• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.421-428
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• 2015

This research is to understand customer satisfaction with virtual fitting based on a 3D body scanner and avatars as well as differences between avatars and the 'real me'. To this end, this research examined Korean college students to facilitate 3D body scanning, avatar generation and surveys. The author used 3D body scan data with direct measurements to identify differences between the 3D body scan data-based 'my avatar' and 'real me' in the virtual dress fitting system. The survey results on 'the level of customer awareness on 3D body scanner' found that the majority of both genders did not know about it and indicated a lower usability to incorporate IT technology into the fashion industry. The question in the 3D body scanning and avatar found an affirmative attitude. Satisfaction levels on the 3D avatars' similarity with 'own body' and garment fitting were positive and indicated a need for further technological improvements to express the avatars identical to customers' own body. More research is necessary for the accuracy of sizes for 3D body scanning that measure body sizes while wearing clothes. Avatars based on such datamay be less similar to 'own body' and cause customer dissatisfaction. Thus, further technology development is required to narrow gaps using data to make avatars that provide more accurate virtual fitting simulation services to customers.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.153-173
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• 2009

Virtual world typically characterized by Second Life (www.secondlife.com) has been successfully drawing a great deal of potential users all around the world. Attention towards 3D avartars has been increasing exponentially especially in the electronic commerce world. 3D avatars have firm position in the virtual world. This study is launched to explore this research void in which trust transference from 3D-avatars-sales representative to customers purchase intention will be especially analyzed on. To perform experiments, a research model was built in a form of path analysis. Two types of 3D avatars were designed and implemented-at-tractive type and professional type. Questionnaire survey was adopted, and empirical analysis results were obtained from the research model. Results reveal that the proposed hypotheses are proven with statistical significance.

• Journal of Advanced Navigation Technology
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.99-104
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• 2007

On-line avatar community service requires natural representation of communication, emotional expression, and popular dances and various kinds of services. The space should be dynamic, and the interaction between the motions of avatars and the space is required. The avatars with their national, interesting, and various motions should be implemented togetherwith interaction with virtual spaces, in order to have competition in developing 3D avatars. It is expected for 3D avatars to be broadly applied for 3D shopping malls for e-commerce, cyber model houses, 3 D simulations, and 3D virtual reality game. Therefore, for one line 3D avatar community services, we try to provide the scheme for making interactive virtual spaces, together with 3D avatar animations.

• Knowledge Management Research
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• v.9 no.4
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• pp.91-112
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• 2008

Recently, the virtual world where avatars are playing crucial roles in connecting users with each other receives much attention from practioners as well as academicians. Especially, Second Life is one of the most prevailing website where 3-D avatars can be easily designed in line with for users' personal tastes. However, there are no studies showing how the selling agents designed in 3-D avatars can affect customer trust and purchase intention in the context of virtual world. This study is concerned with suggesting the empirical results to fill in the research void like this. Results reveal that the proposed hypotheses are proven with statistical significance.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.631-640
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• 2012

This research project investigates the differences of various body locations (between 3D body models) and drapes garments digitally onto 3D body models. Three different subject models will be given explication. It consisted of (1) data collection of three-dimensional scans (2) creation of 3D body representations (3) comparison of avatar shapes and measurements (4) visualization and assessment of 3D body models and their 3D virtual garments. The study tests a theory of impact by differences in avatars by pattern design. A visual inspection of avatars showed clear differences between the six avatar types (in the generating process); however, there was notably less difference between 3D garment simulations based upon the six avatars produced. This demonstrated that there was less influence on the 3D garments than was predicted after a visual inspection of the avatars.

• The International Journal of Costume Culture
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.118-129
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• 2010

Digital technology introduced into the clothing and fashion industry is evolving to digital virtual fashions and consumer-centered mass-customized production systems. Today the application of such 3D virtual try-on systems is being expanded gradually in the clothing industry. This study purposed to make virtual avatars and virtual garments using OptiTex and V-stitcher virtual software and compared the appearance of the virtual garments put on the virtual avatars. For this, we created virtual avatars and virtual garments using body measurements obtained from jive subjects of top jive body shapes, respectively, using $[TC]^2$ body scanner. According to the results of comparing the outcomes of the two different virtual software systems, virtual avatar II of V-Stitcher tended to have a more round and lifted hip and the waist line at a higher position. In addition, the body curves and shapes of a virtual avatar affect the appearance of virtual garments. This study applied the same body measurements to virtual avatars and the same pattern to virtual garments, but when different kinds of virtual software were used, the virtual avatars and virtual garments showed different appearance and fit. This result may mean that when customers buy apparel products using different kinds of virtual try-on systems, their evaluation of appearance can vary depending on the virtual try-on system. Therefore, research needs to be made actively for the development and use of linkage programs that can reflect actual body measurements between virtual software systems and 3D body scanning systems.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.1359-1371
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• 2011

The purpose of this paper is to compare two avatars made using direct and manual methods and to evaluate the fit and appearance of two virtual garments on the direct and manual avatars. In this study, two subjects were measured by $[TC]^2$ body scanner and the avatars and virtual garments were created by OptiTex software. The direct avatar was made by the direct importation of 3D body scan data and the manual avatar was made by manual input from extracted body measurement. Two virtual garments in a tank-top were evaluated by distance, transparency, and stretch maps. In the results of comparing difference of the direct and manual avatars, the bust and back of the manual avatar are protruded slightly more than that of the direct avatar and the manual avatar is slightly larger dimensions at the bust, waist, abdomen, and hip area in the side view in case of subject 1 and 2. In the results of comparing difference of the fit and appearance of two virtual garments on the direct and manual avatars, in case of subject 1 and 2, the back of the virtual garment on the manual avatar are protruded more than that of the direct avatar. Also, the ease in the bust area of the virtual garment on the manual avatar with a projected bust area was smaller than that of the virtual garment on the direct avatar and the stretch of that of the manual avatar was also high in the bust area. The results of this study are expected to be used as basic information in the apparel industry using virtual try-on technology.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.278-286
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• 2015

Fashion industry has tried to adopt the virtual garment technology to reduce the time and effort spent on sample creation. For garment manufacturers to adopt the virtual garment technology as an alternative to sample creation, 3D avatars that meet the needs of each brand should be developed. Virtual garment softwares that are available in the market provide avatars with standardized body models and allow to modify the size by manually entering size specifications. This study proposed a methodology to develop size specifications for 3D avatars as well as brand-customized production sizes. For this, a man's fashion brand which is using virtual garment technology is selected. And the Size Korea database is used to develop size specification based on the customers' body shape. This study developed regression equations on body size specifications, which in turn proposed a regression model to proportionately change size specifications of 3D fitting-models. Based on the each body size calculated by the regression model, a standard model is created, and the skeleton-skin algorithm is applied to the regression model to obtain the results of size changes. Then, the 3D model sizes are tested for size changes as well as measured, which verifies that the regression model reflects body size changes.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.12
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• pp.1968-1979
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• 2010

New technology that includes 3D body scanning, digital virtual human, and digital virtual garments has had a significant impact on the current apparel industry. Virtual simulation technology enables the visualization of a 3D virtual garment on a virtual avatar so that consumers can try on garments with their virtual avatars before purchasing. However, the manual virtual avatar provided for online apparel shopping currently has revealed limitations on the different body sizes and shapes of customers. This study analyzes the process of designing the automatic virtual avatar and the manual virtual avatar using OptiTex software; in addition, the study compares the practicality of the automatic virtual avatar with that of the manual virtual avatar. Data was examined by evaluating how much each virtual avatar is similar to the real body and how well it matched the needs of the current apparel industry. In the study, Avatar 1 was automatically created from three-dimensional body scan data and Avatar 2 was manually created from body measurements. The virtual avatar images laid over a real body image and the results were evaluated by comparing the simulated sizes of virtual avatars with those of a real body. Consequently, Avatar 1 was evaluated as more similar to the real body than Avatar 2 in all five body shapes. This study illustrates that an automatic virtual avatar might solve the fit problem that is the most common reason for a high return rate for online shopping. The results show that future virtual simulation technology needs to be improved for the practicality of the virtual avatars.

• Journal of Information Technology Services
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.107-127
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• 2022

Personal broadcasting utilizing Vtuber, a virtual creator made of 2D or 3D avatars, has recently appeared and is growing in popularity. Vtuber is a virtual person who broadcasts on the Internet using 2D or 3D avatars with real-time motion capture and computer graphics technologies. While the personal broadcasting industry utilizing Vtuber is proliferating, related studies have mainly concentrated on technical issues. Therefore, in this study, the antecedent factors that form the technical characteristics and virtual creator characteristics of Vtuber personal broadcasting are derived using the Stimulus-Organism-Response (S-O-R) model. Then the effect of these factors on viewer pleasure and satisfaction, which lead to increased paid sponsorship is to be examined. Furthermore, we investigate how this influencing mechanism fluctuates based on the avatar type (2D vs. 3D). This study contributes to empirical examinations of viewers' paid sponsorship intention in Vtuber personal broadcasting through the S-O-R model. It also offers insights that technological or virtual creator characteristics could improve viewers' pleasure, satisfaction, and even paid sponsorship.