• Proceedings of the Korea Society of Poultry Science Conference
• /
• 2006.11a
• /
• pp.86-87
• /
• 2006

The hatchery sanitation has a significant impact on chick quality. This study was carried out to investigate the bacterial contamination in the broiler hatchery. The aerosol bacterial contamination was low except for the operating hatcher that the bacterial counts were measured almost over 300 counts/64cm$^{2}$. The bacterial contamination of the facilities and equipments had a similar tendency as compared with the aerosol bacterial contamination. More than six groups of the Salmonella species were isolated almost from the hatcher and the related facilities and equipments. Also, in this study, we compared the effects of four methods of 37% formalin adminstration in hatcher. At hatch, the aerosol bacterial counts in hatcher receiving 37% formalin as constant rate infusion method during hatching were significantly lower than in each hatcher receiving 37% formalin once at transfer and not receiving 37% formalin, respectively(p<0.05).

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Fisheries Technology Conference
• /
• 2000.05a
• /
• pp.233-234
• /
• 2000

Formalin, 37% formaldehyde, has been employed as a chemical for controlling ectoparasites and aquatic fungi responsible for infectious fish of diseases in hatcheries and culture facilities (Roberts, 1978; Schnick, 1991; Rach et al., 1997). Regarding the commercial usage of formaldehyde in the aquaculture industry, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approved three commercial products as parasiticides in a species-specific manner: Paracide-F and Formalin-F for bluegill, catfish, largemouth bass, salmon, and trout and Parasite-S for all finfish (FDA, 1998). Withdrawal time for these products was legally zero when used as permitted under the regulations. With the increased production of cultured fish in Korea, such as olive Hounder Paralichthys olivaceus and black rockfish Sebastes schlegeli, application of formalin to diseased fish has become more frequent. Moreover, there is still some concern about environmental exposures caused by effluents from fish culture facilities. The purpose of the present study was to evaluate residues in fish resulting from therapeutic usage of formalin in the aquaculture industry and to document the rate of disappearance of formaldehyde in seawater treated with formalin. (omitted)

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.15 no.3
• /
• pp.111-115
• /
• 2002

The scuticocilliate, Uronema marinum is a histophagous ciliate and the causative agent of 'scuticociliatosis'in cultured olive flounder Paralichthys olivaceus. In the present study, in vitro efficacy of hydrogen peroxide, formalin and copper sulfate on the scuticocilliate at low salinity was investigated. Each chemical showed synergistic parasiticidal effects with low salinity (salinity in 5 ppt) compared to each chemical alone (salinity in 33 ppt). At low salinity (5‰), ciliates were killed completely within 1.5h by exposure to 50ppm formalin (37% formaldehyde), at 100ppm hydrogen peroxide (30% solution) and at 100ppm copper sulfate (20% solution). The formalin was the most effective chemical against the parasites at low salinity.

• Journal of the Optical Society of Korea
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.169-174
• /
• 2015

Muscle vibration measurement has long been an unique scientific study, in general, and the direct reaction of animals to feel pain (algesia), either from vascular or muscle contraction, is a complex perceptual experience. Thus this paper proposes a way to measure animal algesia quantitatively, by measuring the changes in muscle vibration due to a pinprick on the surface of the skin of a Spodoptera litura larva. Using the laser optical triangulation measurement principle, along with a CMOS image sensor, linear laser, software analysis, and other tools, we quantify the subtle object point displacement, with a precision of up to $10{\mu}m$, for our chosen Spodoptera litura larva animal model, in which it is not easy to identify the tiny changes in muscle contraction dynamics with the naked eye. We inject different concentrations of formalin reagent (empty needle, 12% formalin, and 37% formalin) to obtain a variety of different muscle vibration frequencies as the experimental results. Because of the high concentrations of reagent applied, we see a high frequency shift of muscle vibration, which can be presented as pain indices, so that the algesia can be quantified.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.10 no.1
• /
• pp.5-10
• /
• 1970

Due to the fact that an inactivated anthrax vaccine may lark its immunogenicity and stability of immunogen a number of spore vaccines were exclusively used worldwide. In these studies a number of important factors were emphasized to achieve the following: selection of non or less allergic strain of anthrax bacillus, capsulation of bacteria. obtaining of non sporulating but vegetative organisms, adequate inactivation of B. anthraccis by means of formalin, adsorption of immunogen to aluminum hydroxide gel. Non or less allergic strains of anthrax bacillus which is inactivated with formalin was selected by a hyperimmunization and shock test in rabbits. Obtaining capsular material and vegetative immunogen, a virulent anthrax organisms were cultivated on sodium bicarbonate medium with of without adding of l-alanine in which B, anthracis grew luxuriantly without forming spores. Inactivation was carried out at $37^{\circ}C$ water bath for 3 days after the bacterial culture was mixed with formalin, in a final concentration of two per cent of formalin. Aluminum hydroxide gel was added to the mixture of anthrax and blackleg bacterin. Vaccines were injected guinea pig via subcutaneous or intramusoular route and challenged after three weeks and the possibilities of protection was tested. Throughout the studies. the above mentioned vaccines possibly protected the vaccinated guinea pigs more than 80 per cent compared to that of the controls. This experimental results strongly suggest that the vaccine may possibly applicable to bovine.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.20 no.2
• /
• pp.161-167
• /
• 2007

Acute toxicity of formalin (37% formaldehyde) was conducted to determine the median lethal concentration (LC50) on eel (avarage weight 96 ± 3.6 g, average total length 43 cm), Anguilla japonica at concentrations ranging from 0 to 500 ppm. In particular, this study was designed to estimate the safety concentrations of formalin in testing eels to eradicate Pseudodactylogyrus. All fish died after 10 hours and 24 hours at 500 ppm and 400 ppm, respectively. After 24 hours, cumulative mortality was 96.6% and 13.3% at 300 ppm and 200 ppm formalin, respectively. However, all experimental fish were alive after 24 hours at 100 ppm. The lethal concentration values were computed by using non-linear least square method. At the start of the test, water temperature, pH and dissolved oxygen level were 27～28℃, 7.4 and 5.55 ppm, respectively. The 24 hr-LC50 were 269 ppm.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.37 no.1
• /
• pp.26-33
• /
• 2024

Background: Sitagliptin is an antidiabetic drug that inhibits dipeptidyl peptidase-4 enzyme. This study aimed to investigate the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of sitagliptin in formalin and carrageenan tests and determine the possible mechanism(s) of its antinociceptive activity. Methods: Male Swiss mice (25-30 g) and male Wistar rats (180-220 g) were used for formalin and carrageenan tests, respectively. In the formalin test, paw licking time and in the carrageenan test, paw thickness were considered as indexes of pain behavior and inflammation respectively. Three doses of sitagliptin (2.5, 5, and 10 mg/kg) were used in these tests. Also, several antagonists and enzyme inhibitors were used to evaluate the role of adrenergic, serotonergic, dopaminergic, and opioid receptors as well as the NO/cGMP/K_ATP pathway in the antinociceptive effect of sitagliptin (5 mg/kg). Results: Sitagliptin showed significant antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects in the formalin and carrageenan tests respectively. In the carrageenan test, all three doses of sitagliptin significantly (P < 0.001) reduced paw thickness. Pretreatment with yohimbine, prazosin, propranolol, naloxone, and cyproheptadine could not reverse the antinociceptive effect of sitagliptin (5 mg/Kg), which indicates that adrenergic, opioid, and serotonin receptors (5HT₂) are not involved in the antinociceptive effects. L-NAME, methylene blue, glibenclamide, ondansetron, and sulpiride were able to reverse this effect. Conclusions: NO/cGMP/K_ATP, 5HT₃ and D₂ pathways play an important role in the antinociceptive effect of sitagliptin. Additionally significant anti-inflammatory effects observed in the carrageenan test might contribute in reduction of pain response in the second phase of the formalin test.

• Journal of Acupuncture Research
• /
• v.33 no.1
• /
• pp.37-46
• /
• 2016

Objectives : The objective of this study is to evaluate the analgesic effects of Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture on formalin-induced pain in Sprague-Dawley(SD) rats. Methods : In this experiment there were four groups, each with six SD rats. In the normal group (NOR), normal saline $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right KI3, and normal saline $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right hindpaw 35 minutes later. In the control group (CON), normal saline $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right KI3, and formalin 5 % $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right hindpaw 35 minutes later. In the Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture 3 % group (DP3), Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture 3 % $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right KI3, and formalin 5 % $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right hindpaw 35 minutes later. In the Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture 5 % group (DP5), Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture 5 % $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right KI3, and formalin 5 % $40{\mu}L$ was injected at right hindpaw 35 minutes later. We analyzed ultrasonic vocalization (USV), Substance P, aspartate aminotransferase(AST), and alanine aminotransferase(ALT). Results : In the early phase of USV, both DP3 and DP5 had an analgesic effect. In the late phase, DP5 had an analgesic effect compared to CON. Substance P in DP5 was significantly decreased compared to CON. In regards to blood AST and ALT, there was no significant difference among NOR, CON, DP3 or DP5. Conclusion : These results suggest that Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture helps to reduce formalin-induced pain. It's mechanism is related to substance P, and Drosera rotundifolia L. pharmacopuncture has no influence on liver toxicity.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.26 no.1
• /
• pp.14-20
• /
• 2013

Background: Nefopam, a non-opiate analgesic, has been regarded as a substance that reduces the requirement for morphine, but conflicting results have also been reported. The inhibition of monoamine reuptake is a mechanism of action for the analgesia of nefopam. The spinal cord is an important site for the action of monoamines however, the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal nefopam was not clear. This study was performed to examine the antinociceptive effect of intrathecal (i.t.) nefopam and the pattern of pharmacologic interaction with i.t. morphine in the formalin test. Methods: Male Sprague-Dawley rats were implanted with an i.t. catheter, and were randomly treated with a vehicle, nefopam, or morphine. Formalin was injected into the hind-paw 10 min. after an i.t. injection of the above experiment drugs. After obtaining antinociceptive $ED_{50}$ of nefopam and morphine, the mixture of nefopam and morphine was tested for the antinociceptive effect in the formalin test at a dose of 1/8, 1/4, 1/2 of $ED_{50}$, or $ED_{50}$ of each drug followed by an isobolographic analysis. Results: Intrathecal nefopam significantly reduced the flinching responses in both phases of the formalin test in a dose-dependent manner. Its effect, however, peaked at a dose of $30{\mu}g$ in phase 1 (39.8% of control) and $10{\mu}g$ during phase 2 (37.6% of control). The isobolograhic analysis indicated an additive interaction of nefopam and morphine during phase 2, and a synergy effect in antinociception during phase 1. Conclusions: This study demonstrated that i.t. nefopam produces an antinociceptive effect in formalin induced pain behavior during both phases of the formalin test, while interacting differently with i.t. morphine, synergistically during phase 1, and additively during phase 2.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.18 no.2
• /
• pp.179-185
• /
• 2005

In Vitro hemolysis and methemoglobin (MetHb) formation in olive flounder rythrocytes were investigated using potassium permanganate ($KMnO_4$) ranging from 2 to 250 ppm, stabilized chlorine dioxide ($S-ClO_2$)ranging from 3.13 to 400 ppm, formalin (37% formaldehyde) ranging from 31.3 to 2,000 ppm and copper sulphate ($CuSO_4$) ranging from 0.04 to 5 ppm. Remarkable hemolysis was found to be induced at $KMnO_4$ concentrations of 31.3-250 ppm and $CuSO_4$ concentrations of 0.63-5 ppm. On the other hand, MetHb formation could not be found at the same treatment concentrations. It is suggested that the cell-damaging system of $KMnO_4$ may be similar from that of $CuSO_4$ in the erythrocytes of olive flounder. Remarkable hemolysis and MetHb formation were found to be induced at $S-ClO_4$ concentrations of more than 25 ppm and 6.25 ppm, respectively. Only $S-ClO_2$ showed both hemolysis and MetHb formation among the chemicals used in the present study. Formalin did not provoke hemolysis at the highest concentration of 2,000 ppm but induced MetHb formation at ranging from 250 to 2,000 ppm. These findings reveal that the mechanism involved in formalin-induced cell-damaging effects differs from that induced by $S-ClO_2$ to olive flounder erythrocytes compared with $KMnO_4$ and $CuSO_4$.