• Korean Journal of Clinical Oncology
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.120-127
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• 2018

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the immunologic role of lymph node (LN) and stage migration by assessing LN count and metastatic LN count. Methods: A total of 2,117 patients with gastric adenocarcinoma located in the body and antrum who underwent distal/subtotal gastrectomy with D2 LN dissection between January 1, 1998 and December 31, 2008 were enrolled. LN count and number of metastases were determined in the N1 tier (area of D1 dissection) and N2 tier (area of D2 dissection). The lower and upper quartiles of LN counts in the same pN stage were grouped to compare the prognosis and LN positivity according to the LN tier. Results: Stage migration from N1 tier to N2 tier occurred in 3.2% of cases. The 5-year disease-specific survival rates of the upper and lower LN count groups within the N1 tier were 91.0% and 86.7% (P=0.01), respectively. LN positivity in the N2 tier of the lower LN count group was higher than that of the upper LN count group (14.1% vs. 8.2%, P<0.01). Stage migration in the N2 tier of the lower LN count group was also higher than that of the upper LN count group (4.6% vs. 1.8%, P<0.01). Conclusion: The lower LN count group had a decreased survival rate compared to that of the upper LN count group, suggesting that perigastric LN has an immunological defense role in weakening the disseminating power of metastatic tumor cells, as indicated by the LN count.

• Proceedings of the Korean Information Science Society Conference
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• 2002.04a
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• pp.919-921
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• 2002

본 논문에서는 기존의 Table-driven 방식과 On-demand 라우팅 의 장점을 접목시킨 2-tier 계층구조를 사용한 dynamic한 routing기법을 제안하며 , 구조적으로 취약한 보안 위협 요소들에 대한 안정성을 제공하는 인증 알고리즘을 제안하고 네트워크와 클러스터 헤드의 관리를 위한 신뢰할 수 있는 키 분배 메커니즘을 고찰한다. 또한 기존의 3GPP서비스와의 상호 연동 가능성을 고려하여 클러스터 헤더의 재생성과 강력한 신뢰성을 제공할 수 있는 알고리즘을 제안한다.

• Information and Communications Magazine
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.56-64
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• 1997

본 논문에서는 한국이동통신에서 개발한 low-tier서비스를 위한 광대역 CDMA 시스템에 관하여 기술하였다. 시스템에 적용된 무선접속 규격의 특징을 기술한 후 이를 구현한 ASIC의 구조에 관하여 논하였다. 전체 시스템을 구성하는 요소인 이동국, 기지국, 기지국 제어기의 사양과 구조, 기능도 살펴 보았다. 현재 운용중인 이 시스템은 WPABX나 WLL등의 low-tier 서비스에 적용할 수 있다.

• 한국지형공간정보학회:학술대회논문집
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• 1997.12a
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• pp.26-31
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• 1997

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.195-209
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• 2012

There are four differentiated levels to quantify the amount of greenhouse gas emissions from a facility, which are Tier 1 to 4 based on the IPCC guidelines. In this study, the emission estimates from all tier levels were calculated to compare their total $CO_2$ emission results among themselves for seven facilities, including three sectors of electricity generation, municipal solid waste incineration, and cement manufacturing for three months between February and May 2011. Generally the measured $CO_2$ emissions by Tier 4 were higher than the calculated $CO_2$ emissions by Tier 3, which had been also observed for the power plants in the USA. It was found out that to obtain more reliable estimation for Tier 3, accurate analysis of the composition of the fuel used should be carried out. It was suggested that further refinement on the administrative guidelines be made to make it more robust.

• Journal of Korean Society of Transportation
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.55-64
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• 2013

Conventionally, greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions in the transport sector have been estimated using the fuel consumption (i.e. Tier 1 method). However, the GHG emissions on road networks may not be practically estimated using the Tier 1 method because it is not practical to monitor fuel consumption on a road segment. Further, air pollutant emissions on a road may not be estimated efficiently by the Tier 1 method either due to the diverse characteristics of vehicles, such as travel speed, vehicle type, model year, fuel type, etc. Given these conditions, the goal of this study is to propose a Tier 3 level methodology to calculate $CO_2$ and $NO_X$ emissions on inter-regional roads using the information from ITS infrastructure. The methodology may avoid the under-estimation issue caused by the concavity of emission factor curves because the ITS speed or volume information is aggregated by a short time interval. The proposed methodology was applied to 4 road segments as a case study. The results show that the management of heavy vehicles' speed is important to control the $CO_2$ and $NO_X$ emissions on road networks.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.05a
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• pp.189.1-189.1
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• 2011

Global warming effect was intensified due to rapid growth of fossil fuel consumption caused by urbanization and industrialization. Various efforts was being done to solve the problems leading to anomaly climate such as flood, downpour, heavy snow. As a results of international efforts for management of global warming, Kyoto Protocol, which was passed in Kyoto, Japan in 1997, designated $CO_2$, $CH_4$, $N_2O$, HFCs, PFCs, $SF_6$ as a global warming gases. And IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) suggested IPCC guideline for systematic establishment of national greenhouse gas inventory. Among five categories in IPCC guideline, the representative emission source of waste category is SWDS(solid waste disposal site). The concentrative research should progress for effective management of greenhouse gas related with waste. In this study, Tier1 and Tier2 methods which was suggested by 2006 IPCC(Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change) guideline, was used to predict methane generation from C sanitary landfill located in Chungju area. To predict methane generation from C sanitary landfill, all factors were defaults values that were provided by 2006 IPCC guideline and Korea emission factors for Tier1 and Tier2 method. And economics of generated methane was estimated. From the predicted result using IPCC guideline, the methane generation was persistingly increased over a 9-year period(2000 ~ 2008). Aggregated amount of methane generation was about 3,017ton and 3,170ton predicted by Tier1 and Tier2, respectively. From the results of estimated economic value gained by generated methane from the C sanitary landfill for ten years from now(2010 ~ 2020), the profit was about 2.39 ~ 2.76 hundred million won.

• Journal of Climate Change Research
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.177-186
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• 2017

In this research, we have developed standardized procedures for preparing of emission inventories on military sector. The procedures are as follows; 1) Identify all relevant emission sources list of military sector in Republic of Korea. 2) Select methods to estimate GHGs emissions by source categories such as heating boilers, tactical vehicles, military vessels and military aviation from US EPA, IPCC, EEA/EMEP, and ROK Ministry of Environment. 3) Identify and select data sources for activities and parameters from Korea annual oil statistics and Korea Procurement system. 4) Compare with each GHGs emission used by each activities. The conclusive results utilized by emission source categories and associated factors are described as follows; In 2013, GHGs was estimated 2,656 kilotons $CO_2-eq$ emitted by military sector. The diesel combustion contributed from a minimum of 43.8% to a maximum of 50.2% and JP-8 contributed from a minimum of 43.7% to a maximum of 52.8% to the 2001~2015 GHGs emission trend. In the result of comparing GHGs emissions with Korea Annual Oil Statistics (Tier 1) and supplied fuel through the Korea Procurement System (Tier 2) in 2015, the total GHGs emission was 2,867 kilotons $CO_2-eq$ estimated by Tier 2 is similar to the emission estimated by Tier 1. However, this reveals that the GHGs emission separated by local areas were a lot of different from Tier 1 and 2. The cause of difference between Tier 1 and Tier 2 was that Korea annual oil statistics utilized data from a fuel supplier. The data does not reflect the reality of the location of end user.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.10 no.9
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• pp.2535-2544
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• 2009

The brain-wave research provides relatively various information for brain condition in safety. The counselor or measuree will must easily reduce user TCO about the series of process for the measurement, analysis, and management of brain-wave, and can access to the desired information in real time. While the traditional method for brain-wave process was processed manually by the judgment of a specialist. In this paper the developed system is smart brain-wave care system based on optimizing and combining the 3-Tier client/server by IT with brain-wave technology including BQT. This system was developed in the real-time service with a completely automated process by the conveniently web interface. Our system currently gave a service at the field, and the collected data on DB were provided to researchers for the use of clinical research.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.171-180
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• 2024

Recently, there has been a global emphasis on decarbonization in order to address climate change and achieve carbon neutrality by 2050. In line with government regulations, domestic port authorities have also started participating in this global agenda. Since 2010, when decarbonization became an important task in ports, there have been studies analyzing the environmental efficiency of container terminals, taking into account undesirable outputs. However, most of these previous studies only measured carbon dioxide emissions based on Tier 1, whereas this study is the first to analyze the environmental efficiency of South Korea's container terminals based on Tier 3, as presented in the IPCC guidelines. The study considered 17 container terminal operators in South Korea as decision-making units and used the DEA-SBM Model. Subsequently, an Undesirable Outputs Model was conducted to calculate the environmental efficiency.