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An Analysis on the Propriety of Labor Input at Design Stage in Construction Management (건설사업 관리에 있어서 설계이전단계의 인력투입 적정성 분석)

  • An, Yang-Hoan;Kim, Young-Ai;Kim, Yong-Su
    • Korean Journal of Construction Engineering and Management
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.32-41
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    • 2009
  • In the execution of construction management, such pre-design steps as a planning stage, a basic design stage, and a work design stage are regarded as more important than an actual construction stage. However, the manpower input criterion from the aspect of construction management price standard in the Construction Engineering Management Law does not attach weight to the pre-design stage. In this regard, the aim of this study was to examine the propriety of manpower input in the pre-design stage of construction management and then present an improvement strategy of it. For this, the investigator examined the criterion of service price prescribed in the Construction Engineering Management Law and then comparatively analyzed four sites of construction management services. Study findings are as follows: 1) the actual state of manpower input based on the stepwise average price criterion of construction management service is presented with such steps as the newly established planning step (6.6%), the basic design stage (3.9%$\rightarrow$5.6%), the practical design stage(7.6%$\rightarrow$13.5%), the construction stage (88.5%$\rightarrow$64.0%), and the newly established maintenance stage (10.3%). The average price criterion is classified by total construction expenses and calculated by improved rates and stage; and 2) the three-step criterion of the Construction Engineering Management Law is classified into five stages including the planning stage and the maintenance stage by dividing it with the stepwise construction businesses. Study findings show that the calculation of price criterion in the actual site of construction management services must be operated in a practical and flexible manner and the systematic improvement of stepwise manpower input must be carried out actually.

Separation and Purification of Bio Gas by Hollow Fiber Gas Separation Membrane Module (중공사형 기체분리막 모듈을 이용한 바이오가스의 분리 및 정제)

  • Koh, Hyung-Chul;Ha, Seong-Yong;Woo, Seung-Moon;Nam, Sang-Yong;Lee, Byung-Seong;Lee, Chung-Seop;Choi, Whee-Moon
    • Membrane Journal
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    • v.21 no.2
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    • pp.177-192
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    • 2011
  • Hollow fiber membrane using CTA polymers were prepared by the phase separation method for the separation and purification of biogas and the hollow fiber gas separation membrane modules with the effective surface area of 0.17 $m^2$ were prepared. The pure gas permeation properties of membrane modules for methane, oxygen and carbon dioxide were measured. The permeance of $CO_2$ and $CH_4$were 0.46 GPU and 18.52 GPU, respectively, therefore, the high $CO_2$/$CH_4$ selectivity of 40.4 was obtained. The separation and purification test for 4 different simulated mixed gases were carried out after the pure gas test and the gas concentration and flux of the permeate at the various stage-cut were measured from the 1 stage, 2 stage, and 3 stage cascade of membrane modules. In the 1 stage test, the concentration of $CH_4$ increased as the increase of the stage-cut, while the $CH_4$ recovery efficiency ratio decreased. In the 2 stage test, the $CH_4$ recovery efficiency ratio increased compared to the 1 stage. The 3 stage test was employed to reduce the loss of $CH_4$ in biogas and the result showed less than 5% of $CH_4$ recovery loss.

Chemical Composition of Sphalerite Relating to Mineralization at the Tongyoung mine, Korea (통영광산산(統營鑛山産) 섬아연석(閃亞鉛石)의 화학조성(化學組成))

  • Kim, Moon Young;Shin, Hong Ja
    • Economic and Environmental Geology
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    • v.22 no.2
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    • pp.103-115
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    • 1989
  • The Tongyoung deposits are epithermal gold and silver bearing quartz-rhodochrosite vein type deposits of late Cretaceous. They occurs in the andesite and tuff breccia member called Gyeongsang basin. Four mineralizations can be distinguished at the mine based on macrostructures. From earlist stage to lastest stage they are: stage I, base-metal quartz vein; stage II, rhodochrosite vein (IIA) and Pb-Zn vein (IIB); stage III, barren quartz vein; stage IV, calcite-ankeritic rhodochrosite veins. Gold and silver mineralizations occur predominantly in the stage I and IIB. Electrum is closely associated with galena, sphalerite and pyrite, and has chemical compositions of 50.98-64.05 atom % Ag. Sphalerite contains 2.09-5.05 mol % FeS and 0.34-2.01 mol % MnS in the stage I, and 2.01-3.41 mol % FeS and 0.21-2.80 mol % MnS in the stage IIB. The FeS and MnS contents are in general correlated, and shows a characteristic zonal arrangement of electrum. It reveals rhat FeS contents of sphalerite which precipitated before electrum, gradually decreases in a grain during its deposition ranging from about 3.3 to 2 mol %. It may be considered from the above data that an increase of $fs_2$ caused by the oxidation of ore forming fluid is more important that the decrease of temperature.

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In Vitro Development and Conception Rate after Transfer of Mouse Embryos Bisected at Morula or Blastocyst Stage (상실배 및 포기배에 분할한 생쥐 수정란의 체외발달 속도 및 이식 후 수태율)

  • 박희성;박준규;정장용;박충생
    • Journal of Embryo Transfer
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    • v.8 no.1
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    • pp.13-19
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    • 1993
  • These experiments were carried out to determine the effect of pregnancy in bisected embryo. The embryos of ICR mouse were microsurgically bisected at morula and blastocyst stage using microsurgical blade attached a micromanipulator. These bisected embryos without zona pellucida were cultured up to blastocyst stage and cell count and diameter of stained blastomere, and transferred pseudopregnant mice. And the development of these bisected embryos was compared with the results of production of young of the corresponding intact embryos or cell stage. When the bisected mouse embryos were cultured in vitro for 20 to 24 hours in morula stage(77.2%) or 3 to 6 hours in blastocyst stage(84.1%), them were developed to the expanded blastocyst stage. There were no significant(P<0.05) differences in the development rate of bisected embryos between in morula and blastocyst stages. The embryo size of blastocyst developed in vitro from bisected embryo was small(P<0.05)than intact embryo. However, the number of blastomeres with bisected embryo (24.7+1.3and 21.5+1.2 respectively) were significantly(P<0.05) reduced, compared with that of intacted embryos(36.3+1.1 and 41.4+1.2 respectively). When compared with the result of pregnancy rate(63.6%) after surgical transfer of bisected morulae, a similar result(65.4%) was obtained with bisected blastocyst stage(P< 0.05). However, production of youngs (38.8%) after transfer of bisected morula, a similar result (38.1%) was obtained with bisected blastocyst stage (P<0.05).

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A Study on the simulation of Stage Costume applying CAD System (CAD System을 활용한 무대의상 시뮬레이션에 관한 연구 (Utilizing DC Suite program))

  • Park, Youshin;Choi, Youngro
    • Journal of Fashion Business
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    • v.17 no.1
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    • pp.145-156
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    • 2013
  • The purpose of this study is to demonstrate the stage costumes realized by digital clothing ; how realistic and accurate representation of empirical testing and in the consultation process for the production stage costumes, determine whether digital clothing has value that can be substituted for the stage costume. This study researched the stage costume manufacture, Isabel's costume of the musical 'Christmas Carol', process by using the 3-D clothing simulation technology : DC Suite. The results of this study is as following. They share many similarities between the stage costumes and digital clothing. It is possible that digital clothing takes a role as a substitute for stage costumes in the production process of the clothing samples. The clothing production system, including stage costumes, by digital clothing costs and lead time can be saved by innovative. Also the result can be saved without restriction, and this system can exert its effect in a very efficient way to incorporation of foreign producers and production system.

A study of Moral Reasoning by the Defining Issues Test among medical students (도덕판단력 진단검사(Defining Issues Test)에 의한 의과대학생의 도덕적 사고)

  • Ahn, Sung-Hee;Han, Sung-Sook;Kim, Chung-Ho
    • Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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    • v.2 no.2
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    • pp.85-95
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    • 1996
  • The purpose of this study was to investigate moral reasoning among 77 senior medical students. Data were collected through selfreported questionnaires in June, 1995. The short form of the DIT (Rest's Defining Issues Test) was adopted to measure the stage of moral development, which was classified with the stage 2(instrumental relativist orientation), the stage 3(interpersonal concordance), the stage 4(law and order), the stage 5A(societal consensus), and the stage 5B(intuitional humanism), stage 6(universal ethical practice). In particular, the level of principled thinking(P) was measured by summing those scores of the stages 5A, 5B, and 6. The possible range of P is O to 95. The data were analyzed by t-test, ANOVA. The results were as follows. 1. The mean score of P(%) was 44.67 (SD=12.82). And the mean score of the stage 5A was higher than the scores of other stages. The mean score of P was not significantly different by general characteristics of the students. 2. The mean score of the stage 5B revealed significant difference by religion (3.17, P=.019) ; The score was highest in buddhist (8.0), which was followed by protestant (6.1), catholic (5.6) and no religion (4.7). 3. The mean score of the stage 4 revealed significant difference by educational background of mother (3.24, P=.017) ; the Score was highest in graduate school (25.0), which was followed by high school (14.1), under-graduate school (13.9), elementary school (12.4), middle school (8.3).

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Clinical Review about Dysphagia associated with Acute Ischemic Stroke (급성 허혈성 뇌졸중에 수반된 연하장애에 관한 임상적 고찰)

  • 한명아;김동웅
    • The Journal of Korean Medicine
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    • v.22 no.3
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    • pp.42-50
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    • 2001
  • Objectives : Dysphagia is common and severe problems of acute stroke determining the prognosis of stroke only second to mental change, and results in secondary fatal complications such as aspiration pneumonia, malnutrition, dehydration, etc. Therefore, we were to investigate the clinical characteristics of dysphagia accompanied by acute ischemic stroke. Methods : We selected subjects through clinical notes retrospectively, whose main problems included dysphagia resulted from acute stroke within 72 hours from onset who were admitted to the Internal Medicine Department of Wonkwang Oriental Medicine Hospital from Jan. 2000 to Apr. 2001. We assessed the severity of dysphagia from admission to discharge using a staging method : stage 0 is normal without dysphagia, stage 1 is nearly normal except for intermittent dysphagia, stage 2 is compensated abnormal swallowing requiring adjusted diets or delayed feeding time, stage 3 is uncompensated abnormal swallowing resulted in weight loss down to 10% of initial and daily aspiration, coughing, and vomiting, stage 4 is uncompensated abnormal swallowing resulting in weight loss beyond 10% and recommended for non-oral feeding, and stage 5 is 100% non-oral feeding by L-tube, or gastrostomy or NPO state. Results : Dysphagia was improved statistically significantly from the mean stage of $3.6{\pm}0.29$ on admission to $1.88{\pm}0.32$ on discharge (P<0.05). On average $7.1{\pm}1.48$ days were required for improving more than one stage level. As patients were older and the stage of dysphagia was worse on admission, severity of dysphagia was more difficult to improve (correlation coefficiency was 0.55 and 0.77 respectively, P<0.05). Aspiration pneumonia was complicated in 13 patients of the total 25 at mean dysphagia stage of $3.36{\pm}0.37$. However, any specific values such as lesion size, lesion site, sex, age, past history and NIH Stroke Scale on admission did not affect it (P>0.05). Conclusion : Clinical course of dysphagia was determined about I week from the onset. Aspiration pneumonia was mainly complicated during oral feeding periods. If there were no improvement of dysphagia over 2-3 weeks, then non-oral feeding such as Levin tube or gastrostomy must be considered.

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Long-term Results of Surgical Treatment for Primary Lung Cancer (원발성 폐암 수술의 장기성적)

  • Ham, Si-Yeong;Seong, Suk-Hwan;Kim, Ju-Hyeon
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.20 no.4
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    • pp.730-744
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    • 1987
  • From Nov. 1980 to Jun. 1987, 270 primary lung cancer patients were operated on at the department of Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surgery, Seoul National University Hospital. There Were 223 males & 47 females with 55.5 years of mean age. There were 151 [55.9%] squamous cell ca., 43 [18.8%] adenoca., 8 [3.5%] undiff. large cell, 9 [3.9%] undiff. small cell ca. & 18 [7.9%] mixed type, and also composed of 65 [28.3%] stage I, 31 [13.5%] stage II and 133 [58.1%] of stage III cases. They received 78 [34.1%] lobectomies, 62 [27.1%] pneumonectomies and 60 [26.2%] exploratory thoracotomies with 70% resectability rate. The five year actuarial survival rate of all patients was 37%. According to TNM stage, five year survival rate of the patients in stage I was 71%, those of stage II was 29% and of stage III 21%. According to histological cell type, five year actuarial survival rate of the squamous cell ca. was 35%, of adenoca. 49%, of undiff. large cell. 22%, 2 year survival rate of undiff. small cell was 31% and 3 year survival rate of mixed type was 47%. Hospital death was 2 case with a 1.3% early postop. mortality rate.

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Prognostic Factors in Stage IIB Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer according to the 8th Edition of TNM Staging System

  • Shin, Jin Won;Cho, Deog Gon;Choi, Si Young;Park, Jae Kil;Lee, Kyo Young;Moon, Youngkyu
    • Journal of Chest Surgery
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    • v.52 no.3
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    • pp.131-140
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    • 2019
  • Background: The purposes of this study were to evaluate the appropriateness of the stage migration of stage IIA non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in the seventh edition of the tumor, node, and metastasis classification for lung cancer to stage IIB lung cancer in the eighth edition, and to identify prognostic factors in patients with eighth-edition stage IIB disease. Methods: Patients with eighth-edition stage IIB disease were subclassified into those with seventh-edition stage IIA disease and those with seventh-edition stage IIB disease, and their recurrence-free survival and disease-specific survival rates were compared. Risk factors for recurrence after curative resection were identified in all included patients. Results: Of 122 patients with eighth-edition stage IIB NSCLC, 101 (82.8%) had seventh-edition stage IIA disease and 21 (17.2%) had seventh-edition stage IIB disease. Nonsignificant differences were observed in the 5-year recurrence-free survival rate and the 5-year disease-specific survival rate between the patients with seventh-edition stage IIA disease and those with seventh-edition stage IIB disease. Visceral pleural invasion was a significant risk factor for recurrence in patients with eighth-edition stage IIB NSCLC. Conclusion: The stage migration from seventh-edition stage IIA NSCLC to eighth-edition stage IIB NSCLC was appropriate in terms of oncological outcomes. Visceral pleural invasion was the only prognostic factor in patients with eighth-edition stage IIB NSCLC.

Steam Turbine Design Using 3-Dimensional Flow Analysis (3차원 유동 해석을 이용한 증기 터빈 설계)

  • Kwon, G.B.;Kim, Y.S.;Cho, S.H.;Im, H.S.;Nah, U.H.;Kim, H.M.
    • 유체기계공업학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2000.12a
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    • pp.312-317
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    • 2000
  • High efficient steam turbine stage has been developed with the help of the 3-dimensional design tool. In this stage design, the compound leaned stacking method has been adopted to reduce the secondary flow loss of a turbine passage and to increase the performance efficiency for the turbine nozzles. And the turbine buckets have been designed with the quasi-3-dimensional turbomachinery blade design method. To verify the stage design, therefore, the 3-dimensional numerical simulation of a steam turbine stage was conducted. In this design, CFX-TASCflow was employed to predict the turbulent flow of a steam turbine stage. The analysis was performed in parallel calculation using the HP N4000 8 CPUs machine. The result showed CFX-TASCflow could be used as the 3-dimensional flow analysis tool of steam turbine design.

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