• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.495-500
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• 2017

Hippophae rhamnoides L. (sea buckthorn) is a shrub wood that belongs to the bamboo tree family, and is rich in vitamin C, D, and E; it is referred to as a vitamin tree. It is mainly grown in the high mountains of Europe and Central Asia, and has been widely used in China and Russia as natural medicine. Recent studies have shown that it is effective in the treatment of cancer, liver diseases, cardiovascular diseases, and gastrointestinal diseases. However, results of studies on its effect on the regulation of pain are insufficient. In this study, we investigated the effect of sea buckthorn on the development and control of pain in two facial areas. The experimental animals included 7- to 8-week-old Sprague-Dawley rats (240~260 g). Formalin (5%), which is known as an inflammation inducer, was injected into the vibrissa pad or temporomandibular joints to induce orofacial acute pain. Rubbing or scraping of the region injected with formalin was regarded as a pain index, and the behavioral response was observed for 45 minutes after the injection. Sea buckthorn extract diluted to 150, 300 mg/kg (in 1 ml of distilled water) was orally administered 30 minutes prior to the acute pain. The facial pain behavior was effectively reduced in the 300 mg/kg group when compared to the control group (vehicle). Likewise, in an experiment in which formalin was injected into the temporomandibular joints, effective pain alleviation was confirmed at the same drug concentration. These results suggest that sea buckthorn extract may be useful in the development of therapeutic agents for acute inflammatory pain in the orofacial area and for controlling temporomandibular joint pain.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.295-300
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• 1995

In order to find out the natural content of heavy metals(Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn, Cr, Ni)in paddy soil of Korea, a total of 1,196 soil samples of 15cm top layers all over the country 1995 were collected and analyzed. The average heavy metal contents in soils were 0.133mg/kg of Cd, 4.52mg/kg of Cu, 4.62mg/kg of Pb, 3.90mg/kg of Zn, 0.362mg/kg of Cr and 1.38mg/kg of Ni. These results are similar to the results of survey conducted in 1981.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
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• 1994.04a
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• pp.169-169
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• 1994

항암 및 면역조절작용을 가지고 있으며 그 자체가 서방성 prodrug으로서 약효를 나타낼것으로 기대되는 ara-C와 etherphospholipid의 conjugate인 ara-CDP-DL-PCA.2Na, ara-CDP-DL-PBA.2Na, 및 ara-CDP-DL-PMA.2Na 3종의 BR-8702-2의 micellar soultion을 투여시료로 하여 제암력 평가를 실시하였다. DBA/2J 마우스(평균 체중 25g, 수컷)에 L$_{1210}$임파성 백혈병 세포를 이식한 후, 24시간 후 약물을 복강내에 투여하는 실험계 에서 400mg/kg/day, 단회투여 및 80 혹은 100mg/kg/day, 1~5일간 투여로 ILS%값이 229~543으로 우수한 제암력을 보였다. 또한 BDF$_1$ mice(15~20g)의 axillary region에 3㎣의 Lewis Lung Tumor를 피하로 이식한후 약물투여를 통한 제암효과를 관찰하였다. 100, 200, 300mg/kg/day의 단회 투여계 에서는 수명연장 효과가 없었다. 한편, 20, 40, 60mg/kg/day, 1~5일간의 투여계 에서는 ara-CDP-DL-PCA.2Na만이 효과가 있었는데 농도에 역순하여 저농도인 20mg/kg/day, 1~5일간의 투여계에서 가장 효과가 있었으며 그때의 ILS%는 32.3%였고 투여기간중의 체중변화는 거의 보이지 않았다. 한편 NICOM 370 Dynamic Light Scattering을 이용하여 투여시료로한 micellar solution의 입자도를 분석한 결과 ara-CDP-DL-PCA.2Na는 4.2nm size의 것이 99.48%를 차지하고 있었다. ara-CDP-DL-PCA.2Na의 ICR 마우스를 이용한 급성독성 시험에 있어서 경구투여에서의 LD$_{50}$값은 암,수컷 모두 5000mg/kg이상 이었고, 정맥내 투여 에서는 432mg/kg이었다. 실험과정중 생존동물의 일반적 이상소견등은 없었으나 정맥내 투여의 경우에서 체중증가 억제현상이 있었다.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Inherited Metabolic disease
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.86-92
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• 2016

Purpose: The $BH_4$ loading test is an important test that distinguishes PKU from $BH_4$ deficiency and identifies the $BH_4$ reactivity of PKU patients. Phenylalanine and $BH_4$ loading tests are useful methods that can shorten the length of hospital stay while improving patients' convenience. However, sufficient research on the dose of phenylalanine loading and $BH_4$ administration time after the loading has not been carried out. The present study investigates the effectiveness of the existing phenylalanine loading method by analyzing the medical records of six patients who underwent the $BH_4$ loading test after taking 100 mg/kg of phenylalanine patients. Methods: The medical records of six patients who underwent the $BH_4$ load test after taking 100 mg/kg of phenylalanine were examined out of 207 patients who were followed up in the Genetic Metabolic Clinic in Soonchunhyang University Hospital. All of the six patients had a low phenylalanine diet. First, they were taking 100 mg/kg of phenylalanine. 3 hours later, 20 mg/kg of $BH_4$ were loaded. The phenylalanine levels in the blood were continuously measured at 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, and 24 hours by setting the time the $BH_4$ was loaded as the basal. Results: The average of the highest phenylalanine concentrations of six patients was $20.0{\pm}11.70mg/dL$. One reached the highest concentration seven hours after taking phenylalanine; another reached it five hours after that, and the remaining three reached it four hours after that. Only one patient reached the highest concentration within three hours. The phenylalanine levels of four out of six patients (66%) rose above $400{\mu}mol/L$ after being loaded with phenylalanine. The phenylalanine levels of the remaining two were 6.1 mg/dL ($366{\mu}mol/L$) and 5 mg/dL ($300{\mu}mol/L$), respectively. Conclusion: One of six patients (16%) reached the highest concentration three hours after taking 100 mg/kg of phenylalanine and four patients (66%) reached $400{\mu}mol/L$ or higher phenylalanine levels. There were patients whose phenylalanine levels did not rise above $400{\mu}mol/L$ using a commonly known test method; moreover, this method had the disadvantage of reaching the highest concentration after more than three hours. Therefore, it is considered that taking 200 mg/kg or more of phenylalanine and performing $BH_4$ loading four to six hours after taking phenylalanine are helpful in proper diagnosis.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Embryo Transfer Conference
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• 2002.11a
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• pp.110-110
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• 2002

Rapidly progressive interstitial renal fibrosis has recently been reported in young women who have been on a slimming regimen including chinese herbs. Aristolochic acid, suspected as the causal factor of this renal disease, is a well known carcinogen. It has been known that Madouling (Aristolochiae fructus) contains aristolochic acid. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of Madouling, Madouling-tang, which are the extract mixture from 10 different chinese herbs including Madouling, and aristolochic acid on reproductive and developmental toxicity. Female rats were administered orally with the extracts of Madouling, madouling-tang, and aristolochic acid from 14 days before mating to day 17 of gestation. Madouling (8mg/kg) decreased fertility in the 8mg/kg group, but Madouling-tang and aristolochic acids did not. Significant decrease of mean fetal body weights were observed in the 16mg/kg group of aristolochic acids. External, visceral and skeletal malformation of fetuses were not observed with treatment. Histopathological examination showed the discrete damage of kidney in the 8mg/kg group of Madouling and 16mg/kg groups of aristolochic acid. In whole embryo culture, Madouling and Madouling-tang caused the retardation of growth and development of embryo in the dose of 1 $\mu$g/ml and 0.02 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg, respectively while aristolochic acids showed the similar effect in the dose of 300 $\mu\textrm{g}$/kg. These results indicate that Madouling, up to 0.05mg/kg (prescription dose to human) has no adverse effects on the fertility, reproduction and development of Sprague-Dawley rats.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.307-313
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• 2002

The primary objective of these studies was to screen the materials showing inhibitions of HMG-CoA reductase in vitro. The secondary objective was to determine the effect of garlic, lovastatin and copper on cholesterol concentrations in plasma, liver and breast tissues in pullets. The degree of inhibition of the selective samples on HMG-CoA reductase activity was determined in vitro. The inhibition ratios of water soluble garlic extracts, lovastatin (methanol extracts) and copper to HMG-CoA reductase activity were 51.3%, 87.5%, and 82.0%, respectively. Control diet (basal diet) and experimental diets, garlic powder (3% in diet), lovastatin (300mg/Kg of diet) and copper (200mg/Kg of diet) were fed to pullets in order to investigate the changes of cholesterol concentration in plasma and tissues. Total cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-cholesterol in blood plasma were significantly reduced in pullets fed diet containing 3% garlic powder. However, copper significantly increased total cholesterol compared to control and lovastatin did not affect plasma cholesterol concentration. Total cholesterol and triglyceride of liver and breast tissues in pullets were not affected by adding the cholesterol-lowering materials to diets. The data suggests that it is not easy for HMG-CoA reductase inhibitors to reduce cholesterol levels in body due to complication of cholesterol metabolism. However, garlic administration can lower the levels of plasma cholesterol in pullets.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.1-6
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• 2016

Background : Irregular meals and insufficient exercise are major modern lifestyle-related risk factors for constipation. This study aimed to examine the effects of the aqueous extract of Dendrobium speciosum var. (DM) on the improvement of intestinal function and prevention of constipation in rats. Methods and Results : Constipation in rat was induced by loperamide (4 mg/kg) injection for 5 days and rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: normal control rats (NOR), constipated rats (LOP induced) and constipated rats supplemented with dulcolax-S (POS), DMSG, 100 mg/kg (DMSG-100), 300 mg/kg (DMSG-300) and 500 mg/kg (DMSG-500). The DMSG groups showed increments in the frequency and amount of stools compared to the LOP group. Loperamide treatment markedly reduced the water content of feces, whereas DMSG administration significantly increased fecal water contents. Moreover, DMSG improved intestinal transit speed in constipated-rats. Alcian blue staining revealed increased mucus production by crypt cells and mucus contents in feces and the mucosal surface. Conclusions : In summary, DM extraction significantly improves intestinal function in rats, which indicates the effectiveness of this extract in the prevention and treatment of constipation.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.549-558
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• 1989

This experiment was carried out to investigate the influence of Aloe vera in the pancreatic islets of streptozotocin diabetic mice. Experimental diabetes was induced in ICR mice with a single injection of SZ(140mg/kg body weight, ip). The mice demonstrating hyperglycemia 48 hours after SZ injection were treated for 16 days with Aloe vera(300, 800mg/kg). Plasma glucose was measured, and for morphological studies of the islets specimens were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and by immunocytochemical methods. Then we observed the morphological changes of islets. Polymorphonuclear cells were infiltrated at the periphery of the islets 48 hours after SZ injection in SZ-treated ICR mice, but no prominent WBC infiltration was observed throughout the experiment. Blood glucose in mice treated with Aloe vera after SZ injection was higher than that of SZ injected mice, and mononuclear cells were heavily infiltrated at the islets 16 days after Aloe vera treatment(300mg/kg), and significant islets infiltration of mononuclear cells was observed 30 days after Aloe vera treatment(800mg/kg). Islets of ICR mice treated with Aloe vera after SZ injection showed severer insulitis, degranulation and necrosis of B cells than those of SZ injected mice. These studies indicate that Aloe vera in SZ injected mice increases vascular permeability and number of WBC in pancreatic islets, and potentiates destruction of B cells by cell-mediated immune system.

• Toxicological Research
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.277-283
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• 2003

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) has been widely used as plasticizer, insulator, lubricant, paint and ink. The persistence of PCBs in the environment and their bioaccumulation in living organism make a raise concerns regarding their toxic effects in immune system and subsequent effects on human health. However little has been known about effect of PCB, an endocrine disrupter, on splenocytes. In this study, for identifying the effect on the organs and immune cell of mice by the concentration and time of commercial PCB mixture (Aroclor 1254), each 3 mice were tested at the concentration of 3, 30, 300, 1,000 mg/kg respectively, and their organ's weight were measured in 4, 7, 14 days, respectively. Also according to concentration and time, PCB was evaluated for the effects on splenocyte viability and lipopolysaccaride (LPS) and concanavaline A (Con A)-induced splenocyte proliferation on mice spleen. In liver and lung, there were significantly defferent by concentration and time of PCB (p < 0.0001). In respect of concentration of PCB, no significant effects on mice's liver by Aroclor 1254 concentration below than 300 mg/kg were observed except at the concentration of 1,000 mg/kg doses (p < 0.0001). But there was not significant different change in mice spleen by concentration and time of PCB (p=0.2206) and the mode of weight change of spleen was different to of liver and of lung. Viabilities of splenocytes were decreased following treatment with high concentration of PCB. Also, LPS and Con A-induced cell proliferations were decreased by Aroclor 1254 at 1,000 mg/kg. These data suggest that Aroclor 1254 is the immunotoxic compound that may have an effect on mouse immune system.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.45-51
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• 2017

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the hypoglycemic effects of an ethanol extract of Cassia abbreviata (ECA) bark and the possible mechanisms of its action in diabetic albino rats. Methods: ECA was prepared by soaking the powdered plant material in 70% ethanol. It was filtered and made solvent-free by evaporation on a rotary evaporator. Type 2 diabetes was induced in albino rats by injecting 35 mg/kg body weight (bw) of streptozotocin after having fed the rats a high-fat diet for 2 weeks. Diabetic rats were divided into ECA-150, ECA-300 and Metformin (MET)-180 groups, where the numbers are the doses in mg.kg.bw administered to the groups. Normal (NC) and diabetic (DC) controls were given distilled water. The animals had their fasting blood glucose levels and body weights determined every 7 days for 21 days. Oral glucose tolerance tests (OGTTs) were carried out in all animals at the beginning and the end of the experiment. Liver and kidney samples were harvested for glucose 6 phosphatase (G6Pase) and hexokinase activity analyses. Small intestines and diaphragms from normal rats were used for ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ and glucose uptake studies against the extract. Results: Two doses, 150 and 300 mg/kg bw, significantly reduced the fasting blood glucose levels in diabetic rats and helped them maintain normal body weights. The glucose level in DC rats significantly increased while their body weights decreased. The 150 mg/kg bw dose significantly increased hexokinase and decreased G6Pase activities in the liver and the kidneys. ECA inhibited ${\alpha}-glucosidase$ activity and promoted glucose uptake in the rats' hemi-diaphragms. Conclusion: This study revealed that ECA normalized blood glucose levels and body weights in type 2 diabetic rats. The normalization of the glucose levels may possibly be due to inhibition of ${\alpha}-glucosidase$, decreased G6Pase activity, increased hexokinase activity and improved glucose uptake by muscle tissues.