• BMB Reports
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• 제41권9호
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• pp.678-683
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• 2008

The initial step during assembly of the hepatitis A virus particle is driven by domain 2A of P1-2A, which is the precursor of the structural proteins. The proteolytic removal of 2A from particulate VP1-2A by an as yet unknown host enzyme presumably terminates viral morphogenesis. Using a genetic approach, we show that a basic amino acid residue at the C-terminus of VP1 is required for efficient particle assembly and that host proteases trypsin and cathepsin L remove 2A from hepatitis A virus particles in vitro. Analyses of insertion mutants in the C-terminus of 2A reveal that this part of 2A is important for liberation of P1-2A from the polyprotein. The data provide the first evidence that the VP1/2A junction is involved in both viral particle assembly and maturation and, therefore, seems to coordinate the first and last steps in viral morphogenesis.

• 대한화학회지
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.244-250
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• 1974

Galvanostatic double pulse 방법으로 백금전극을 사용해서 염소산이온의 전극반응기구를 조사하였다. double current pulse(음극펄스를 먼저 주고 다음에 양극펄스를 주었을 때)를 주었을 때 전류밀도 20∼25ma/$cm^2$ 범위에서 염소산이온의 전극반응기구가 다음과 같이 가정되었다. 더 높은 전류밀도 40∼90ma/$cm^2$ 범위에서, 염소산이온의 전극반응기구는 다음과 같이 가정되었다.$CIO_3^-\;{\longrightarrow^{I}_{n_{1c}}\;CIO_2^-\;{\longrightarrow^{II}_{n_{2a}}\;CIO^-\;{\longrightarrow^{I'}_{n_{1a}}\;CIO_2^-\;{\longrightarrow^{II'}_{n_{2a}}\;CIO_4^-$ 더 높은 전류밀도 40~90ma/$cm^2$ 범위에서, 염소산 이온의 전극 반응 기구는 다음과 같이 가정되었다.$CIO_3^-\;{\longrightarrow^{III}_{n_c}}\;CIO^-\;{\longrightarrow^{I'}_{n_{1a}}\;CIO_2^-\;{\longrightarrow^{II'}_{n_{2a}}\;CIO_4^-$ 혹은 $CIO_3^-\;{\longrightarrow_{n_c}}\;CIO^-\;{\longrightarrow_{n_a}}\;CIO_4^-$

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.271-281
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• 2009

We define injective and projective representations of a quiver $Q={\bullet}{\rightarrow}{\bullet}{\rightarrow}{\bullet}$. Then we show that a representation $M_1\longrightarrow[50]^{f1}M_2\longrightarrow[50]^{f2}M_3$ of a quiver $Q={\bullet}{\rightarrow}{\bullet}{\rightarrow}{\bullet}$ is projective if and only if each $M_1,\;M_2,\;M_3$ is projective left R-module and $f_1(M_1)$ is a summand of $M_2$ and $f_2(M_2)$ is a summand of $M_3$. And we show that a representation $M_1\longrightarrow[50]^{f1}M_2\longrightarrow[50]^{f2}M_3$ of a quiver $Q={\bullet}{\rightarrow}{\bullet}{\rightarrow}{\bullet}$ is injective if and only if each $M_1,\;M_2,\;M_3$ is injective left R-module and $ker(f_1)$ is a summand of $M_1$ and $ker(f_2)$ is a summand of $M_2$.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.225-230
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• 1999

In mouse, the heat shock protein 70-2 (hsp70-2) is found to have special function in spermatogenesis. Based on the observation, the hypothesis that human hspA2 (human gene; 98.2% amino acid homology with hsp70-2) might have important function in spermatogenesis in human testes was proposed. To test the hypothesis, we examined the expression of hspA2 in human tissues. Expression vector pDMC4 for expression of the human hspA2 protein using pTricHisB (invitrogen, USA) was constructed and the expressed hspA2 protein was cross-reacted with antiserum 2A raised against mouse hsp70-2 protein. Based on the cross-reactivity, we determined the expression level of hspA2 protein in human tissues by western blot analysis using the antiserum 2A. We demonstrated that antiserum 2A antibodies detected human hspA2 protein with specificity which was produced in the E.coli expression system. On Western blot analyses, significant hspA2 expression was observed in testes with normal spermatogenesis, whereas a low level of hspA2 was expressed in testis with Sertoli-cell only syndrome. Also, a small amount of hspA2 was detected in breast, stomach, prostate, colon, liver, ovary, and epididymis. These results demonstrate that the hspA2 protein is highly expressed in male specific germ cells, which in turn suggests that hspA2 protein might playa specific role during meiosis in human testes as suggested in the murine model. However, further studies should be attempted to determine the function of hspA2 protein in human spermatogenesis.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• 제41권2호
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• pp.141-144
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• 2007

A vertebral arte [VA] injury presents a difficult problem in atlantoaxial fixation. Recent technical reports described posterior C2 fixation using bilateral, crossing C2 laminar screws. The translaminar screw technique has the advantages of producing little risk of VA injury and the unconstrained screw placement. In addition, biomechanical studies have demonstrated the potential of the translaminar screw technique to provide a firmer construct that is equivalent to methods currently used. We report the successful treatment of C1-2 instability with a left-side high-riding VA. Because of the potential risk of VA injury, we performed a posterior C1-2 fixation with a combination of pedicle screws and a laminar screw in C2. We first placed bilateral C1 lateral mass screws and a right-side C2 pedicle screw. However, placement of the left- side C2 pedicle screw was technically difficult due to a narrow isthmus and pedicle. A laminar screw was inserted instead and authors believe that this posterior C1-C2 fixation with a combination of pedicle screws and a laminar screw in C2 can be a useful alternative technique for the treatment of C1-C2 instability in the presence of a unilateral high-riding VA.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.279-287
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• 2005

본 연구는 젖소에 있어서 분만후 난소 활동의 재개 및 분만후 40일째 BCS가 $PGE_2a+PGE_2a+CIDR$ (PPC) program 적용에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위하여 2002년부터 2003년까지 2년간에 걸쳐 축산연구소 및 천안 소재 전문 경영체 젖소농 장에서 사육중인 홀스타인 착유우를 대상으로 분만 후 난소 활동의 재개를 조사하기 위한 착유우21두 및 분만후 40일째 BCS가 PPC program 적용에 미치는 영향을 구명하기 위한 착유우 40두를 공시하여 수행한 결과 다음과 같은 성적을 얻었다. 1 분만후 처음으로 유즙중의 progesterone농도가 1.0ng/mL 이상을 나타내는 비율은 10${\~}$30일이 $42.9\%$, 31${\~}$50일이 $19.1\%$였고 분만 후 50일까지 1.0ng/mL 이상을 나타내지 않은 경우가 $38.1\%$였다. 2. 분만후 40일째부터 PPC program을 투입한 결과 1차 및 2차 $PGF_2a$ 처리에 대한 발정반응은 각각 $47.5\%$ 및 $52.4\%$였고, $PGF_2a+PGF_2a$ (PP) program투입에 의해 40두중 30두($75\%$)가 발정 반응을 나타내었다. PP program 투입에 의해 발정 반응을 나타내지 않은 10두에 대한 CIDR 처리의 발정 반응은 $50\%$를 나타내었다. 분만후 40일째에 PPC program 을 적용한 결과 40두중 35두가 발정 반응 ($87.5\%$)을 나타내었다. 3. 1차 및 2차 $PGF_2a$ 처리에 따른 발정 반응은 BCS 2.50 이하의 경우 13두중 8두($61.5\%$), BCS 2.75${\~}$3.50의 경우 27두중 22두($81.5\%$)로 2.75${\~}$3.50의 경우가 2.50 이하의 경우에 비하여 높은 발정반응을 나타내었다. 4. 2차 $PGF_2a$ 처리후 발정 반응을 나타내지 않은 개체에 대하여 CIDR을 처리한 결과, BCS 2.50이하의 경우 5두중 2두에서 발정 반응($40.0\%$)을 나타내었고 BCS 2.75${\~}$3.50의 경우 5 두중 4두에서 발정 반응($80\%$)을 나타내었다. 5. 분만후 40일째부터 PPC program을 적용하여 발정 반응을 검토한 결과 BCS 2.50 이하의 경우 13두중 10두가 발정 반응($76.9\%$)을 나타내었고 BCS 2.75${\~}$3.5의 경우 27두중 26두가 발정 반응($96.3\%$)을 나타내어 2.75${\~}$3.5의 경우가 2.50 이하의 경우에 비하여 높은 발정반응을 나타내었다.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• 제15권6호
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• pp.328-332
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• 2014

Thin film transistors (TFTs) with an amorphous silicon zinc tin oxide (a-2SZTO) channel layer have been fabricated using an RF magnetron sputtering system. The effect of the change of excitation electron on the variation of the total interfacial trap states of a-2SZTO systems was investigated depending on sputtering power, since the interfacial state could be changed by changing sputtering power. It is well known that Si can effectively reduce the generation of the oxygen vacancies. However, The a-2SZTO systems of ZTO doped with 2 wt% Si could be degraded because the Si peripheral electron belonging to a p-orbital affects the amorphous zinc tin oxide (a-ZTO) TFTs of the s-orbital overlap structure. We fabricated amorphous 2 wt% Si-doped ZnSnO (a-2SZTO) TFTs using an RF magnetron sputtering system. The a-2SZTO TFTs show an improvement of the electrical property with increasing power. The a-2SZTO TFTs fabricated at a power of 30 W showed many of the total interfacial trap states. The a-2SZTO TFTs at a power of 30 W showed poor electrical property. However, at 50 W power, the total interfacial trap states showed improvement. In addition, the improved total interfacial states affected the thermal stress of a-2SZTO TFTs. Therefore, a-2SZTO TFTs fabricated at 50 W power showed a relatively small shift of threshold voltage. Similarly, the activation energy of a-2SZTO TFTs fabricated at 50 W power exhibits a relatively large falling rate (0.0475 eV/V) with a relatively high activation energy, which means that the a-2SZTO TFTs fabricated at 50 W power has a relatively lower trap density than other power cases. As a result, the electrical characteristics of a-2SZTO TFTs fabricated at a sputtering power of 50 W are enhanced. The TFTs fabricated by rf sputter should be carefully optimized to provide better stability for a-2SZTO in terms of the sputtering power, which is closely related to the interfacial trap states.

• 약학회지
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• 제52권6호
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• pp.488-493
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• 2008

2-Aminothiazole ring as a bioisoster of catechol in dopamine has provided with good oral availability and lipophilic property. 2-Aminoindan, is a rigid form of dopamine, was evaluated as a dopamine D3 agonist with low neurotoxicity. Dopamine D3 agonist was evaluated as selective for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In order to develop a novel dopamine D3 agonist, we tried to synthesize the aminothiazoloindenoxazine derivative that is a hybrid structure of aminoindenoxazine and thiazole ring. cis-2-Amino-1-indanol (2) was synthesized from 1,2-indandione-2-oxime by catalytic hydrogenation and it was treated with chloroacetyl chloride and NaH in benzene solution to give (${\pm}$)-cis-4,4a,5,9b-tetrahydroindeno[1,2-b][1,4]oxazin-3(2H)-one (6). Nitration of 6 by the mixed acid gave 8-nitro compound (7) and the carbonyl group of 7 was reduced with $LiAlH_4$ to afford compound (8). 8 was reduced to form (${\pm}$)-cis-8-amino-2,3,4,4a,5,9b-hexahydroindeno[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine (9) and finally it was cyclized with KSCN in glacial acetic acid to yield (${\pm}$)-cis-8-amino-2,3,4,4a,5,10b-hexahydrothiazolo[4,5-f]indeno[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine (10).

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.107-120
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• 2016

Let R be a commutative semiring. The purpose of this note is to investigate the concept of 2-absorbing (resp., weakly 2-absorbing) primary ideals generalizing of 2-absorbing (resp., weakly 2-absorbing) ideals of semirings. A proper ideal I of R said to be a 2-absorbing (resp., weakly 2-absorbing) primary ideal if whenever $a,b,c{\in}R$ such that $abc{\in}I$ (resp., $0{\neq}abc{\in}I$), then either $ab{\in}I$ or $bc{\in}\sqrt{I}$ or $ac{\in}\sqrt{I}$. Moreover, when I is a Q-ideal and P is a k-ideal of R/I with $I{\subseteq}P$, it is shown that if P is a 2-absorbing (resp., weakly 2-absorbing) primary ideal of R, then P/I is a 2-absorbing (resp., weakly 2-absorbing) primary ideal of R/I and it is also proved that if I and P/I are weakly 2-absorbing primary ideals, then P is a weakly 2-absorbing primary ideal of R.

• 한국세라믹학회지
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• 제40권9호
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• pp.859-866
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• 2003

칼슘설포알루미네이트계 팽창시멘트는 수화하여 ettringite, monosulfate 등의 수화물을 생성하여 경화체의 수축을 보삼함으로써, 균열 발생을 방지한다. 본 실험에서는 칼슘설포알루미네이트계 팽창시멘트의 수화특성을 규명하기 위하여 화학성법으로 3CaO.$3A1_2$$O_3$.$CaSO_4$($C_4$$A_3$S)을 제조하였으며, $C_4$$A_3$S-Ca(OH)$_2$-CaSO$_4$.2$H_2O$-C$_3$A계의 수화특성을 알아보았다. 화학성법에 의해 $1300^{\circ}C$에서 잘 발달한 $C_4$$A_3$S를 제조할 수 있었고, $C_4$A$_3$S-Ca(OH)$_2$-CaSO$_4$.2$H_{2}O$계의 주요수화 생성물은 ettringite이었으며, $C_4$A$_3$S-Ca(OH)$_2$-CaSO$_4$.$2H_2O$-C$_3$A는 수화초기에 ettringe를 생성하였다가 석고가 소비되면서 monosulfate로 전이하였다.