• Journal of Life Science
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.387-397
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to determine if heat shock proteins are involved in autophagy in skeletal muscle. We used the autophagy flux strategy, which is an LC3 II/p62 turnover assay conducted with and without an autophagy inhibitor, to determine whether 17-DMAG (an Hsp90 inhibitor/Hsp72 activator) stimulates autophagy in skeletal muscle. We treated C2C12 cells with 17-DMAG (500 nM) for 24 hr with and without the autophagy inhibitor (Bafilomycin A1, 200 ng/ml), and we injected C57BL/6 mice i.p. with 17-DMAG (10 mg/kg) daily for 7 days with and without colchicine as an autophagy inhibitor (0.4 mg/kg/day, administered on the last 2 days). C2C12 myotubes and tibialis anterior muscles were harvested for analysis of mTOR-dependent autophagy signaling pathway proteins and autophagic marker proteins (p62 and LC3 II) by Western blot analysis. The blots showed that 17-DMAG upregulated hsp72 and decreased Akt protein levels and S6 phosphorylation in C2C12 cells. However, an in vitro autophagic flux assay demonstrated that 17-DMAG did not increase LC3 II and p62 protein concentrations to a greater extent than Bafilomycin A1 treatment alone. Similarly, 17-DMAG increased Hsp72 protein levels and decreased the expression of Akt and the phosphorylation of S6 in mouse skeletal muscle. However, unlike the response seen in C2C12 myotubes, the p62 protein levels were significantly decreased in 17-DMAG-treated mouse skeletal muscle (~50%; p<0.05). The LC3 II protein levels in 17-DMAG-treated mice were increased ~2-fold more when degradation was inhibited by colchicine (p<0.01). This suggests that 17-DMAG stimulates basal autophagy in skeletal muscle but is not found in C2C12 myotubes.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.103-110
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• 2001

Predictive food microbiology(PFM) is an emerging area of food microbiology since the later 1980’s. It does apply mathematical models to predict the responses of microorganism to specified environmental variables. Although, at present, PFM models do not completely developed, models can provide very useful information for microbiological responses in HACCP(Hazard Analysis Critical Control Point) system and Risk Assessment. This study illustrates the possible use of PFM models(PMP: Pathogen Modeling Program win5.1) with milk in several elements in the HACCP system, such as conduction of hazard analysis and determination of CCP(Critical Control Points) and CL(Critical Limits). The factors likely to affect the growth of the pathogens in milk involved storage fixed factors were pH 6.7, Aw 0.993 and NaCl 1.3%. PMPwin5.1 calculated generation time, lag phase duration, time to level of infective dose for pathogens across a range of storage (Critical Control Points) and CL(Critical Limits). The factors likely to affect the growth of the pathogens in milk involved storage temperature, pH, Aw and NaCl content. The factors likely to affect the growth of the pathogens in milk involved storage temperature, pH, Aw and NaCl content. The variable factor was storage temperature at the range of 4~15$^{\circ}C$ and the fixed factors were pH 6.7, Aw 0.993 and NaC 1.3%. PMPwin5.1 calculated generation time, lag phase duration, time to level of infective dose for pathogens across a range of storage temperature.

• 한국공간정보시스템학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.11a
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• pp.121-134
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• 2005

본 논문에서는 u-Korea를 구축하기 위한 유비쿼터스 서비스의 단계별 진화모델을 개발하고자 한다. u-Korea 서비스의 단계별 모델을 개발하기 위하여 우선 유비쿼터스 소요 기술을 분류하여야 하고 이것은 네트워크, 미들웨어, 단말 및 응용으로 구성된 각 계층 유비쿼터스 기술구조로 구분될 수 있다. 그리고 각 기술의 발전 방향 등을 토대로 각 계층에 대한 로드맵을 작성 한다. 다음 단계에서는 소요 기술의 개발 수준과 구성 요소를 기반으로 유비쿼터스 서비스를 위한 참조모델을 제안하고, 각 서비스의 지능화 수준과 서비스 기술 로드맵에 따라 첫번째 P-to-M 커뮤니케이션, 두 번째 상황인지, 세 번째 자율성 단계로 유비쿼터스 서비스의 점진적 3단계 발전 방안을 제시한다. 그 후 제시된 진화 방법에 따라서 보건 복지 분야의 국내외 유비쿼터스 서비스 사례를 분석하고, 점진적으로 개발되어지는 유비쿼터스 모형을 적용하여 보도록 한다.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.38 no.8
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• pp.585-589
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• 1994

The complexation of cadmium(II) with a well characterized local soil fulvic acid was investigated at different solution pH and fulvic acid concentration using ion selective electrode. The stability constants were determined using a continuous distribution model based on Scatchard Plot; this model takes into consideration the diversitv of cation binding sites on a naturally occurring organic macromolecules even if the nature of the binding sites may not be known. The mean value of $logKi(\mu)$ was found to increase at higher pH(pH 4.0: ${\mu}=3.79{\pm}0.74$ l\;mol^{-1}; pH 6.0: ${\mu}=4.51{\pm}0.78$ l\;mol^{-1}$), and in more dilute fulvic acid concentration([FA] = 50 mgl$^{-1}: {\mu}=4.16{\pm}0.60$ l\;mol^{-1}; [FA]=151 mgl$^{-1}:{\mu}=3.75{\pm}0.5\;l\;mol^{-1}$). The intrinsic constant(logKint) for binding at the strongest site was measured to be around $4.72\;l\;mol^{-1}$ at both pH4.0 and 5.0, but was found to be increased to $6.03\;l\;mol^{-1}$ when pH was 6.0.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.18 no.5
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• pp.93-102
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• 2018

This article aims to present an effective and systematic learning methodology of game curriculum which is oriented convergence education. In particular, I will present the 4PBL model reflecting the trend of the changing times from teacher-centered learning to learner-centered learning environment. The 4PBL model consists of Personal based Learning, Problem based Learning, Project based learning and Performance based Learning. In this article, I will explain the concepts and characteristics of PBLs at each stage by providing concrete examples of game education courses. Such an attempt may have a meaningful value in that it can suggest a learning environment in which knowledge can be structured subjectively in a changing educational paradigm.

• Tunnel and Underground Space
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.54-65
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• 2013

The LCM (Linear Cutting Machine) test is one of the most powerful and reliable methods for designing the disc cutter and for predicting the TBM (Tunnel Boring Machine) performance. It has an advantage to predict the actual load on disc cutter from the laboratory test on the real-size large rock samples, however, it also has a disadvantage to transport and/or prepare the large rock samples and to need an extra cost for experiment. In order to overcome this problem, lots of numerical studies have been performed. In this study, the PFC3D (Particle Flow Code in 3 Dimension) has been adopted for numerical analysis on optimum cutter spacing and failure aspects of Busan Tuff. The optimum cutting condition with s/p ratio of 16 and minimum specific energy of $14MJ/m^3$ was derived from numerical analyses. The cutter spacing for Busan Tuff had the good agreements with those of LCM test and numerical analysis by finite element method.

• Journal of Korean Society of Environmental Engineers
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• v.39 no.10
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• pp.568-574
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to optimize experimental conditions (time ($X_1$) (ranging of 26.36 - 93.64 min), concentration of sulfuric acid ($X_2$) (ranging of 0-2.5%) and temperature ($X_3$) (ranging of $136.4-203.6^{\circ}C$) for an organosolv pretreatment process to extract lignin from waste wood. The resulting quadratic model equation using RSM (response surface methodology) represented y (lignin yield) = $-79.89+0.91X_1+9.8X_2-2.54{\times}10^{-3}X_1{^2}-2.11X_2{^2}$. The $R^2$ (coefficient of determination) value of 0.8531 for a model indicates this model has statistically significant predictors at the 10% levels. The predictive results optimized by quadratic model produced a lignin yield of 12.46 g/100 g of dry wood under conditions of $178.2^{\circ}C$ and 2.32% $H_2SO_4$. The lignin yield was more affected by the acid catalyst concentrations than the reaction temperature, but the reaction time was not an influential factor for improving lignin extraction from waste wood in this organosolv pretreatment. According to ANOVA (analysis of variance), the significance probability (p-value) of model was smaller than 0.001 and simulation of obtained model equations showed a good reproducibility based on actual organosolv tests under optimal conditions.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.200-210
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• 2015

The modeling for fast pyrolysis of biomass in fluidized bed reactor has been developed for accurate prediction of bio-oil and gas products and for yield improvement. The purpose of this study is to analyze and to compare the CFD(Computational Fluid Dynamics) simulation results with the experimental data from the CFD simulation results with the experimental data from the reference(Mellin et al., 2014) for gas products generated during fast pyrolysis of biomass in fluidized bed reactor. CFD(ANSYS FLUENT v.15.0) was used for the simulation. Complex pyrolysis reaction scheme of biomass subcomponents was applied for the simulation of pyrolysis reaction. This pyrolysis reaction scheme was included reaction of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin in detail, gas products obtained from pyrolysis were mainly $CO_2$, CO, $CH_4$, $H_2$, $C_2H_4$. The deviation between the simulation results from this study and experimental data from the reference was calculated about 3.7%p, 4.6%p, 3.9%p for $CH_4$, $H_2$, $C_2H_4$ respectively, whereas 9.6%p and 6.7%p for $CO_2$ and CO which are relatively high. Through this study, it is possible to predict gas products accurately by using CFD simulation approach. Moreover, this modeling approach should be developed to predict fluidized bed reactor performance and other gas product yields.

• KSCE Journal of Civil and Environmental Engineering Research
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• v.32 no.1A
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• pp.11-18
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• 2012

This paper deals with the numerical determination of the stress intensity factors of cracked aluminum plates under the mixed mode of $K_I$ and $K_{II}$ in glass-epoxy fiber reinforced composites. For the stress intensity factors, two different models are reviewed such as VCCT and two-step extension method. The p-convergent partial layerwise model is adopted to determine the fracture parameters in terms of energy release rates and stress intensity factors. The p-convergent approach is based on the concept of subparametric element. In assumed displacement field, strain-displacement relations and 3-D constitutive equations of a layer are obtained by combination of 2-D and 1-D higher-order shape functions. In the elements, Lobatto shape functions and Gauss-Lobatto technique are employed to interpolate displacement fields and to implement numerical quadrature. Using the models and techniques considered, effects of composite laminate configuration according to inclined angles and adhesive properties on the performance of bonded composite patch are investigated. In addition to these, the out-of-plane bending effect has been investigated across the thickness of patch repaired laminate plates due to the change of neutral axis. The present model provides accuracy and simplicity in terms of stress intensity factors, stress distribution, number of degrees of freedom, and energy release rates as compared with previous works in literatures.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.27 no.6
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• pp.679-685
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• 2010

Many animal models of osteoarthritis (OA) have been developed, aimed at understanding the long-term progression of OA and difficulty of identifying patients in the initial stage of the disease. In canines, coxofemoral luxation and hip dysplasia are common orthopedic ailments related to OA in the hip joint. Transecting the ligament of the head of the femur (LHF) aids in diagnosis of coxofemoral joint OA. Presently, mobility of this joint was increased by transected LHF in 10 mature, 2-3-year-old (average $2.57{\pm}0.20$ years), healthy male beagles. The animals were normally gaited 1-week post-operatively. During the experimental period, examinations including X-ray, complete blood count and serum chemistry were unremarkable. Proteomic examination revealed protein alterations in synovial fluid, with significant increases in Vitamin D-binding protein precursor (ANOVA, p < 0.004) and Kinogen-1 (ANOVA, p < 0.039). Both proteins correlated with arthritis.