• KSBB Journal
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.464-468
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• 2000

The methanol extract of Arachis hypogaea shell showed antioxidative and antimicrobial activity. The methanol extract was successively purified by solvent fractionation, silica gel adsorption column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography and octadecylsilane column chromatography. The purified active substances were isolated by high performance liquid chromatography, and were identified as 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid by LC-MS and GC-MS. The amount of 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid were 3.8mg and 9.8 mg per kg of shell, respectively.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.123-127
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• 1999

A Pseudomonas sp. strain DJ-12 isolated by 4-cholrobiphenyl enrichment culture technique is capable of utilizing 4-hydroxybenzoic acid as a sole source of carbon and energy. The bacterium catabolized 4-hydroxybenzoic acid through the intermediate formation of protocatechuic acid, which was further metabolized. The cell free extracts of pseudomonas sp. DJ-12, grown on 4-hydroxybenzoic acid showed higher activities of 4-hydroxyenzoate 3-hydroxylase and protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase, but the activity of catechnol 2,3-dioxygenase was lower. The results suggest that 4-hydroxybenzoic acid is catabolized via protocatechuic acid rather than catechol or gentisic acid in this bacterium and that the protocatechuic acid formed was metabolized through a metacleavage pathway by protocatechuate 4,5-dioxygenase.

• Journal of Microbiology
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• v.38 no.2
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• pp.53-61
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• 2000

Hydroxybenzoic acids are the most important intermediates in the degradative pathways of various aromatic compounds. Microorganisms catabolize aromatic compounds by converting them to hydroxylated intermediates and then cleave the benzene nucleus with ring dioxygenases. Hydroxylation of the benzene nucleus of an aromatic compound is an essential step for the initiation and subsequent disintegration of the benzene ring. The incorporation of two hydroxyl groups is essential for the labilization of the benzene nucleus. Monohydroxybenzoic acids such as 2-hydroxybenzoic acid, 3-hydroxybenzoic acid, and 4-hydrosybenzoic acid, opr pyrocattechuic acid that are susceptible for subsequent oxygenative cleavage of the benzene ring. These terminal aromatic intermediates are further degraded to cellular components through ortho-and/or meta-cleavage pathways and finally lead to the formation of constituents of the TCA cycle. Many groups of microorganisms have been isolated as degraders of hydroxybenzoic acids with diverse drgradative routes and specific enzymes involved in their metabolic pahtway. Various microorganisms carry out unusual non-oxidative decarboxylation of aromatic acids and convert them to respective phenols which have been documented. Futher, Pseudomonas and Bacillus spp. are the most ubiquitous microorganisms, being the principal components of microflora of most soil and water enviroments.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.29 no.10
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• pp.1636-1643
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• 2019

Two hydroxybenzoyl amines, 4-hydroxybenzoyl tyramine (4-HBT) and N-2-hydroxybenzoyl tryptamine (2-HBT), were synthesized using Escherichia coli. While 4-HBT was reported to demonstrate anti-atherosclerotic activity, 2-HBT showed anticonvulsant and antinociceptive activities. We introduced genes chorismate pyruvate-lyase (ubiC), tyrosine decarboxylase (TyDC), isochorismate synthase (entC), isochorismate pyruvate lyase (pchB), and tryptophan decarboxylase (TDC) for each substrate, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4-HBA), tyramine, 2-hydroxybenzoic acid (2-HBA), and tryptamine, respectively, in E. coli. Genes for CoA ligase (hbad) and amide formation (CaSHT and OsHCT) were also introduced to form hydroxybenzoic acid and amine conjugates. In addition, we engineered E. coli to provide increased substrates. These approaches led to the yield of 259.3 mg/l 4-HBT and 227.2 mg/l 2-HBT and could be applied to synthesize diverse bioactive hydroxybenzoyl amine conjugates.

• Journal of Convergence for Information Technology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.104-110
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• 2021

This study was conducted to confirm the change in the contents of the ingredients according to the extraction method of nipa palm. The contents were analyzed by extraction according to the ethanol ratio, extraction time, and extraction temperature. The contents of polyphenols and flavonoids according to the ratio of the extraction solvent were the highest at 36.91 and 27.62 mg/g, respectively, when extracted with 50% ethanol. Polyphenols and flavonoids according to extraction temperature and extraction time showed the highest content of 40.83 and 37.63 mg/g, respectively, when extracted for 6 hours at 60℃. The contents of the major component of nipa palm according to the ethanol ratio were 2.08 mg/g in 70% ethanol for 5-O-caffeoylshikimic acid, 0.10 mg/g for 4-hydroxybenzoic acid in 30% ethanol, and 0.12 mg/g for 3,4- hydroxybenzoic acid in 50% ethanol. It is expected that it can be used as basic research data when developing natural materials such as food and cosmetics through the change in the contents of the ingredients contained in nipa palm according to the extraction methods.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.1403-1408
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• 2000

The methanol soluble fraction of the hot water extracts from Hovenia dulcis Thunb showed antioxidative and antimicrobial activity. The methanol fraction was successively purified with solvent fractionation, silica gel adsorption column chromatography, Sephadex LH-20 column chromatography, and octadecylsilane column chromatography. The purified active substances were isolated by high performance liquid chromatography. The isolated substances were identified as 3-methoxy-4-hydroxybenzoic acid (vanillic acid) and 3-methoxy- 4-hydroxycinnamic acid (ferulic acid) by LC-MS and GC-MS. Vanillic acid and ferulic acid showed antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive bacteria, Gram-negative bacteria and yeast. The DPPH-radical scavenging activity of ferulic acid appeared more active than that of vanillic acid. DPPH-radical scavenging concentration of ferulic acid and vanillic acid were $14\;{\mu}g/mL\;(SC_{50})$, $100\;{\mu}g/mL\;(SC_{10})$, respectively.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.608-617
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• 2020

The type III secretion system (T3SS) is a key virulence determinant in the infection process of Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato DC3000 (Pst DC3000). Pathogen constructs a type III apparatus to translocate effector proteins into host cells, which have various roles in pathogenesis. 4-Hydroxybenozic acid and vanillic acid were identified from root extract of Sedum middendorffianum to have inhibitory effect on promoter activity of hrpA gene encoding the structural protein of the T3SS apparatus. The phenolic acids at 2.5 mM significantly suppressed the expression of hopP1, hrpA, and hrpL in the hrp/hrc gene cluster without growth retardation of Pst DC3000. Auto-agglutination of Pst DC3000 cells, which is induced by T3SS, was impaired by the treatment of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acid. Additionally, 2.5 mM of each two phenolic acids attenuated disease symptoms including chlorosis surrounding bacterial specks on tomato leaves. Our results suggest that 4-hydroxybenzoic acid and vanillic acid are potential anti-virulence agents suppressing T3SS of Pst DC3000 for the control of bacterial diseases.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.988-993
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• 2003

The ethyl acetate-soluble acidic fraction of juice, hot water, and MeOH extract of Allium fistulosum L. showed DPPH radical-scavenging activity. Each fraction was purified through silica gel adsorption column chromatography, and the active substances in the juice and hot water extract were identified as succinic acid, fumaric acid, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid. For the MeOH extract, 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-3-methoxybenzoic acid, 4-hydroxycinnamic acid, and 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnmic acid were identified as the active substances by GC-MS. The contents of these compounds were determined by GC analysis, and their anti-oxidative activities were measured using the DPPH radical-scavenging assay. The results obtained showed that 4-hydroxy-3-methoxycinnamic acid was the dominant antioxidant in Allium fistulosum L.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Postharvest Science and Technology of Agricultural Products Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.134.1-134
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate the release of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and other compounds from cell wall materials(CWM) and their cellulose fraction from carrot with chemical and enzymatic hydrolysis. To investigate this effect on cell wall chemistry of carrot, alcohol insoluble residue(AIR) of CWM were prepared and were extracted sequentially with water, imidazole, CDTA(-1, -2), Na$_2$CO$_3$(-1, -2), KOH(0.5, 1.0 and 4M), to leave a residue. These were analysed for their carbohydrate and phenolic acids composition. Arabinose and galactose were the main noncellulosic sugars. Phenolics esterified to cell walls in carrot were found to consist primarily of p-hydroxybenzoic acid with minor contribution from vanillin, ferulic acid and p-hydroxybenzaldehyde. p-Hydroxybenzoic acid was quite strongly bound to the cell wall. The contents of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in 0.5M KOH, Na$_2$CO$_3$-2, IM KOH, and ${\alpha}$-cellulose were 2,097, 1,360, 1,140, and 717 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g AIR from CWM, respectively. Alkali labile unknown aromatic compound(C$\sub$7/H$\sub$10/O$_2$) was found in ${\alpha}$ -cellulose hydrolyzate digested with driselase and cellulase. This compound was also found in hydrolyzate of 2 M trifluoroacetic acid at 120$^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. Driselase treatment solubilized only 46.6 $\mu\textrm{g}$/g of the p-hydroxybenzoic acid from carrot AIR. These results indicate that p-hydroxybenzoic acid was associated with neutral polysaccharides, long chain galactose and branched arabinan from graded alcohol precipitation.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.147-151
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• 2002

In the course of our work on anti-platelet constituents from plants, eight phenolic compounds, $({\pm})-syringaresinol$ (1), 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde (2), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (3), vanillic acid (4), 4-hydroxy cinnamic acid (5), quercetin 3-O-rhamnoside (6), rutin (7), and quercetin $3-(2^G-rhamnosylrutinoside)$ (8) were isolated from the methanol extract of the leaves of Magnolia obovata. The compounds were identified based on the spectroscopic data. Compound 2, 3, 5, 6, 7 and 8 were isolated for the first time from genus Magnolia. 1 and 6 showed same order of inhibitory potencies as acetylsalicylic acid (ASA) to rat platelet aggregation induced by all the stimulators tested. The remaining six compounds showed only mild effects.