• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.67-83
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• 2016

This study investigated the tonal characteristics in Korean emotion words by analyzing the pitch patterns transformed from word utterance. Participants were 30 women, ages 19-23. Each participant was instructed to talk about their emotional experiences using 4-syllable target words. A total of 180 utterances were analyzed in terms of the frequency of each syllable using the Praat. The data were transformed into meantones based on the semi-tone scale. When emotion words were used in the middle of a sentence, the pitch pattern was transformed to A3-A3-G3-G3 for '즐거워서(joyful)', C4-D4-B3-A3 for '행복해서(happy)', G3-A3-G3-G3 for '억울해서(resentful)', A3-A3-G3-A3 for '불안해서(anxious)', and C4-C4-A3-G3 for '침울해서(frustrated)'. When the emotion words were used at the end of a sentence, the pitch pattern was transformed to G4-G4-F4-F4 for '즐거워요(joyful)', D4-D4-A3-G3 for '행복해요(happy)', G3-G3-G3-A3 and F3-G3-E3-D3 for '억울해요(resentful)', A3-G3-F3-F3 for '불안해요(anxious)', and A3-A3-F3-F3 for '침울해요(frustrated)'. These results indicate the differences in pitch patterns depending on the conveyed emotions and the position of words in a sentence. This study presents the baseline data on the tonal characteristics of emotion words, thereby suggesting how pitch patterns could be utilized when creating a melody during songwriting for emotional expression.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.489-496
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• 2011

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of stocking density on the eating and ruminating behavior of growing Hanwoo steer (Bos taurus coreanae). A total of thirty growing Hanwoo steers were divided into four stocking density groups (G1: 1 head/32 $m^2$, G2: 2 heads/32 $m^2$, G3: 3 heads /32 $m^2$, G4: 4 heads/32 $m^2$) with 3 replicates (12 pens). The results of eating behaviors for 48 hours are summarized as follows: Total intake was higher in 2G, 3G and 4G than in 1G, but not significantly different among thetreatments. Intake of roughage was the highest in 2G (3.32 kg), while 1G (2.85 kg) was the lowest (P<0.05). Eating time of concentrate was highly in the order of 1G > 2G > 3G > 4G (P<0.05). But eating time (concentrate + roughage) and ruminating time were not significantly difference among the treatments. Resting time (standing + lying) was the highest in 4G (P<0.01), and lying time was the highest in 2G. Chewing time (Eating + ruminating) was higher in 3G than in 1G, 2G, and 4G (P<0.05). Number of bolus, number of total chews, ruminating time per bolus and number of bolus per minute were not significantly difference among the treatments. But number of chews per bolus was significantly lower in 1G than those of the other treatments (p<(0.05). Number of urinating was in the order of 1G > 4G > 2G > 3G (P<0.05). However, stocking density had no effect on drinking and defecating. Eating rate and chewing efficiency were the highest in 4G (P<0.01, 0.05), but ruminating efficiency was not significantly difference among the treatments.

• Pediatric Infection and Vaccine
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.59-72
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• 2004

Purpose : Rotaviruses are the major cause of gastroenteritis in infants and young children worldwide. It is important to get the epidemiologic data of rotavirus genotype for the application of rotavirus vaccine. So we tried to investigate the distribution of rotavirus genotypes with RT-PCR. Methods : A total of 120 rotavirus latex agglutinin test positive stool samples were collected continually from 120 children from Sep. 2000 to Apr. 2001. Rotavirus P(VP4), G (VP7) genotypes were determined by RT-PCR. Results : The genotype was identified in 116 stool samples of total 120 samples(96%). The incidence of G genotype was as follow; G1 17(14.2%), G2 74(61.7%), G4 1(0.8%), G9 1(0.8%). There were four cases of multiple genotypes; G1/G2, G1/G4, G1/G9, G8/G9 and genotype of G3, G8 were not found. Twenty three(19.2%) samples were nontypeable. The incidence of P was as follow; P[4] 77(64.2%), P[6] 22(18.3%), P4/P6 12(10%), P[4]/P[8] 1(0.8%) p[8] 1(0.8%). Seven(5.9%) samples were nontypeable. Conclusion : Various combinations of G and P genotypes were observed. Most rotavirus strains were P[4]G2 62(51.74%), followed by P[6]G2 7(5.8%), and P[6]G1 7(5.8%), P[4/P[6] G1 4(3%), P[4]/P[6]G2 4(3%), P[4]G1 3(2.5%), P[8]G2 1(0.8%), P[4]G4 1(0.8%) in Kyoungsangnamdo, Korea during 2000~2001.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.359-374
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• 2010

This study was carried out to investigate the chemotaxonomical correlation and chemical constituents of domestic Quercus spp. barks. The barks of Q. mongolica, Q. aliena, Q. serrata, Q. acutissima, Q. dentata, and Q. variabilis were collected in the experimental forest of Kangwon National University. The combined extracts were successively fractionated with n-hexane, methylene chloride and ethyl acetate using a separation funnel. A portion of the ethyl acetate and H2O soluble materials of each species were chromatographed on a Sephadex LH-20 column using various aqueous MeOH and EtOH-hexane as washing solvents. Spectrometric analysis such as NMR and MS, including TLC, were performed to characterize the structures of the isolated compounds. Ellagic acid (0.03 g), (+)-catechin (4.59 g), taxifolin (3.35 g), and glucodistylin (20.52 g) were isolated from Q. mongolica bark. Gallic acid (0.18 g), (+)-catechin (8.52 g), (+)-gallocatechin (0.09 g), taxifolin (0.54 g), and glucodistylin (3.28 g) were characterized from Q. acutissima bark. Gallic acid (0.38 g), ellagic acid (0.11 g), (+)-catechin (2.01 g), (+)-gallocatechin (0.12 g), and glucodistylin (0.39 g) were identified from Q. dentata bark. Ellagic acid (1.51 g), (+)-catechin (21.91 g), and glucodistylin (3.91 g) were purified from Q. aliena bark. Ellagic acid (0.84 g), (+)-catechin (0.82 g), taxifolin (4.02 g), and glucodistylin (21.50) were isolated from Q. serrata bark. Gallic acid (0.24 g), caffeic acid (0.05 g), (+)-catechin (0.32 g), and glucodistylin (0.65 g) were purified from Q. variabilis bark. (+)-Catechin and glucodistylin were isolated from all the barks. Glucodistylin can be a taxonomic index on Quercus spp.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.12 no.7
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• pp.689-695
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to evaluate and to predict of eutrophication in lakes by using Vollenweider-OECD model and total phosphorus concentration and inflow rate which were measured in 1993∼2001. The results of study were as follows. The annual total phosphorus loading from the watershed was calculated to be 55∼195tP/yr at lake Soyang, 221∼466tP/yr at lake Taechong, 123∼278tP/yr at lake Andong, 57∼109tP/yr at lake Seomjin. These are discharged, far the most parts, from population and fishfarm facility. TP loading on the surface area at lake Soyang was 3.01gP/㎡/yr, 2.82gP/㎡/yr, 2.84gP/㎡/yr, 3.03gP/㎡/yr, 2.34gP/㎡/yr, 1.78gP/㎡/yr, 0.91gP/㎡/yr, 0.89gP/㎡/yr, 0.86gP/㎡/yr, lake Taechong was 6.71gP/㎡/yr, 7.25gP/㎡/yr, 7.24gP/㎡/yr, 6.53gP/㎡/yr, 6.50gP/㎡/yr, 7.06gP/㎡/yr, 7.04gP/㎡/yr, 4.05gP/㎡/yr, 3.44gP/㎡/yr and TP loading on the surface area of lake Andong, lake Soemjin were 5.39gP/㎡/yr, 4.47gP/㎡/yr, 4.56gP/㎡/yr, 4.45gP/㎡/yr, 3.33gP/㎡/yr, 2.38gP/㎡/yr, 2.53gP/㎡/yr, 2.46gP/㎡/yr, 2.54gP/㎡/yr, 4.09gP/㎡/yr, 4.10gP/㎡/yr, 3.98gP/㎡/yr, 3.73gP/㎡/yr, 2.80gP/㎡/yr, 3.46gP/㎡/yr, 3.22gP/㎡/yr, 2.19gP/㎡/yr, 2.13gP/㎡/yr respectively. The tropic states of four lakes can be assessed as eutrophy because phosphorus leading exceeds the critical phosphorus loading by Vollenweider-OECD model.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.496-504
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• 1993

한국산 플라나리아 Phagocata vivida의 인두에서 다음과 같은 점액과립들을 관찰하였는데 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 인두외강의 인두측 상피조직과 내측부의 유조직에서 조직화학적 및 미세구조적 특징에 따라 5종류의 점액과립(G1형, G2형, G3형, G4형 및 G5형)이 관찰되었다. methylene blue-baslc fuchsin 이중염색을 시행한 결과 G1형, G3형 및 G4형 과립은 methylene blue에만 양성반응을 보인데 비해 G2형 및 G5형 과립은 두 염색액에 모두 양성반응을 보였다. G1형과 G3형 과립은 그 크기가 0.5mm정도이고. 전자밀도가 매우 높게 나타났으며 특히 G1형 과립에서는 흰 반점과 줄무의가 관찰되었다 G2형 과립은 그 크기가 0.750m정도이고, 전자밀도는 G3형 과립에 비해 약간 낮았다. G4형 과립은 그 크기가 0.3mm정도로 매우 작고, 전자밀도는 낮아서 밝게 보였다. G5형 과립은 그 크기가 0.4$\times$0.3mm정도이고. 전자밀도가 낮게 나타났으며 배상세포 형태를 하고 있었다.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.16-22
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• 2013

Water is the most important resource for the maximum water use efficiency and yield of maize. Water has to be applied moderately based on the water requirement of maize. Crop water requirement (WR) is a function of the potential evapo-transpiration (PET) and crop coefficient (Kc). PET can be estimated by the climate data measured at the weather station in the production region. Kc was measured by the NIAST (RDA) through lysimeter experiments. In this study, the growth stage of maize was divided into five ones (G-1: Apr. 25 ~ May 20, G-2: May 21 ~ Jun. 20, G-3: Jun. 21 ~ Jul. 20, G4: Jul. 11 ~ Jul. 25, G5: Jul. 26 ~ Aug. 20). The average PET during maize growing season of the 45 areas was 2.85 mm $day^{-1}$. The highest water requirement was at the G-3 stage among the maize growth stages. The mean water requirement (MWR) according to growth stage was 1.74 ~ 2.42 (average 2.02), 2.99 ~ 4.21 (average 3.41), 3.82 ~ 5.25 (average 4.41), 3.05 ~ 4.31 (average 3.48), and 2.62 ~ 3.49 (average 3.01) mm $day^{-1}$ in the G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4 and G-5 stage, respectively. The total water requirement (TWR) according to growth stage was 45.37 ~ 63.04 (average 52.56), 92.54 ~ 130.59 (average 105.77), 76.46 ~ 105.09 (average 88.14), 45.73 ~ 64.67 (average 52.20), and 68.25 ~ 90.75 (average 78.33) mm in the G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4 and G-5 stage, respectively.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.48 no.1
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• pp.81-93
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• 2015

Purpose: The aim of this study was to estimate total sugar intake and sugar intake-related dietary habit and nutrient intake of elementary school students. Methods: Subjects included 701 elementary school students (351 boys and 350 girls) residing in Jeju. The research analyzed a sample and was carried out using the 24 hour recall method and one day consumption of total sugar. Results: The average daily total sugar intake was 55.3 g (male 53.1 g, female 57.6 g). Total sugar intake per meal was 6.3 g (11.4%) from breakfast, 6.9 g (12.5%) from lunch, and 7.2 g (13.0%) from dinner, 34.9 g (63.1%). Major food groups of total sugar were milks (17.04 g), grains and their products (12.79 g), fruits and their products (9.40 g), and sugars and sweets (7.30 g). In analysis of the amount of total sugar consumption from several recipes, much was taken in from dessert and snacks such as dairy products (15.08 g), bread and snacks (6.4 g), beverages (5.5 g), fruits (5.1 g), and ice cakes (4.8 g). Total sugar consumption was high for rices and side dishes such as noodles (5.1 g), stir-fried foods (2.3 g), fried foods (1.4 g), cooked rice with seasoning (1.4 g), and hard-boiled foods (1.1 g). In comparison of total sugar consumption for sugar sources, daily intake of natural sugar, added sugar, and natural and added sugar were 25.8 g, 23.3 g, and 6.2 g, respectively. High sugar intake group, which was over 20% of the energy from total sugar intakes, consumed significantly less Fe, Zn, and niacin than the low sugar intake group, which was below 20%. Conclusion: Total sugar intake of fifth graders of elementary schools on Jeju Island was 55.4 g/day, and it was usually intake from snacks. Therefore, elementary school students need nutritional education for proper selection of better snacks and for reduction of dietary sugar intake.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.3 no.3
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• pp.161-164
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• 1990

Ninety six Rambouillet ${\times}$ Kaghani intact male lambs of 18 months of age were divided into 6 groups of 16 lambs each, groups being G-1, G-2, G-3, G-4, G-5 and G-6. Average liveweight of animals on different treatments at day 0 of the experiment was G-1 (24.68 S.D 3.35), G-2 (24.56 S.D 2.55), G-3 (24.53 S.D 2.90), G-4 (24.51 S.D 3.38), G-5 (24.58 S.D 3.58) and G-6 (24.81 S.D 3.43). Animals on treatment G-1 were fed only maize silage ad libitum, G-2 had been offered maize silage ad libitum plus 4.8 kg of commercial concentrate (Sona Vanda) per group, G-3 maize silage ad libitum plus 4.8 kg of crushed maize grain per group. G-4 lambs were fed oat silage ad libitum plus 4.8 kg of crushed maize per group, G-5 oat silage plus 4.8 kg of commercial concentrate per group and G-6 only oat silage ad libitum. The results showed highly significant differences (p<0.01) among treatment groups in silage intake throughout the feeding trial. G-2 group showed the highest silage intake while treatment G-4 showed the lowest silage intake for the first two months and treatment G-6 for the last two months. The results of growth rates (g/d/animal) showed that treatments G-1 and G-6, where no supplementation was given, had a weight loss throughout the feeding trial. However, weight loss in treatment G-6 was more severe than treatment G-1. Treatments G-2, G-3, G-4 and G-5 all showed weight gain however, treatment G-2 had the most gain. G-2 group also showed the highest wool production while G-6 the lowest. These results indicated that silage when made from full bloom crops of oats and silage fed alone without any supplementation causes weight loss in sheep. Supplementation with concentrates having 19% CP is far better than the crushed maize grain and maize silage is better than oats silage. Maize silage is superior than oat silage however, better performance could be expected if silages were made at the early bloom (dough) stage of plant maturity. The results indicate that treatment G-2 shows highest response while treatment G-6 the lowest. So the response of different treatments on both the parameters of weight gain and wool production is almost similar.

• Journal of Korean Society for Atmospheric Environment
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.22-30
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• 1990

The contents of benzo(a)pyrene (Bap.), Pyrene(Py) and Perylene(Pery) were determined by one-dimensional dual band thinlayer chromatogragphy and spectrofluorophotometer in soil samples from road at 36 places of Ulsan and 6 places of Seoul from April to May, 1984. The concents were as follows: 1. Ulsan city : Bap. 0.05-3.66 $\mu$g/g ; mean 1.07 $\mu$g/g Py. 0.60-11.01 $\mu$g/g ; mean 4.34 $\mu$g/g Pery. 0.94-5.48 $\mu$g/g ; mean 1.83 $\mu$g/g 1) Industrial area : Bap. 0.03-3.66 $\mu$g/g ; mean 5.28 $\mu$g/g Py. 2.34-9.07 $\mu$g/g ; mean 5.28 $\mu$g/g Pery. 1.01-3.69 $\mu$g/g ; mean 2.09 $\mu$g/g 2) Commercial area : Bap. 0.15-2.27 $\mu$g/g ; mean 0.29 $\mu$g/g Py. 0.06-11.0 $\mu$g/g ; mean 4.04 $\mu$g/g Pery. 1.03-5.48 $\mu$g/g ; mean 1.84 $\mu$g/g 3) Residential area : Bap. 0.05-0.05 $\mu$g/g ; mean 0.29 $\mu$g/g Py. 1.34-5.53 $\mu$g/g ; mean 2.74 $\mu$g/g Pery. 0.94-2.15 $\mu$g/g ; mean 1.18 $\mu$g/g 2. Commerical area in Seoul : Bap. 0.35-1.01 $\mu$g/g ; mean 0.74 $\mu$g/g Py. 9.37-24,44 $\mu$g/g ; mean 18.64 $\mu$g/g Peay. 1.47-2.24 $\mu$g/g ; mean 1.87 $\mu$g/g 3. The areas that had high contents of Benzo(a)pyrene had also high contents of Pyrene and Perylene. 4. The industrial area had the highest contents of polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, followed by commercial area and residential area. 5. The contents of Bap. and Pery. in the commercial area were similar in Seoul and Ulsan, while the content of Py. in Seoul was 4 times higher than in Ulsan.