• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.179-182
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• 1995

Previous study showed that $CCl_4$ administration evoked a rapid decrease in cytochrome $P_{450}$ 2E1 protein soon after the exposure due to posttranslational inhibition(Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 179:449-454, 1991). In this report, aniline hydroxylase and the amounts of immunoreactive $P_{450}$ 2E1 were rapidly decreased during day 1 to 2 and recovered during day 3 to 4 after a single dose of $CCl_4$. The activity of pentoxyresorufin-O-dealkylase was also suppressed at day 1 and began to repair from day 2. However, the decrease in immunoreactive $P_{450}$ 2C content was not observed. The decreases in $P_{450}$ 2E1 enzyme activity and immunoreactive protein by acute $CCl_4$ treatment were accompanied by a decline in $P_{450}$ 2E1 mRNA level. The data thus suggested a pretranslational reduction of $P_{450}$ 2E1 during day 1 to 2 after acute $CCl_4$ treatment.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.454-458
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• 2006

출아효모인 Sacharomyces cerevisiae S288C균주를 이용한 효모의 게놈이 완성된 후 S. cerevisiae는 다양한 연구 모델로 이용되어져 왔다. 현재까지 효모를 이용한 기능 유전체학 측면에서의 연구는 laboratory strainin인 S288C 균주 또는 그 유래의 균주들이다. 그러나 자연에서 분리된 효모 또는 산업적으로 이용되어지고 있는 S. cerevisiae의 유전학 측면에서의 연구는 낮은 포자형성률 및 형질전환률, 그리고 S288C 균주와의 게놈상의 상이성 때문에 거의 이루어지지 않고 있다. 여기서 우리 연구진은 자연에서 분리된 Saccharomyces cerevisiae KNU5377 균주를 이용하여 random spore analysis를 통해 MATa 및 $MAT{\alpha}$ 타입의 각각의 haploid cell을 분리 후 이미 보고된 KanMX module를 가지고 round PCR기법에 의한 short flanking homology 기법을 이용하여 전사조절인자인 HSF1 유전자가 치환된 변이주를 구축할 수 있었다. 덧붙여, 모든 유전자에 이 기법을 적용할 수는 없다는 것을 확인하였다. 앞으로 이 변이주를 통해 기능 유전체학적인 측면에서 이 유전자의 스트레스와의 관련성을 연구하고자 한다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.449-454
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• 2000

In search for plant-derived cytotoxic compounds, it was found that the $CHCl_3$ and EtOAC extracts obtained from the flowers of Paulownia coreana Uyeki (Scrophulariaceae) exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against human tumor cell lines, A549, SK-OV-3, SK-MEL-2, XF498, and HCT15. Activity-guided fractionation on the basis of the inhibitory activity against the growth of human tumor cell lines, in vitro, and repeated column chromatography afforded several cytotoxic compounds from P. coreana. The structures and stereochemistry of these compounds were established, on the basis of analysis of spectra including IR, UV, EI-MS, $^{1}H-NMR,\;^{13}C-NMR$ and some chemical transformations, as Compound PCCl $(2-hydroxy-4(15),11(13)-eudesmadien-8{\beta},12-olide)$, Compound $PCC2(2,3-dihydro-4-hydroxy-1(15),11(13)-xanthadien-8{\beta},12-olide)$, Compound PCE1 (chrysophanol), Compound PCE2 (emodin), Compound PCE3 (physcion). Cytotoxic activity of compounds obtained from P. coreana. on five tumor cells lines was evaluated by procedure of SRB methods.

• Journal of Photoscience
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• 제7권2호
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• pp.53-58
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• 2000

We performed the cloning of a chalcone synthase (CHS) gene, the key enzyme in the anthocyanin biosynthesis, from the cDNA library constructed with grape suspension cells irradiated UV-B. The PCR fragment was used to cloning the CHS gene. One CHS cDNA clone containing an open reading frame and a partial stilbene synthase (STS)cDNA, the stilbene-type phytoalexin, were isolated. The CHS cDNA clone (VCHS) showed 87% sequence homology with VvCHS (V.vinifea) and 72.3% identity with VSTSY(V.vinifea). its amino acid sequences were longer than any other CHS genes as 454 residues. Two genes were weakly expressed in white light irradiated cells, but highly induced in UV-B irradiated condition during 32 hours. Interestingly, the STS was quickly and abundantly expressed from 2 hours when supplemented with jasmonic acid (JA) and the maximum expression was observed at 4 hours and then gradually decreased. But, the additional UV-B or white light quickly degraded the STS expression than only JA treated grape suspension cells. The CHS also was rapidly induced with JA and the synergistical effect was observed at the addigional light treatment of UV-B or white light. These results are indicated that CHS and STS have different response mechanisms against the environmental stresses.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제57권6호
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• pp.445-454
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• 2015

Objective : In the present study we analyzed neuroprotective and antiapoptotic effect of the difumarate salt S-15176, as an anti-ischemic, an antioxidant and a stabilizer of mitochondrial membrane in secondary damage following spinal cord injury (SCI) in a rat model. Methods : Three groups were performed with 30 Wistar rats; control (1), trauma (2), and a trauma+S-15176 (10 mg/kg i.p., dimethyl sulfoxide) treatment (3). SCI was performed at the thoracic level using the weight-drop technique. Spinal cord tissues were collected following intracardiac perfusion in 3rd and 7th days of posttrauma. Hematoxylin and eosin staining for histopatology, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling assay for apoptotic cells and immunohistochemistry for proapoptotic cytochrome-c, Bax and caspase 9 were performed to all groups. Functional recovery test were applied to each group in 3rd and 7th days following SCI. Results : In trauma group, edematous regions, diffuse hemorrhage, necrosis, leukocyte infiltration and severe degeneration in motor neurons were observed prominently in gray matter. The number of apoptotic cells was significantly higher (p<0.05) than control group. In the S-15176-treated groups, apoptotic cell number in 3rd and 7th days (p<0.001), also cytochrome-c (p<0.001), Bax (p<0.001) and caspase 9 immunoreactive cells (p<0.001) were significantly decreased in number compared to trauma groups. Hemorrhage and edema in the focal areas were also noticed in gray matter of treatment groups. Results of the locomotor test were significantly increased in treatment group (p<0.05) when compared to trauma groups. Conclusion : We suggest that difumarate salt S-15176 prevents mitochondrial pathways of apoptosis and protects spinal cord from secondary injury and helps to preserve motor function following SCI in rats.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권3호
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• pp.443-454
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• 2003

본 연구는 불포화지방산원으로서 C18:2n-6이 풍부한 전지대두와 C18:3n-3이 풍부한 아마종실을 반추동물사료에 18% 배합하였을 때 반추위내 건물소실율과 불포화지방산 소실율 및 조성을 조사하기 위해 in vitro 배양장치에서 실시하였다. 배양시간은 0, 3, 6, 12, 24, 48, 72시간에 걸쳐 실시하였고, 배양 종료 후 각각의 medium digesta는 동결 건조하여 건물과 각 지방산 함량을 분석하였다. 배양 3시간까지는 전지대두와 아마종실의 건물소실율에 차이가 없었으나, 배양 6시간이후부터는 아마종실이 전지대두보다 유의한 증가를 나타내었다 (p< 0.01). 하지만, 배양 48시간이후부터는 두 처리구간에 유의차가 나타나지 않았다 (p>0.05). 한편 가스생성량은 건물소실율과 비슷한 양상을 나타내어 아마종실이 전지대두보다 발효산물인 가스를 보다 많이 생성하나 두 처리구간에 유의한 차이는 나타나지 않았다(p>0.05). C18:0 함량은 배양시간이 증가함에 따라 전지대두와 아마종실 공히 증가하였고, 전지대두가 아마종실 보다 유의하게 높았다(p<0.05). C18:1 조성은 전지대두가 아마종실구보다 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). C18:2와 C18:3의 digesta내 조성은 반추위내 수소첨가현상으로 배양시간이 증가함에 따라 감소하였다. Digesta내 C18:2 함량은 C18:2가 풍부한 전지대두가 아마종실에 비하여 유의하게 증가하였고(p<0.05), C18:3 함량은 C18:3이 풍부한 아마종실이 전지대두에 비하여 유의하게 증가하였다 (p<0.001). 순수 C18:0 생산량 (%)은 C18:2n-6 함량이 풍부한 전지대두가 배양종료 후 332.24%로 아마종실의 133.16%보다 유의하게 증가하였다 (p<0.05). C18:1 소실율은 전지대두가 아마종실보다 유의하게 낮았고 (p<0.05), 특히 배양 3, 6, 12, 24시간에서 전지대두 처리구가 음 (-)값을 나타내었다. C18:2의 소실율은 배양시간이 증가함에 따라 증가하였고, 배양 72시간에 두 처리구 평균 93.31%로 광범위하게 소실되었으나, 처리구간 유의차는 나타나지 않았다 (p>0.05). C18:3 소실율은 C18:2 소실율과 마찬가지로 배양시간이 증가함에 따라 증가하였으며, 특히 아마종실이 전지대두에 비하여 배양 6시간이후부터 유의하게 증가하였다(p<0.05). C18계 불포화지방산 소실율은 아마종실이 전지대두보다 유의하게 높았다 (p<0.05). 이상의 결과로부터 전지대두와 아마종실은 반추동물의 식품 내 유익한 불포화지방산이 침착하는데 충분한 가치가 있는 불포화지방산원이었고, C18계 불포화지방산은 반추위내에서 광범위하게 수소첨가되었다. 아울러 전지대두는 아마종실보다 complete biohydrogenation이 증가하였고, digesta 내 불포화지방산 함량은 사료 중 불포화지방산 함량과 밀접한 관계가 있었다.

• 한국진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국진공학회 2013년도 제44회 동계 정기학술대회 초록집
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• pp.338-338
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• 2013

Monolithic three-dimensional integrated circuits (3D-ICs) 구현 시 bonding 과정에서 발생되는 aluminum (Al) 이나 copper (Cu) 등의 interconnect metal의 확산, 열적 스트레스, 결함의 발생, 도펀트 재분포와 같은 문제들을 피하기 위해서는 저온 공정이 필수적이다. 지금까지는 polymer 기반의 bonding이나 Cu/Cu와 같은 metal 기반의 bonding 등과 같은 저온 bonding 방법이 연구되어 왔다. 그러나 이와 같은 bonding 공정들은 공정 시 void와 같은 문제가 발생하거나 공정을 위한 특수한 장비가 필수적이다. 반면, 두 물질의 합금을 이용해 녹는점을 낮추는 eutectic bonding 공정은 저온에서 공정이 가능할 뿐만 아니라 void의 발생 없이 강한 bonding 강도를 얻을 수 있다. Aluminum-germanium (Al-Ge) 및 aluminum-indium (Al-In) 등의 조합이 eutectic bonding에 이용되어 각각 $424^{\circ}C$ 및 $454^{\circ}C$의 저온 공정을 성취하였으나 여전히 $400^{\circ}C$이상의 eutectic 온도로 인해 3D-ICs의 구현 시에는 적용이 불가능하다. 이러한 metal 조합들에 비해 indium (In)과 tin (Sn)은 각각 $156^{\circ}C$ 및 $232^{\circ}C$로 굉장히 낮은 녹는점을 가지고 있기 때문에 In-Sn 조합은 약 $120^{\circ}C$ 정도의 상당히 낮은eutectic 온도를 갖는다. 따라서 본 연구팀은 In-Sn 조합을 이용하여 $200^{\circ}C$ 이하에서monolithic 3D-IC 구현 시 사용될 eutectic bonding 공정을 개발하였다. 100 nm SiO2가 증착된 Si wafer 위에 50 nm Ti 및 410 nm In을 증착하고, 다른Si wafer 위에 50 nm Ti 및 500 nm Sn을 증착하였다. Ti는 adhesion 향상 및 diffusion barrier 역할을 위해 증착되었다. In과 Sn의 두께는 binary phase diagram을 통해 In-Sn의 eutectic 온도인 $120^{\circ}C$ 지점의 조성 비율인 48 at% Sn과 52 at% In에 해당되는 410 nm (In) 그리고 500 nm (Sn)로 결정되었다. Bonding은 Tbon-100 장비를 이용하여 $140^{\circ}C$, $170^{\circ}C$ 그리고 $200^{\circ}C$에서 2,000 N의 압력으로 진행되었으며 각각의 샘플들은 scanning electron microscope (SEM)을 통해 확인된 후, 접합 강도 테스트를 진행하였다. 추가로 bonding 층의 In 및 Sn 분포를 확인하기 위하여 Si wafer 위에 Ti/In/Sn/Ti를 차례로 증착시킨 뒤 bonding 조건과 같은 온도에서 열처리하고secondary ion mass spectrometry (SIMS) profile 분석을 시행하였다. 결론적으로 본 연구를 통하여 충분히 높은 접합 강도를 갖는 In-Sn eutectic bonding 공정을 $140^{\circ}C$의 낮은 공정온도에서 성공적으로 개발하였다.

• 한국임상수의학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.450-454
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• 1998

These studies were performed to find out the possibility of automatic detection of the diseased animal with fever by farmers themselves. Firstly, the body temperature of 331 dairy cows was investigated according to major disease symptoms manifested. Secondly, AD 590 thermometer was used to take the teat temperature of the milking cows to determine the possibility of automatic taking of body temperature while milking. The temperatures of scapha of ear and coccygeal artery part were also taken fur the non-milking dairy cows and Korean native cowl 1. The average body temperature of dairy cows associated with respiratory diseases puerperal disease, or mastitis was higher than normal temperature denoting respectively 39.8,39.6, and $39.3{\circ}C.2.$ The teat temperaure of the milking dairy cows with fever($39.5~39.6{\circ}C$) and the cows with mastitis was respectively 1.02 and 0.56${\circ}C$ higher than that of normal cows. 3. The average teat temperature taken by AD 590 was 33.91, 34.93, and 34.50${\circ}C$ in normal milking dairy cows, cows with fever(39.5~39.6${\circ}C$), and cows with mastitis, respectively. 4. The mean temperatures at scapha and coccygeal part of non-milking dairy cows and Korean native cows were 35.62 and 36.63${\circ}C$, respectively. It was concluded that AD 590 thermometer would be usable for the farmers to automatirally detect the body temperature of dairy cows while milking and subsquently to find the diseased cow with fever and that the scapha of ear and coccygeal artery part of the cattle could be the body parts of simply detecting body temperature of non-milking cattle.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.443-454
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• 2013

A leaf spring, especially the longitudinal type is liable and persistent element in automotive suspension system. In the present scenario the composite materials are widely used in the automobile industries has shown a great interest in the replacement of steel spring due to high strength by weight ratio. Previous investigations focused on stresses and displacement analysis of single leaf spring for different materials. The present work aims to design and analysis of leaf spring for two different cases by considering the Young's modulus to yield strength ratio. In the first case the analysis deals with the design and analysis of a single cantilever solid triangle beam which is an equivalent beam of a spring with three leaves having uniform strength. In the second case a 3-beams of rectangular cross section has been considered which is equivalent to a spring with three leaves. The analysis was carried out based on contact mechanics approach. The results were compared, that the fiberglass composite leaf spring is suitable for high loading capacity, reliability and efficiency.

• Mycobiology
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• 제42권4호
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• pp.322-330
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• 2014

The aim of this study was to identify and characterize new Flammulina velutipes laccases from its whole-genome sequence. Of the 15 putative laccase genes detected in the F. velutipes genome, four new laccase genes (fvLac-1, fvLac-2, fvLac3, and fvLac-4) were found to contain four complete copper-binding regions (ten histidine residues and one cysteine residue) and four cysteine residues involved in forming disulfide bridges, fvLac-1, fvLac-2, fvLac3, and fvLac-4, encoding proteins consisting of 516, 518, 515, and 533 amino acid residues, respectively. Potential N-glycosylation sites (Asn-Xaa-Ser/Thr) were identified in the cDNA sequence of fvLac-1 (Asn-454), fvLac-2 (Asn-437 and Asn-455), fvLac-3 (Asn-111 and Asn-237), and fvLac4 (Asn-402 and Asn-457). In addition, the first 19~20 amino acid residues of these proteins were predicted to comprise signal peptides. Laccase activity assays and reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses clearly reveal that $CuSO_4$ affects the induction and the transcription level of these laccase genes.