IBA), Coumarin, Putrescine, Gibberellic acid (GA₃), Indole Acetic Acid (IAA) has been widely used for callus induction, root regeneration and imposing plant regeneration in various species of bamboo such as Bambusa spp. and Dendrocalamus spp. Different combinations of growth regulators and phytohormones have been used for regenerating some of the major bamboo species. Natural hardening materials such as cocopeat, vermicompost, perlite, cow dung, farmyard manure, compost, soil, garden soil, and humus soil have been recommended for the acclimatization and adaptation of bamboo species. Standard combinations of growth regulators and hardening mixtures have imposed tissue culture, acclimatization, and adaptation in major bamboo species. Conclusions: Bamboo contributes to soil fertility improvement and stabilization of the environment. Bamboo species are also involved in managing the biogeochemical cycle and have immense potential for carbon sequestration and human use. This paper aims to review the various growth regulators, natural mixtures, and defined media involved in regenerating major bamboo species through in vitro propagation. In addition, the ecological benefits of safeguarding the environment are also briefly discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
• /
• v.49 no.4
• /
• pp.419-431
• /
• 2013

It was turned out by the beam trawl survey in 2009 that flora of three phylum 16 species and fauna of eight taxa 68 families 97 species were inhabited in the Seomjin River estuary and western coastal waters of Namhae island. Winter season showed the most various appearance of species with 63 species and markedly several kinds of algae species, while summer season showed the lowest number of species with 44 species. However, the indices of species diversity and evenness were highest in summer, and vice versa in winter. Major dominant species were Crangon hakodatei, Leiognathus nuchalis, Asterias amurensis, Thryssa kammalensis, Luidia quinaria, Amblychaeturichthys hexanema, Oratosquilla oratoria, Charybdis bimaculata, Cynoglossus joyneri, Pennahia agentata. The 10 dominant species occupied at 81.4% of catch in number and 49.0% of catch in weight. There were seasonal fluctuations and differences by station in the Seomjin River estuary and western coastal waters of Namhae island, which brought to the difference of length structures, that is, bigger-sized individuals of major dominant species at station A (near to river estuary) than station C (near to ocean). Species compositions by season and by station were separated to two groups. Winter season showed a separated species composition from other seasons and station A exhibited a different species composition from other stations, which was located at near to the Seomjin River estuary.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.24 no.1
• /
• pp.37-51
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this research is to develop the Habitat Suitability Index (HSI) for habitat environments of Aix galericulata (A. galericulata) and Dendrocopos major (D. major), which tend to inhabit urban environments. A. galericulata and D. major are the keystone species representing the ecosystem of wetlands and forests. Based on the analysis of their urban habitat environments, this study selects artificially adjustable levels of the environmental index in order to produce the HSI model, which can be used when either restoring or creating the urban habitats for these species. To develop the HSI, we conducted field surveys at Jungnangcheon Stream, Changgyeonggung, Jangneung, Bangbae Neighborhood Park, Gildong Ecological Park, and Seodalsan Mountain. These surveys were conducted between April and August 2020, and this period includes the breeding season of both A. galericulata and D. major. Based on our findings from the surveys, we conclude that there are six SI factors for A. galericulata. These include (1) the presence of alluvial islands, (2) waterfront vegetation cover rate, (3) type of aquatic plants for food, (4) size of forest patch, (5) type of trees in nearby forests, and (6) connectivity of waterfront and forest. We also conclude that there are five SI factors for D. major, which include (1) size of forest patch, (2) rate of broadleaf trees in forest patches, (3) type of nesting trees, (4) diameter at breast height (DBH) of nesting trees, and (5) density of dead trees. The result of this research can provide future studies with useful guidance when both (1) comparing the habitat suitability of the target species in different environments and (2) restoring or creating habitats for these species.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.27 no.9
• /
• pp.1064-1069
• /
• 2017

This study compared the cytotoxic effect of extracts from four different sea bream species (Pagrus major, Acanthopagus schlegeli, Oplegnathus fasciatus, and Girella punctata) in human cancer cell lines. Cytotoxic activity against the growth of human gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) and HT-29 human colon cancer cell lines was determined using a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Treatment with acetone/methylene chloride (A+M) and methanol (MeOH) extracts from the four sea bream species dose-dependently increased cytotoxicity against the growth of AGS and HT-29 cancer cells (p < 0.05). As shown by a cell viability assay, treatment with A+M and MeOH extracts from red sea bream (P. major) had the highest cytotoxic effect (p < 0.05) among the sea bream species. The IC50 values of an 85% aqueous methanol (85% aq. MeOH) fraction from red sea bream (P. major) against AGS and HT-29 cancer cells was 0.33 and 1.58 mg/ml, respectively, suggesting that the 85% aq. MeOH fraction had the highest cytotoxic effect among the fractions (p < 0.05). Our results demonstrate that four different sea bream species exhibited cytotoxic activity, as well as high-quality amino acids and fatty acids. Among the sea bream species, red sea bream (P. major) showed the greatest cytotoxic effect. The results could be used to improve nutrition information available to consumers.

• 한국해양학회지
• /
• v.21 no.1
• /
• pp.25-33
• /
• 1986

Ontogenetic food habits of the four most abundant fish species in seagrass neadows of Redfish Bay, Texas, were examined quantitatively during 1982-1983. The darter goby (Gobionellus bolelsoma) and pinfish (Lagodon rhomboides) were trophic generalists, which used a wide range of food items. The darter goby had relatively diverse, omnivorous diet which included amphipods, copepods, polychaetes, filamentous algae, diatoms, and detritus. This species did not show distinct ontogenetic changes in foodpreferences. Unlike the darter goby, the pinfish showed ontogenetic progression of four feeding stages. An initial feeding stage was a planktivorous stage in which copepods were int major food items, followed by a carnivorous stage in which amphipods became the major food items, an omnivorous stage in which filamentous algae, diatoms, amphipods, and polychaetes were the major food items, and finally a herbivorous stage in which seagrass pieces with attached epiphytes and their debris were the major food items. The code goby (Gobiosoma robustrm) and Gulf pipefish (Syngathus scovelli) appeared to be relatively specialized in food havits as carnivorous. Similar ontogenetic changes in food habits were observed for these two species, i.e.initially, copepods were the major food items, followed by a gradual transition to amphipods with growth.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
• /
• v.34 no.1
• /
• pp.56-75
• /
• 2018

Korean Photochemical Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) have been established since the late 2001 to monitor ambient air concentrations of VOC species, which would enhance understanding photo-chemical formation of ozone and subsequently contribute to developing efficient ozone control strategies. The present study aims at identifying major VOC species and examining their trends by analyzing PAMS monitoring data collected from the year 2006 to 2016. All the 18 PAMS sites operated by the Ministry of Environment were included in the study. PAMS monitored the 56 target VOC species, which are classified into four groups, alkenes, lower alkanes ($C{\leq}3$), higher alkanes ($C{\geq}4$), aromatics. The higher alkanes and aromatics dominated over the lower alkanes and alkenes in the type 2 and 3 PAMS sites except Joongheung site. N-butane was a major alkane species, toluene was a major aromatic species and most of VOCs showed decreasing trends in these sites. On the other hand, only the alkenes showed decreasing trends at the Joongheung site in Yeosu. Major sources of abundant species such as ethane, propane, n-butane, toluene were estimated by analyzing seasonal variations, correlation with other VOC species, and emission profiles. A major source of n-butane was identified as LPG cars, while major sources of toluene varied considerably from one site to another. The lower alkanes were composed of ethane and propane, both of which showed a strong seasonal variation, low in the summer and high in the winter, indicating that a major source might be the heating by gaseous fuels. Ozone formation potentials of VOC species were evaluated by applying MIR and POCP to the measured VOC species concentrations. Toluene contributed the most to total ozone forming potentials followed by m,p-xylene for all the type 2 and 3 PAMS sites except for two sites in Yeosu-Gwangyang. Ethylene and propylene were the first and second contributors to total ozone forming potentials at Joongheung site in Yeosu.