• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제51권6호
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• pp.328-333
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• 2012

Objective : The aim of this study is to determine the association between the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers and inflammation, and the predictive value of these CSF biomarkers for subsequent shunt associated infection. Methods : We obtained CSF samples from the patients with hydrocephalus during ventriculoperitoneal (VP) shunt operations. Twenty-two patients were enrolled for this study and divided into 3 groups: subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH)-induced hydrocephalus, idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (INPH) and hydrocephalus with a subsequent shunt infection. We analyzed the transforming growth factor-${\beta}1$, tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and total tau in the CSF by performing enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. The subsequent development of shunt infection was confirmed by the clinical presentations, the CSF parameters and CSF culture from the shunt devices. Results : The mean VEGF concentration (${\pm}$standard deviation) in the CSF of the SAH-induced hydrocephalus, INPH and shunt infection groups was $236{\pm}138$, $237{\pm}80$ and $627{\pm}391$ pg/mL, respectively. There was a significant difference among the three groups (p=0.01). Between the SAH-induced hydrocephalus and infection groups and between the INPH and infection groups, there was a significant difference of the VEGF levels (p<0.01). However, the other marker levels did not differ among them. Conclusion : The present study showed that only the CSF VEGF levels are associated with the subsequent development of shunt infection. Our results suggest that increased CSF VEGF could provide a good condition for bacteria that are introduced at the time of surgery to grow in the brain, rather than reflecting a sequel of bacterial infection before VP shunt.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제53권1호
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• pp.1-12
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• 2020

본 연구에서는 고혈당으로 인해 유발되는 당뇨병성 신장병증의 대표적인 증상인 사구체 경화증을 완화시키는 nobiletin의 효능에 대해 알아보고자 하였다. 신장 세포인 HRMC를 이용하여 고혈당에서의 세포외 기질 축적 단백질의 발현과 경화에 관여하는 신호 전달 억제 효능을 확인한 결과 nobiletin은 고혈당의 자극에 의해 증가하는 섬유화 단백질인 collagen IV, fibronectin 그리고 CTGF의 발현을 억제하였으며, 여기에 관여하는 TGF-β1-Src-caveolin-1 신호 전달 경로를 통해 사구체 경화증을 억제하는 것을 확인하였다. 따라서 nobiletin은 고혈당으로 유도된 당뇨병성 신장병증에 있어 사구체 경화증을 예방하는 기능성 성분으로서의 활용 가능성을 확인하였다.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.144-156
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• 1993

Octreotide는 somatostatin 동족체로서 8개의 aminoacid로 구성된 합성 polypeptide이다. 이는 외분비선과 내분비선, 특히 위의 분비기능과 췌장분비 기능을 억제하는 작용이 강하며 somatostatin에 비하여 체내 반감기가 길고 장기에 대한 선택성이 높기 때문에 소화성 궤양에 의해 유발되는 출혈, 급성췌장염, 그리고 소화기관의 분비선에 나타나는 종양의 치료에 대한 적용이 시도되고 있다. 저자등은 somatostatin이 말초 교감신경에 존재하며, 신경전달인자 또는 신경조정인자로서 작용할것이라는 보고와 임상적용시 혈압과 심박동수를 감소시킨다는 보고에 흥미를 가지고 그 유도체인 octreotide가 말초 교감신경에 미치는 작용을 관찰하기 위하여 다음과 같은 실험을 하였다. 흰쥐 (Sprague-Dawley)의 전립선 부위 정관 절편을 적출 근편 실험조에 현수하여 등척성 장력을 측정하였다. 흰쥐 적출정관은 전기장 자극(duration : 1 mSec, voltage: 50 V, frequency: 5 Hz or 30 Hz, train: 10 Sec)에 대하여 first phasic component (FPC)와 second tonic component (STC)로 구성된 수축 반응을 나타내었으며, 이러한 수축반응은 tetrodotoxin($10^{-6}M$) 전처치로 소실되었다. Octreotide는 전기장 자극에 의해 유발되는 수축 반응을 FPC, STC 모두 농도의존적으로 억제하였다. 그리고 24 시간 전에 reserpine(1 mg/kg, IP)을 전처치하여 norepinephrine을 고갈시킨 흰쥐에서 적출한 정관 절편과 beta-gamma-methylene ATP를 전처치하여 퓨린성 수용체를 탈감작시킴으로써 ATP의 작용을 배재한 정관절편의 전기장 유발 수축을 공히 억제하였다. 이러한 octreotide의 모든 수축 억제 작용들은 5 Hz의 전기장 자극을 가하였을 때, 30 Hz의 전기장 자극을 가하였을 때 보다 더 강하게 나타났다. 그러나 octreotide는 정관 절편의 기본장력에는 영향을 미치지 않았으며, 외부에서 첨가한 norepinephrine과 ATP에 의해 유발되는 수축반응에는 영향을 미치지 않았다. 이상의 결과로 미루어 보아 octreotide는 흰쥐적출 정관의 교감신경성 신경원으로부터 ATP와 norepinephrine의 유리를 억제함으로써 그 수축성을 억제하는 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권4호
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• pp.462-469
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• 2017

Objective: The aim of this study is to identify genomic regions or genes controlling growth traits in pigs. Methods: Using a panel of 54,148 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), we performed a genome-wide Association (GWA) study in 562 pure Yorshire pigs with four growth traits: average daily gain from 30 kg to 100 kg or 115 kg, and days to 100 kg or 115 kg. Fixed and random model Circulating Probability Unification method was used to identify the associations between 54,148 SNPs and these four traits. SNP annotations were performed through the Sus scrofa data set from Ensembl. Bioinformatics analysis, including gene ontology analysis, pathway analysis and network analysis, was used to identify the candidate genes. Results: We detected 6 significant and 12 suggestive SNPs, and identified 9 candidate genes in close proximity to them (suppressor of glucose by autophagy [SOGA1], R-Spondin 2 [RSPO2], mitogen activated protein kinase kinase 6 [MAP2K6], phospholipase C beta 1 [PLCB1], rho GTPASE activating protein 24 [ARHGAP24], cytoplasmic polyadenylation element binding protein 4 [CPEB4], GLI family zinc finger 2 [GLI2], neuronal tyrosine-phosphorylated phosphoinositide-3-kinase adaptor 2 [NYAP2], and zinc finger protein multitype 2 [ZFPM2]). Gene ontology analysis and literature mining indicated that the candidate genes are involved in bone, muscle, fat, and lung development. Pathway analysis revealed that PLCB1 and MAP2K6 participate in the gonadotropin signaling pathway and suggests that these two genes contribute to growth at the onset of puberty. Conclusion: Our results provide new clues for understanding the genetic mechanisms underlying growth traits, and may help improve these traits in future breeding programs.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제16권6호
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• pp.2251-2256
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• 2015

To study effects of cellular FLICE (FADD-like IL-$1{\beta}$-converting enzyme)-inhibitory protein (c-FLIP) inhibition by RNA interference (RNAi) on sensitivity of U2OS cells to tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL)-induced apoptosis, plasmid pSUPER-c-FLIP-siRNA was constructed and then transfected into U2OS cells. A stable transfection cell clone U2OS/pSUPER-c-FLIP-siRNA was screened from the c-FLIP-siRNA transfected cells. RT-PCR and Western blotting were applied to measure the expression of c-FLIP at the levels of mRNA and protein. The results indicated that the expression of c-FLIP was significantly suppressed by the c-FLIP-siRNA in the cloned U2OS/pSUPER-c-FLIP-siRNA as compared with the control cells of U2OS/pSUPER. The cloned cell line of U2OS/pSUPER-c-FLIP-siRNA was further examined for TRAILinduced cell death and apoptosis in the presence of a pan-antagonist of inhibitor of apoptosis proteins (IAPs) AT406, with or without 4 hrs pretreatment with rocaglamide, an inhibitor of c-FLIP biosynthesis, for 24 hrs. Cell death effects and apoptosis were measured by the methods of MTT assay with 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide and flow cytometry, respectively. The results indicated that TRAIL-induced cell death in U2OS/pSUPER-c-FLIP-siRNA was increased compared with control cells U2OS/pSUPER in the presence or absence of AT406. Flow cytometry indicated that TRAIL-induced cell death effects proceeded through cell apoptosis pathway. However, in the presence of rocaglamide, cell death or apoptotic effects of TRAIL were similar and profound in both cell lines, suggesting that the mechanism of action for both c-FLIP-siRNA and rocaglamide was identical. We conclude that the inhibition of c-FLIP by either c-FLIP-siRNA or rocaglamide can enhance the sensitivity of U2OS to TRAIL-induced apopotosis, suggesting that inhibition of c-FLIP is a good target for anti-cancer therapy.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.2629-2633
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• 2012

Background: Raw betel nut (RBN) chewing is an important contributing factor for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), although associated genomic changes remain unclear. One difficulty in assessing the effects of exclusively RBN induced genetic alterations has been that earlier studies were performed with samples of patients commonly using tobacco and alcohol, in addition to betel-quid. Both CDKN2A (at 9p21) and Rb1 gene (at 13q14.2) are regarded as tumor suppressors involved in the development of ESCC. Therefore, the present study aimed to verify the RBN's ability to induce ESCC and assess the involvement of CDKN2A and Rb1 genes. Methods: A panel of dinucelotide polymorphic markers were chosen for loss of heterozygosity studies in 93 samples of which 34 were collected from patients with only RBN-chewing habit. Promoter hypermethylation was also investigated. Results: Loss in microsatellite markers D9S1748 and D9S1749, located close to exon $1{\beta}$ of CDKN2A/ARF gene at 9p21, was noted in 40% ESCC samples with the habit of RBN-chewing alone. Involvement of a novel site in the 9p23 region was also observed. Promoter hypermethylation of CDKN2A gene in the samples with the habit of only RBN-chewing alone was significantly higher (p=0.01) than Rb1 gene, also from the samples having the habit of use both RBN and tobacco (p=0.047). Conclusions: The data indicate that the disruption of 9p21 where CDKN2A gene resides, is the most frequent critical genetic event in RBN-associated carcinogenesis. The involvement of 9p23 as well as 13q14.2 could be required in later stages in RBN-mediated carcinogenesis.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.185-191
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• 1998

A bioequivalence study of the Loxipen tablets (Dae Wha Pharmaceutical Co., Korea) to the Loxonin tablets (Dong Hwa Pharmaceutical Co., Korea), formulations of sodium loxoprofen anhydrous 60 mg, was conducted. Sixteen healthy Korean male subjects received each formulation at the dose of 60 mg as sodium loxoprofen anhydrous in a $2{\times}2$ crossover study. There was a 2-week washout period between the dose. Plasma concentrations of loxoprofen were monitored by an HPLC method for over a period of 6 h after each administration. AUC (area under the plasma concentration-time curve from time zero to infinity) was calculated by the linear trapezoidal and extrapolation method. $C_{max}$ (maximum plasma drug concentration) and $T_{max}$ $(time\;to\;reach\;C_{max})$ were compiled from the plasma drug concentration-time data. Analysis of variance (ANOVA) revealed that there are no differences in AUC, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$ between the formulations. The apparent differences between the formulations in these parameters were all far less than 20% (i.e., 5.88, 7.81 and 6.09% for AUC, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively). Minimum detectable differences (%) at ${\alpha}=0.1$ and $1-{\beta}=0.8$ were all less than 20% difference in these parameters between the formulations were all over 0.8 (i.e., 15.81, 13.13 and 19.85 for AUC, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively). The 90% confidence intervals for these parameters were also within ${\pm}20%$ (i.e., $-16.52{\sim}4.77$, $-16.65{\sim}1,02$ and $-19.45{\sim}7.28%$ for AUC, $C_{max}$ and $T_{max}$, respectively). These results satisfy the bioequivalence criteria of the Korea Food and Drug Administration (KFDA) guidelines (No. 98-51). Therefore, these results indicate that the 2 formulations of loxoprofen are bioequivalent and, thus, may be prescribed interchangeably.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.1138-1149
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• 2017

The use of microalgal biomass is an interesting technology for the removal of heavy metals from aqueous solutions owing to its high metal-binding capacity, but the interactions with bacteria as a strategy for the removal of toxic metals have been poorly studied. The goal of the current research was to investigate the potential of Burkholderia tropica co-immobilized with Chlorella sp. in polyurethane discs for the biosorption of Hg(II) from aqueous solutions and to evaluate the influence of different Hg(II) concentrations (0.041, 1.0, and 10 mg/l) and their exposure to different contact times corresponding to intervals of 1, 2, 4, 8, 16, and 32 h. As expected, microalgal bacterial biomass adhered and grew to form a biofilm on the support. The biosorption data followed pseudo-second-order kinetics, and the adsorption equilibrium was well described by either Langmuir or Freundlich adsorption isotherm, reaching equilibrium from 1 h. In both bacterial and microalgal immobilization systems in the co-immobilization of Chlorella sp. and B. tropica to different concentrations of Hg(II), the kinetics of biosorption of Hg(II) was significantly higher before 60 min of contact time. The highest percentage of biosorption of Hg(II) achieved in the co-immobilization system was 95% at pH 6.4, at 3.6 g of biosorbent, $30{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, and a mercury concentration of 1 mg/l before 60 min of contact time. This study showed that co-immobilization with B. tropica has synergistic effects on biosorption of Hg(II) ions and merits consideration in the design of future strategies for the removal of toxic metals.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.195-201
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• 2011

The flavonoid quercetin is a low molecular weight compound generally found in apple, gingko, tomato, onion and other red-colored fruits and vegetables. Like other flavonoids, quercetin has diverse pharmacological actions. However, relatively little is known about the influence of quercetin effects in the regulation of ligand-gated ion channels. Previously, we reported that quercetin regulates subsets of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors such as ${\alpha}3{\beta}4$, ${\alpha}7$ and ${\alpha}9{\alpha}10$. Presently, we investigated the effects of quercetin on muscle-type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel activity expressed in Xenopus oocytes after injection of cRNA encoding human fetal or adult muscle-type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunits. Acetylcholine treatment elicited an inward peak current ($I_{ACh}$) in oocytes expressing both muscle-type of nicotinic acetylcholine receptors and co-treatment of quercetin with acetylcholine inhibited $I_{ACh}$. Pre-treatment of quercetin further inhibited $I_{ACh}$ in oocytes expressing adult and fetal muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptors. The inhibition of $I_{ACh}$ by quercetin was reversible and concentration-dependent. The $IC_{50}$ of quercetin was $18.9{\pm}1.2{\mu}M$ in oocytes expressing adult muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor. The inhibition of $I_{ACh}$ by quercetin was voltage-independent and non-competitive. These results indicate that quercetin might regulate human muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor channel activity and that quercetin-mediated regulation of muscle-type nicotinic acetylcholine receptor might be coupled to regulation of neuromuscular junction activity.

• 기술사
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.15-25
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• 1987

Statistical control charts are useful tools to monitor and control the manufacturing processes and are widely used in most Korean industries. Many Korean companies, however, do not always obtain desired results from the traditional control charts by Shewhart such as the X-chart, X-chart, X-chart, etc. This is partly because the quality charterstics of the process are not distributed normally but are skewed due to the intermittent production, small lot size, etc. In Shewhart X-chart, which is the most widely used one in Korea, such skewed distributions make the plots to be inclined below or above the central line or outside the control limits although no assignable causes can be found. To overcome such shortcomings in nonnormally distributed processes, a distribution-free type of confidence interval can be used, which should be based on order statistics. This thesis is concerned with the design of control chart based on a sample median which is easy to use in practical situation and therefore properties for nonnormal distributions may be easily analyzed. Control limits and central lines are given for tile more famous nonnormal distributions, such as Gamma, Beta, Lognormal, Weibull, Pareto, Truncated-normal distributions. Robustness of the proposed median control chart is compared with that of the X-chart, the former tends to be superior to the latter as the probability distribution of the process becomes more skewed. The average run length to detect the assignable cause is also compared when the process has a Normal or a Gamma distribution for which the properties of X are easy to verify, the proposed chart is slightly worse than the X-chart for the normally distributed product but much better for Gamma-distributed products. Average Run Lengths of the other distributions are also computed. To use the proposed control chart, the probability distribution of the process should be known or estimated. If it is not possible, the results of comparison of the robustness force us to use the proposed median control chart based on a normal distribution. To estimate the distribution of the process, Sturge's formula is used to graph the histogram and the method of probability plotting, $X^2$-goodness of fit test and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test, are discussed with real case examples. A comparison of the propose4 median chart and the X chart was also performed with these examples and the median chart turned out to be superior to the X-chart.