• Transactions of the Korean Society of Mechanical Engineers B
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.157-164
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• 2016

The performance of convective heat transfer in rod bundle flow was experimentally evaluated using a twist-vane spacer grid. A $4{\times}4$ square-arrayed rod bundle was prepared as the test section, with a pitch-to-diameter ratio(P/D) of ~1.35. To check the convective heat transfer performance, the circumferential and longitudinal variations in rod-wall temperatures were measured downstream of the twist-vane spacer grid. In the circumferential measurements, the rod-wall temperature toward the twist-vane tip showed the lowest value, which might be due to the deflected water flow caused by the twist-vane. On the other hand, the wall temperature of the longitudinal measurements near the twist-vane spacer grid decreased dramatically, which implies that the convective heat transfer performance was enhanced. A heat transfer enhancement of ~35 % was achieved near downstream of the twist-vane spacer grid, as compared with the upstream value. Based on the present experimental data, a correlation for predicting the heat transfer performance of a twist-vane spacer grid was proposed.

• Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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• autumn
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• pp.259-262
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• 2001

인간이 실제 생활에서 느끼는 입체음향을 녹음해서 재생기를 통해 듣고자하는 시도는 역사적으로 이미 한 세기가 지났으나 아직도 실감 있는 입체음향 녹음 및 재생기법 연구는 계속진행 중에 있다. 스피커 혹은 헤드폰으로 전후, 좌우, 상하의 모든 방향 및 거리감까지도 재생시킬 수 있는 있어야 진정한 입체음향이라 말할 수 있겠지만 많은 오디오 기기 제조업체들이 홍보효과를 위해 입체음향을 부적절하게 사용함으로써 일반 사용자들은 입체음향에 대해 많이 혼돈하고 있는 실정이다. 정확한 의미로 오늘날 대부분의 오디오 기기를 차지하고 있는 스테레오 사운드는 1차원(좌우 축)사운드라고 말할 수 있으며, 극장 사운드는 2차원(좌우, 전후 축)사운드이며 상용화된 3차원 사운드 제품은 아직 존재하지 않는다고 말할 수 있다 본 논문에서는 현재 연구 중인 "방송을 위한 입체음향 생성 및 재생 기법" 중 대표적인 바이노럴 기법과 Ambisonic 기법 및 문제점에 대해 알아보았다

• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.147-154
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• 1999

This study was performed to survey the exchange of frames on 83 persons. We investigated frame size, frame type, binocular prism effect etc. 80.4% among motives of frame-exchanges was a damage or corrosion. The type of frames was round-like 62.4% and 37.6% square-like. The size of frames was $49{\Box}18$ and vertical length 33mm on old-frames, $47{\Box}17$ and 31mm on new-frames. The scope of axis variation was average +3.20~3.80. According to estimation by the rule of RAL-RG 915, the inappropriate horizontal prism effect of new spectacles was 42.2%, more than 38.5% on old spectacles. The inappropriate vertical prism effect was 24.1% on old, 33.7% on new spectacles.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.170-178
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• 1988

An automated ultrasonic flaw detection system was developed for thin-walled and short tubes such as Zircaloy-4 tubes used for cladding heavy-water reactor fuel. The system was based on the two channels immersion pulse-echo technique using 14 MHz shear wave and the specially developed helical scanning technique, in which the tube to be tested is only rotated and the small water tank with spherical focus ultrasonic transducers is translated along the tube length. The optimum angle of incidence of ultrasonic beam was 26 degrees, at which the inside and outside surface defects with the same size and direction could be detected with the same sensitivity. The maximum permissible defects in the Zircaloy-4 tubes, i.e., the longitudinal and circumferential v notches with the length of 0.76mm and 0.38mm, respectively and the depth of 0.04 mm on the inside and outside surface, could be easily detected by the system with the inspection speed of about 1 m/min and the very excellent reproducibility. The ratio of signal to noise was greater than 20 dB for the longitudinal defects and 12 dB for the circumferential defects.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.116-127
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• 1990

The fission gas release model used In the SPEAR-BETA fuel performance code was modified by use of effective thermal conductivity for cracked fuel and by laking Into account axial fission-gas mixing between the fuel-clad gap and the plenum. With use of this modified model the fission gas release was analyzed under various power ramping conditions of P$_{max}$ and $\Delta$.fP. Effective fuel thermal conductivity that accounts for the effect of fuel tracking was used in calculation of the fuel temperature distribution and the Internal gas pressure under power ramping conditions. Mixing and dilution effects due to axial gas flow were also considered in computing the width and the thermal conductivity of the gap. The effect of axial gas flow w3s solved by the Crank-Nicholson method. The finite difference method was used to save running time in the calculation. The present modified fission-gas release model was validated by comparing its predicted results with experimental data from various lamping tests In the literature and calculated results with use of the models used In the SPEAR-BETA and FEMAXI-IV codes. Results obtained with use of the present modified model showed better agreement with experimental data reported in the literature than those results with use of the latter codes. The fuel centerline temperature calculated with introduction of effective thermal conductivity for centerline temperature calculated with Introduction of effective thermal conductivity for cracked fuel was 200 higher fission gas release predicted with use of the modified model was nearly 6% larger on the average than that calculated by use of the unmodified model used in the SPEAR-BETA code.e SPEAR-BETA code.e.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Fisheries and Ocean Technology
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.75-81
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• 1985

The tensile and dielctric strength of the epoxied resin with bi-directional woven glass fibers with a laminate of two layers(G-10) are studied, and the test parameter is the angle between fiber orientation and the tensile axis. The obtained results may be summaried as follows: 1) when the angle between fiber orientation and tensile axis was varied from 0$^{\circ}$ to 45$^{\circ}$ the yield and fracture stresses have a tendency to decrease with increase in the angle. Especially, the decrease rates in the yield and fracture stresses are changed remarkably in the range of 0$^{\circ}$ to 15$^{\circ}$. 2) The fracture strain has showed the maximum value when the angle between fiber orientation and tensile axis is 45$^{\circ}$, and showed the rapid rate of change from 15$^{\circ}$ to 45$^{\circ}$. 3) For the sample with same angle between fiber orientation and tensile axis the maximum dielectric strength under compressive stress is decreased with increase in tensile stress, when the compressive stress is increased as a parameter of tensile stress. 4) When the angle between fiber orientation and tensile axis is 45$^{\circ}$, the dielectric strength showed the worst value, as the mechanical strength did.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.30-35
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• 2009

Effective-pivot effects on the thrust vector control performance of the flexible seal nozzle to be used to control the flight direction of missile were investigated by computer simulation. $2^3$-Design of experiment technique was applied and ADMAS was used for the surrogate technique. As a result, radial pivot position had more influence upon the nozzle actuating performance than axial pivot position. Connecting method of actuator was also important factor in determining effective-pivot effects on the thrust vector control performance of the flexible seal nozzle.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.06a
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• pp.257-257
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• 2007

고밀도 FeRAM (Ferroe!ectric Random Access Memory) 소자를 개발하기 위해서는 강유전체 물질을 이용한 안정적인 스텍형의 커패시터 개발이 필수적이다. 특히 $(Bi,La)_4Ti_3O_{12}$ (BLT) 강유전체 물질을 이용하는 경우에는 낮은 열처리 온도에서도 균질하고 높은 값의 잔류 분극 값을 확보하는 것이 가장 중요한 과제 중의 하나이다. 불행히도, BLT 물질은 a-축으로는 약 $50\;{\mu}C/cm^2$ 정도의 높은 잔류 분극 값을 갖지만, c-축 방향으로는 $4\;{\mu}C/cm^2$ 정도의 낮은 잔류 분극 값을 나타내는 동의 강한 비등방성 특성을 보인다. 따라서 BLT 박막에서 각각 입자들의 크기 및 결정 방향성을 세밀하게 제어하는 것은 무엇보다 중요하다. 본 연구에서는 16 Mb의 1T/1C (1-transistor/1-capacitor) 형의 FeRAM 소자를 BLT 박막을 적용하여 제작하였다. 솔-젤 (sol-gel) 용액을 이용하여 스핀코팅법으로 BLT 박막을 증착하고, 후속 열처리 공정을 RTP (rapid thermal process) 공정을 이용하여 수행하였다. 커패시터의 하부 전극 및 상부 전극은 각각 Pt/IrOx/lr 및 Pt을 적용하였다. 반응성 이온 에칭 (RIE: reactive ion etching) 공정을 이용하여 커패시터를 형성시킨 후, 32k-array (unit capacitor: $0.68\;{\mu}m$) 패턴에서 측정한 스위칭 분극 (dP=P*-P^) 값은 약 $16\;{\mu}C/cm^2$ 정도이고, 웨이퍼 내에서의 균일도도 2.8% 정도로 매우 우수한 특성을 보였다. 그러나 단위 셀들의 특성을 평가하기 위하여 bit-line의 전압을 측정한 결과, 약 10% 정도의 커패시터에서 불량이 발생하였다. 그리고 이러한 불량 젤들은 매우 불규칙적으로 분포함을 확인할 수 있었다. 이러한 불량 원인을 파악하기 위하여 양호한 젤과 불량이 발생한 셀에서의 BLT 박막의 미세구조를 분석하였다. 양호한 셀의 BLT 박막 입자들은 불량한 셀에 비하여 작고 비교적 균일한 크기를 갖고 있었다. 이에 비하여 불량한 셀에서의 BLT 박막에는 과대 성장한 입자들이 존재하고 이에 따라서 입자 크기가 매우 불균질한 것으로 확인되었다. 또 이러한 과대 성장한 입자들은 거의 모두 c-축 배향성을 나타내었다. 이상의 실험 결과들로부터, BLT 박막을 이용하여 제작한 FeRAM 소자에서 발생하는 불규칙한 셀 불량의 주된 원인은 c-축 배향성을 갖는 과대 성장한 입자의 생성임을 알 수 있었다. 즉 BLT 박막을 이용하여 FeRAM 소자를 제작하는 경우, 균일한 크기의 입자 및 c-축 배향성의 입자 억제가 매우 중요한 기술적 요소임을 알 수 있었다.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.81-89
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• 2003

The dose distributions of designed Ir-192 micro-source were investigated by dose computations which were accomplished by employing shape of encapsule material and thickness of the source for self-absorption. The computation dose derived from air-kerma rate (S$_{k}$ ) and dose rate constant (Λ) includes the anisotropy of dose distribution around the source. We got the dose rate constants in a water medium is 1.154 cGy h$^{-1}$ U$^{-1}$ . The size of the source was 0.5 mm in diameter and 3.5 mm in length and it was encapsuled in 1.1 mm$\Phi$${\times}$5.5 mm of stainless steel sealed with 0.3 mm of filter thickness. The tissue dose of reference point at 1.0 cm radial distance of the source axis was delivered 1.154 Uh$^{-1}$ (1.3167${\times}$10$^{-3}$ cGy/mCi-sec) from the S$_{k}$ 4.108U/mCi of Ir-192 source. The filtration effect contributed to air-kerma strength as exponential filtering effect of 86.2% in total attenuation, but self-absorption was 88.4% from radial dose distributions. In particular, the dose attenuations showed a rapid anisotropic distributions as 56% of reference dose along to $\pm$10 degrees from the tip of source axis and 50% for of that to source-cable direction. We persist in use the large diameter of applicator will avoid the dose anisotropy by the filtered attenuation effects along the axis of Ir-192 micro-source.

• Proceedings of the Computational Structural Engineering Institute Conference
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.231-234
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• 2011

본 논문은 교량의 안전진단을 위한 각 부재의 명명체계에 따라 직선형 교량모델의 각 부재에 대한 솔리드 객체의 고유번호를 일괄적으로 부여하기 위한 방법론을 제시한다. 개발된 방법론은 크게 3 단계의 프로세스로 이루어진다. 먼저, 부재의 종류별로 구분된 레이어로부터 각 부재에 대한 솔리드 객체의 도심을 추출하고, 이를 시점과 종점으로 이루어진 교축방향을 축으로 한 국부좌표계에 대해 변환한다. 이후 교축방향으로 정렬되는 객체를 식별하여 그룹핑하고 이를 교축 및 교축의 직각방향으로 순서로 정렬한다. 마지막으로 각 그룹 내 세그먼트들을 교축방향으로 정렬한다. 개발된 방법론에 따른 시범 응용모듈을 개발하였으며, 트러스 구조와 서로 다른 모델 좌표계를 가진 시범 교량모델을 대상으로 추출된 그룹의 개수와 각 객체의 명칭을 원래의 모델과 비교하여 그 적용성을 검토하였다.