• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제20권5호
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• pp.577-580
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• 1999

Solvolyses of phenyl chlorothionoformate in water, D2O, CH3OD, 50% D2O-CH3OD, and in aqueous binary mixtures of acetone, ethanol and methanol are investigated at 25.0℃. The Grunwald-Winstein plots of firstorder rate constants for phenyl chlorothionoformate with Ycl (based on 2-adamantyl chloride) show a dispersion phenomenon, and also the extended Grunwald-Winstein plots show a poor correlation for the solvolyses of phenyl chlorothionoformate. The ring parameter (I) has been shown to give considerable improvement when it is added as an hI term to the original and extended Grunwald-Winstein correlations. The dispersions in the Grunwald-Winstein correlations in the present studies are caused by the conjugation between the reaction center and the aromatic ring in the vicinity of the reaction center. This study has shown that the magnitude of l and m values associated with a change of solvent composition leads to predict the SN2 transition state. The kinetic solvent isotope effects determined in deuterated water and methanol are consistent with the proposed mechanism of the general base catalyzed SN2 mechanism.

• 항공우주시스템공학회지
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2021

In this study, a new design of an extension-type actuator (ExACT) is proposed based on a chevron structure with displacement amplification mechanisms by local heating. ExACT comprises diamond-shaped displacement amplification structures (DASs) containing axially oriented V-shaped chevron beams, a support bar that restricts lateral heat deformation, and a loading slot for thin-film heaters. On heating the thin film heater, the diamond-shaped DASs undergo thermal expansion. However, lateral expansion is restricted by the support bar, leading to displacement amplification in the axial direction. The performance parameters of ExACT such as temperature distribution and extended displacement is calculated using thermo-mechanical analysis methods with the finite element method (FEM) tool. Subsequently, the ExACTs are fabricated using a polymer-based 3D printer capable of reproducing complex structures, and the performance of ExACTs is evaluated under various temperature conditions. Finally, the performance evaluation results were compared with those of the FEM analysis.

• 한국컴퓨터정보학회논문지
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• 제24권6호
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• pp.21-28
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• 2019

Recent years with the development of artificial intelligence and the success of the deep model, they have been deployed in all fields of computer vision. Action recognition, as an important branch of human perception and computer vision system research, has attracted more and more attention. Action recognition is a challenging task due to the special complexity of human movement, the same movement may exist between multiple individuals. The human action exists as a continuous image frame in the video, so action recognition requires more computational power than processing static images. And the simple use of the CNN network cannot achieve the desired results. Recently, the attention model has achieved good results in computer vision and natural language processing. In particular, for video action classification, after adding the attention model, it is more effective to focus on motion features and improve performance. It intuitively explains which part the model attends to when making a particular decision, which is very helpful in real applications. In this paper, we proposed a 3D dense convolutional network based on attention mechanism(ADD-Net), recognition of human motion behavior in the video.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제34권11호
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• pp.3218-3222
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• 2013

The aminolyses, anilinolysis and pyridinolysis, of bis(2-oxo-3-oxazolidinyl) phosphinic chloride (1) have been kinetically investigated in acetonitrile at 55.0 and $35.0^{\circ}C$, respectively. For the reactions of 1 with substituted anilines and deuterated anilines, a concerted SN2 mechanism is proposed based on the selectivity parameters and activation parameters. The deuterium kinetic isotope effects ($k_H/k_D$) invariably increase from secondary inverse to primary normal as the aniline becomes more basic, rationalized by the transition state variation from a backside to a frontside attack. For the pyridinolysis of 1, the authors propose a stepwise mechanism with a rate-limiting step change from bond breaking for more basic pyridines to bond formation for less basic pyridines based on the selectivity parameters and activation parameters. Biphasic concave upward free energy relationship with X is ascribed to a change in the attacking direction of the nucleophile from a frontside attack with more basic pyridines to a backside attack with less basic pyridines.

• Applied Science and Convergence Technology
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.65-69
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• 2018

We studied the critical pressure characteristics of an anode type ion beam source driven by both charge repulsion and diffusion mechanism. The critical pressure $P_{crit}$ of the diffusion type ion beam source was linearly decreased from 2.5 mTorr to 0.5 mTorr when the gas injection was varied in 3~10 sccm, while the $P_{crit}$ of the charge repulsion ion beam source was remained at 3.5 mTorr. At the gas injection of 10 sccm, the range of having normal beam shape in the charge repulsion ion beam source was about 6.4 times wider than that in the diffusion type ion beam source. An impurity of Fe 2p (KE = 776.68 eV) of 12.88 at. % was observed from the glass surface treated with the abnormal beam of the charge repulsion type ion beam source. The body temperature of the diffusion type ion beam source was observed to increase rapidly at the rate of $1.9^{\circ}C/min$ for 30 minutes and to vary slowly at the rate of $0.1^{\circ}C/min$ for 200 minutes for an abnormal beam and normal beam, respectively.

• 한국지반신소재학회논문집
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• 제18권1호
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• pp.11-23
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• 2019

This paper presents the results of a three-dimensional numerical investigation into the mechanical mechanism of main tunnels and cross passage construction. Aimed at the complex space structure composed of two main tunnels and cross passage, 3D numerical model of the structure and surrounding rock was built to analyze the influence. Comparative analysis of different buried depths were carried out. The results of the study indicate that the stress concentration was occurred in the intersecting linings, especially in the opening side lining, which leads to an unfavorable form of force that is pulled up by the upper and lower sections in the intersecting linings due to the construction of the cross passage. The excavation of the cross passage also destroys the stability of the original soil layer and causes settlement of the surface and main tunnels. Practical implications of the findings are discussed.

• 대한토목학회논문집
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• 제28권3D호
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• pp.325-330
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• 2008

GFRP 다웰바의 장기 내구성능 저하 메커니즘을 규명하기 위하여 실제 콘크리트 포장에서 발생할 수 있는 수분환경과 동결융해반복 환경하의 촉진 내구성능 평가를 실시하였으며 그에 따른 미세구조 분석을 통해 성능저하 열화 진행 메커니즘을 분석하였다. GFRP 다웰바의 내구특성 평가는 촉진환경에 노출 후 전단시험을 실시하여 분석하였으며 미세구조 분석을 위하여 SEM 사진과 가스흡착에 의한 공극측정을 실시하였다. 실험결과 수분환경 및 동결 융해반복 환경에 노출된 GFRP 다웰바는 내구특성 저하가 거의 나타나지 않았다. 이와 같은 결과는 미세구조분석에서 명확히 관찰 할 수 있었다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.124-129
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• 1994

25%(v/v) dioxane 수용액의 넓은 pH범위에서 살충성 $O,O-Diethyl-{\alpha}-cyanobenzylideneamino-oxyphosphorothioate(Volaton^{\circledR})$의 가수분해 반응은 용매효과 (pH 6.0; m=0.21, n=1.55, pH 12.0; m=0.42, n=3.14 및 $|m|{\ll}|l|$), 반응 속도식, 일반염기 촉매효과, 가수분해 반응생성물 분석 및 분자 궤도(MO) 함수 계산 등의 결과로부터 trigonal bipyramidal$(sp^3d^2)$중간체를 경유하여 pH 7.0 이하에서는 $A_{AC}2$형 반응, 그리고 pH 9.0 이상에서는 $B_{AC}2$형 반응이 일어난다. Volaton의 가수분해 반응성은 입체 장애보다는 양하전 크기$(p{\gg}{\alpha}C_2)$에 의존적이며 $pH\;7.0{\sim}9.0$ 사이에서는 이들 두 반응이 경쟁적으로 일어나는 반응 메카니즘을 제안하였다.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.3-8
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• 1982

As a part of the studies on the regulatory mechanism of gene expression by gibbrellic acid, the effects of $GA_3$ on the protein biosynthesis and phosphorylation in maize seedlings were investigated in the presence of actinomycin D. The activities of protein biosynthesis and phosphorylation in germinating seeds treated with $GA_3$ were greater than those of the control at the 3-day point after germination. It is assumed that the enhancement of protein biosynthesis by $GA_3$ in the presence of actinomycin D is due to the effects of $GA_3$ on the translational processes in which protein is produced from the mRNA synthesized previously.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.215-221
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• 2011

Endocytosis of the Notch ligand, DeltaD, by mind bomb1 is indispensable for activation of Notch in cell fate determination, proliferation, and differentiation during zebrafish neurogenesis. Loss of mind bomb1 activity as an E3 Ubiquitin ligase causes the accumulation of deltaD at the plasma membrane and results in the ectopic neurogenic phenotype by activation of Notch in early zebrafish embryogenesis. However, the regulatory mechanism of deltaD during neurogenesis is not identified yet. This study aims to analyze the pathway of mib1 and deltaD after endocytosis in vivo during zebrafish embryogenesis. Mind bomb1 and deltaD are co-localized into autophagosome and mutant form of mind bomb1 fails to cargo deltaD into autophagosomes. These findings suggest that mind bomb I mediates deltaD regulation by autophagy in an ubiquitin-dependent manner during zebrafish embryogenesis.