• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.278-289
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• 2015

Indigenous strains of Trichoderma species isolated from rhizosphere soils of Tea gardens of Assam, north eastern state of India were assessed for in vitro antagonism against two important tea fungal pathogens namely Pestalotia theae and Fusarium solani. A potent antagonist against both tea pathogenic fungi, designated as SDRLIN1, was selected and identified as Trichoderma viride. The strain also showed substantial antifungal activity against five standard phytopathogenic fungi. Culture filtrate collected from stationary growth phase of the antagonist demonstrated a significantly higher degree of inhibitory activity against all the test fungi, demonstrating the presence of an optimal blend of extracellular antifungal metabolites. Moreover, quantitative enzyme assay of exponential and stationary culture filtrates revealed that the activity of cellulase, ${\beta}$-1,3-glucanase, pectinase, and amylase was highest in the exponential phase, whereas the activity of proteases and chitinase was noted highest in the stationary phase. Morphological changes such as hyphal swelling and distortion were also observed in the fungal pathogen grown on potato dextrose agar containing stationary phase culture filtrate. Moreover, the antifungal activity of the filtrate was significantly reduced but not entirely after heat or proteinase K treatment, demonstrating substantial role of certain unknown thermostable antifungal compound(s) in the inhibitory activity.

• Mycobiology
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.47-53
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• 2004

Pseudomonas fluorescens 1-94 induced systemic resistance in chickpea against Fusarium wilt of chickpea caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceri by the synthesis and accumulation of phenolic compounds, phenylalanine ammonia lyase(PAL) and pathogenesis related(PR) proteins(chitinase, $\beta$-1,3-glucanase and peroxidase). Time-course accumulation of these enzymes in chickpea plants inoculated with P. fluorescens was significantly(LSD, P=0.05) higher than control. Maximum activities of PR-proteins were recorded at 3 days after inoculation in all induced plants; thereafter, the activity decreased progressively. Five PR peroxidases detected in induced chickpea plants. Molecular mass of these purified peroxidases was 20, 29, 43, 66 and 97 kDa. Purified peroxidases showed antifungal activity against plant pathogenic fungi.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.22 no.8
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• pp.1118-1126
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• 2012

Four putative GH12 genes were found in the Fusarium graminearum genome. The corresponding proteins were expressed in Escherichia coli, purified, and evaluated. FGSG_05851 and FGSG_11037 displayed high activities towards xyloglucan ($V_{max}$ of 4 and $11{\mu}mol/min$, respectively), whereas FGSG_07892 and FGSG_16349 were much less active with this substrate (0.081 and $0.004{\mu}mol/min$, respectively). However, all four of these enzymes had a similar binding affinity for xyloglucan. Xyloglucan was the substrate preferred by FGSG_05851, in contrast to the three other enzymes, which preferred ${\beta}$-glucan or lichenan. Therefore, FGSG_05851 is a xyloglucan-specific glucanase (E.C. 3.2.1.151) rather than an endoglucanase (E.C. 3.2.1.4) with broad substrate specificity. FGSG_11037 displayed a peculiar behavior in that the xyloglucan binding was highly cooperative, with a Hill coefficient of 2.5. Finally, FGSG_05851 essentially degraded xyloglucan into hepta-, octa-, and nonasaccharides, whereas the three other enzymes yielded hepta- and octa-saccharides as well as larger molecules.

• Journal of Marine Bioscience and Biotechnology
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• v.2 no.2
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• pp.108-112
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• 2007

A cellulase (endo-${\beta}$-1,4-D-glucanase(E.C.3.2.1.4)) was isolated from the hepatopancreas of abalone Haliotis discus hannai by EST analysis. The abalone cellulase named HdEG compassed 1977 bp, including 195 bp in the 5'untranslated region, 1680 bp in the open reading frame which encodes 560 amino acid residues, and 92 bp in the 3'-untranslated region. The C-terminal region of the HdEG showed 44-52% identity to the catalytic domains of glycoside hydrolase family 9 (GHF9)-cellulases from arthropods and bacteria. The recombinant cellulase, pEHdEG was produced in E. coli with being fused with C-terminal His-tag. The expressed protein showed a single band (~62 kDa) on Western blotting which was consistent with the value (61,878 Da) calculated from the DNA sequence.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.276-282
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• 2007

In this study, attempts were made to develop a garlic juice extraction method that would result in minimum changes in quality. Protopectinase and a mutienzyme containing cellulase, pectinesterase, ${\beta}-glucanase$, etc. were applied to garlic residue after first extraction, and the yields of garlic juice and the flavor component changes of the juices were investigated. Enzyme concentrations of 0.04, 0.08, and 0.12% which were based on pulp weight before extraction were added and allowed to hydrolyze for 30, 60, 90 and 120 min,. respectively. Increase in the garlic juice yield was observed according to the amount of enzyme added and the reaction time until reaching a maximum point. When 0.12% protopectinase was applied to the garlic residue for 90 min, the yield increased by 13.8%. Under the same conditions, when multienzyme was applied to the garlic residue, the yield increased by 14.5%, which was considered the maximum. The flavor compounds decreased when compared with the total GC peak area of garlic juice prepared without enzymes(control). The volatile flavor compounds in garlic juice prepared with 0.12% protopectinase for 60 min decreased by 6%. The free sugars profile of the garlic juice prepared with 0.12% protopectinase for 60 min was similar to that of the control. The type of enzyme used did not affect the free amino acid profile of the garlic juice. These results indicate that the optimum conditions for extraction of garlic juice are hydrolyzing the residue with 0.12% protopectinase for 60 min, extracting garlic juice from the hydrolyzed reside, and then combining the extracted juice with the first extraction.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.190-196
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• 2012

In this study, a total of more than 1,000 bacteria, including 739 species of aerobic bacteria, 80 species of urease producing bacteria and 303 species of photosynthetic bacteria, were isolated from red-pepper field soils located in the Gyeongsan Province of the Republic of Korea. Amongst these, 158 species of aerobic bacteria, 70 species of urease producing bacteria and 228 species of photosynthetic bacteria were found to be auxin producing soil bacteria through quantification analysis with the Salkowski test. The latter groupings were then tested for antifungal activities to ${\beta}$-Glucanase and siderophore using CMC congo red agar and CAS blue agar media. In addition, the selected strains were examined for antifungal activity against various phytopathogenic fungi on PDN agar media. Six strains; BCB14, BCB17, C10, HA46, HA143, and HJ5, were noted for their ability to both produce auxin and act as antifungal substances. 16S rDNA sequence comparison analyses of these six strains identified them as Bacillus subtilis BCB14, B. methylotrophicus BCB17, B. methylotrophicus C10, B. sonorensis HA46, B. subtilis HA143, and B. safensis HJ5.

• BMB Reports
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• v.39 no.4
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• pp.355-360
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• 2006

To gain a better understanding on the function of the potato Solanum tuberosum Multiprotein Bridging Factor 1 protein (StMBF1) its interaction with the TATA box binding protein (TBP) was demonstrated. In addition we reported that StMBF1 rescues the yeast mbf1 mutant phenotype, indicating its role as a plant co-activator. These data reinforce the hypothesis that MBF1 function is also conserved among non closely related plant species. In addition, measurement of StMBF1 protein level by Western blot using anti-StMBF1 antibodies indicated that the protein level increased upon $H_2O_2$ and heat shock treatments. However, the potato $\beta$-1,3-glucanase protein level was not changed under the same experimental conditions. These data indicate that StMBF1 participates in the cell stress response against oxidative stress allowing us to suggest that MBF1 genes from different plant groups may share similar functions.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.6
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• pp.670-680
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• 2018

Acanthophysium sp. KMF001, a wood rotting fungus, produces a strong crude enzyme complex that efficiently produces simple sugars from wood. The transcriptomic analysis of Acanthophysium sp. KMF001 identified 14 genes for putative glycoside hydrolases. Among them, isotig01043 was expressed heterogeneously in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3), and the expressed protein exhibited an endo-${\beta}$-1,4-xylanase activity which showed the optimum reaction at pH 5.0 and $30^{\circ}C$. The enzyme kinetic values of $K_m$ and $V_{max}$ were 25.92 mg/ml and $0.628{\mu}mole/mg/ml$, respectively. The enzymatic characteristics of the expressed xylanase showed a typical fungal xylanase. However, the bioinformatics analysis suggested that the protein encoded by isotig01043 was a novel xylanase based on a low identity when it was compared with the closest protein in the NCBI database and a similar protein domain with GH16_fungal_Lam16A_glucanase, which had not been earlier suggested as a xylanase.

• Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering:BBE
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• v.11 no.3
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• pp.230-234
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• 2006

In this study, we describe a one-step chemoenzymatic reaction for the production of natural blue pigments, in which the geniposide from Gardenia extracts is transformed by glycosidases to genipin. Genipin is then allowed to react with amino acids, thereby generating a natural blue pigment. The ${\beta}-glycosidases$, most notably Isolase (a variant of ${\beta}-glucanase$), recombinant ${\beta}-glycosidases$, Cellulase T, and amylases, were shown to hydrolyze geniposide to produce the desired pigments, whereas the ${\alpha}-glycosidases$ did not. Among the 20 tested amino acids, glycine and tyrosine were associated with the highest dye production yields. The optimal molar ratio of geniposide to glycine, two reactants relevant to pigment production, was unity The natural blue pigments produced in this study were used to dye cotton, silk, and wool. The color yields of the pigments were determined to be significantly higher than those of other natural dyes. Furthermore, the color fastness properties of these dyes were fairly good, even in the absence of mordant.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.621-632
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• 1994

This experiment was performed to study the effect of capsaicin on the excitatory amino acids (EAAs) neurotransmitter in medullary dorsal horn and to clarify the relationship between substance P and excitatory amino acids. Horizontal slice of rat medullary dorsal horn was prepared and perfused with modified Krebs-Ringer solution in brain slice chamber. Release of EAAs was induced by veratrine and capsaicin were added to perfusion solution to observe the changes in EAA release. Capsaicin and ruthenium red, capsaicin antagonist, were also systemically injected with 50mg/kg in first day and 100mg/kg in second day for 2 days. Medulla oblongata containing the medullary dorsal horn was isolated, homogenized and centrifused. Spernatant was freeze-dried and EAA was determined by HPLC. Release of glutamate and aspartate was significantly increased by veratrine or capsaicin, but veratrine evoked release of EAAs was blocked by capsaicin in vitro, and injected ruthenium red did not have effect on the contents of EMs in vivo. Systemically injected capsaicin evoked the slight decrease in content of glutamate and aspartate in medullary dorsal horn and this effect of capsaicin was unaffected by ruthenium red.