• BMB Reports
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• v.41 no.9
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• pp.678-683
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• 2008

The initial step during assembly of the hepatitis A virus particle is driven by domain 2A of P1-2A, which is the precursor of the structural proteins. The proteolytic removal of 2A from particulate VP1-2A by an as yet unknown host enzyme presumably terminates viral morphogenesis. Using a genetic approach, we show that a basic amino acid residue at the C-terminus of VP1 is required for efficient particle assembly and that host proteases trypsin and cathepsin L remove 2A from hepatitis A virus particles in vitro. Analyses of insertion mutants in the C-terminus of 2A reveal that this part of 2A is important for liberation of P1-2A from the polyprotein. The data provide the first evidence that the VP1/2A junction is involved in both viral particle assembly and maturation and, therefore, seems to coordinate the first and last steps in viral morphogenesis.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.244-250
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• 1974

The mechanisms of the electrode reaction of chlorate ion were investigated, using Pt-electrode, by means of the technique of galvanostatic double pulses. For double current pulses (a cathodic pulse followed by an anodic pulse), the mechanism of the electrode reaction of chlorate ion over a current density range from 20 ma/cm2 to 25 ma/cm2 was suggested as the following: $CIO_3^-\;{\longrightarrow^{I}_{n_{1c}}\;CIO_2^-\;{\longrightarrow^{II}_{n_{2a}}\;CIO^-\;{\longrightarrow^{I'}_{n_{1a}}\;CIO_2^-\;{\longrightarrow^{II'}_{n_{2a}}\;CIO_4^-$ For a higher current density from 40 ma/cm2, it was suggested as the following: $CIO_3^-\;{\longrightarrow^{III}_{n_c}}\;CIO^-\;{\longrightarrow^{I'}_{n_{1a}}\;CIO_2^-\;{\longrightarrow^{II'}_{n_{2a}}\;CIO_4^-$ or $CIO_3^-\;{\longrightarrow_{n_c}}\;CIO^-\;{\longrightarrow_{n_a}}\;CIO_4^-$

• Korean Journal of Mathematics
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.271-281
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• 2009

We define injective and projective representations of a quiver $Q={\bullet}{\rightarrow}{\bullet}{\rightarrow}{\bullet}$. Then we show that a representation $M_1\longrightarrow[50]^{f1}M_2\longrightarrow[50]^{f2}M_3$ of a quiver $Q={\bullet}{\rightarrow}{\bullet}{\rightarrow}{\bullet}$ is projective if and only if each $M_1,\;M_2,\;M_3$ is projective left R-module and $f_1(M_1)$ is a summand of $M_2$ and $f_2(M_2)$ is a summand of $M_3$. And we show that a representation $M_1\longrightarrow[50]^{f1}M_2\longrightarrow[50]^{f2}M_3$ of a quiver $Q={\bullet}{\rightarrow}{\bullet}{\rightarrow}{\bullet}$ is injective if and only if each $M_1,\;M_2,\;M_3$ is injective left R-module and $ker(f_1)$ is a summand of $M_1$ and $ker(f_2)$ is a summand of $M_2$.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.225-230
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• 1999

In mouse, the heat shock protein 70-2 (hsp70-2) is found to have special function in spermatogenesis. Based on the observation, the hypothesis that human hspA2 (human gene; 98.2% amino acid homology with hsp70-2) might have important function in spermatogenesis in human testes was proposed. To test the hypothesis, we examined the expression of hspA2 in human tissues. Expression vector pDMC4 for expression of the human hspA2 protein using pTricHisB (invitrogen, USA) was constructed and the expressed hspA2 protein was cross-reacted with antiserum 2A raised against mouse hsp70-2 protein. Based on the cross-reactivity, we determined the expression level of hspA2 protein in human tissues by western blot analysis using the antiserum 2A. We demonstrated that antiserum 2A antibodies detected human hspA2 protein with specificity which was produced in the E.coli expression system. On Western blot analyses, significant hspA2 expression was observed in testes with normal spermatogenesis, whereas a low level of hspA2 was expressed in testis with Sertoli-cell only syndrome. Also, a small amount of hspA2 was detected in breast, stomach, prostate, colon, liver, ovary, and epididymis. These results demonstrate that the hspA2 protein is highly expressed in male specific germ cells, which in turn suggests that hspA2 protein might playa specific role during meiosis in human testes as suggested in the murine model. However, further studies should be attempted to determine the function of hspA2 protein in human spermatogenesis.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.141-144
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• 2007

A vertebral arte [VA] injury presents a difficult problem in atlantoaxial fixation. Recent technical reports described posterior C2 fixation using bilateral, crossing C2 laminar screws. The translaminar screw technique has the advantages of producing little risk of VA injury and the unconstrained screw placement. In addition, biomechanical studies have demonstrated the potential of the translaminar screw technique to provide a firmer construct that is equivalent to methods currently used. We report the successful treatment of C1-2 instability with a left-side high-riding VA. Because of the potential risk of VA injury, we performed a posterior C1-2 fixation with a combination of pedicle screws and a laminar screw in C2. We first placed bilateral C1 lateral mass screws and a right-side C2 pedicle screw. However, placement of the left- side C2 pedicle screw was technically difficult due to a narrow isthmus and pedicle. A laminar screw was inserted instead and authors believe that this posterior C1-C2 fixation with a combination of pedicle screws and a laminar screw in C2 can be a useful alternative technique for the treatment of C1-C2 instability in the presence of a unilateral high-riding VA.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.279-287
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate resumption of ovarian cyclicity and effect of BCS on estrous response by treatment of $PGF_2a+PGF_2a+CIDR$ program on day 40 postpartum in lactating dairy cow. First $PGF_2a$ was given on day 40 postpartum, second $PGF_2a$ was given 14 days apart to cows not-responded to 1st $PGF_2a$ and then CIDR was inserted for 7 days after 5 days in cows not-responded to 2nd $PGF_2a$. The $42.9\%$ of the cows showed more than 1 ng/mL milk progesterone concentration within 10 to 30 days postpartum. About $19\%$ of the cows exhibited more than 1 ng/mL milk pro-gesterone concentration between 31 to 50 days postpartum. However $38.1\%$ of the cows have not shown more than 1 ng/mL milk progesterone up to 50 days postpartum. Estrous response to the treatment of 1 st $PGF_2a$ and 2nd $PGF_2a$ was $47.5\%$ and $52.4\%$, respectively. Combination of 1 st $PGF_2a$ and 2nd $PGF_2a$ was $75\%$ and combination of 1st $PGF_2a$+2nd $PGF_2a$+CIDR was $87.5\%$. Estrous response to the treatment of $PGF_2a+PGF_2a$ program was $61.5\%$ in cows with less than 2.50 BCS and $81.5\%$ in cows with 2.75${\~}$3.50 BCS. Estrous response to the treatment of CIDR was $40\%$ in cows with less than 2.50 BCS and $80\%$ in cows with 2.75${\~}$3.50 BCS. Estrous response to the treatment of PPC on day 40 postpartum was $76.9\%$ in cows with less than 2.50 BCS and $96.3\%$ in cows with 2.75${\~}$3.50 BCS.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.328-332
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• 2014

Thin film transistors (TFTs) with an amorphous silicon zinc tin oxide (a-2SZTO) channel layer have been fabricated using an RF magnetron sputtering system. The effect of the change of excitation electron on the variation of the total interfacial trap states of a-2SZTO systems was investigated depending on sputtering power, since the interfacial state could be changed by changing sputtering power. It is well known that Si can effectively reduce the generation of the oxygen vacancies. However, The a-2SZTO systems of ZTO doped with 2 wt% Si could be degraded because the Si peripheral electron belonging to a p-orbital affects the amorphous zinc tin oxide (a-ZTO) TFTs of the s-orbital overlap structure. We fabricated amorphous 2 wt% Si-doped ZnSnO (a-2SZTO) TFTs using an RF magnetron sputtering system. The a-2SZTO TFTs show an improvement of the electrical property with increasing power. The a-2SZTO TFTs fabricated at a power of 30 W showed many of the total interfacial trap states. The a-2SZTO TFTs at a power of 30 W showed poor electrical property. However, at 50 W power, the total interfacial trap states showed improvement. In addition, the improved total interfacial states affected the thermal stress of a-2SZTO TFTs. Therefore, a-2SZTO TFTs fabricated at 50 W power showed a relatively small shift of threshold voltage. Similarly, the activation energy of a-2SZTO TFTs fabricated at 50 W power exhibits a relatively large falling rate (0.0475 eV/V) with a relatively high activation energy, which means that the a-2SZTO TFTs fabricated at 50 W power has a relatively lower trap density than other power cases. As a result, the electrical characteristics of a-2SZTO TFTs fabricated at a sputtering power of 50 W are enhanced. The TFTs fabricated by rf sputter should be carefully optimized to provide better stability for a-2SZTO in terms of the sputtering power, which is closely related to the interfacial trap states.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.52 no.6
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• pp.488-493
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• 2008

2-Aminothiazole ring as a bioisoster of catechol in dopamine has provided with good oral availability and lipophilic property. 2-Aminoindan, is a rigid form of dopamine, was evaluated as a dopamine D3 agonist with low neurotoxicity. Dopamine D3 agonist was evaluated as selective for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. In order to develop a novel dopamine D3 agonist, we tried to synthesize the aminothiazoloindenoxazine derivative that is a hybrid structure of aminoindenoxazine and thiazole ring. cis-2-Amino-1-indanol (2) was synthesized from 1,2-indandione-2-oxime by catalytic hydrogenation and it was treated with chloroacetyl chloride and NaH in benzene solution to give (${\pm}$)-cis-4,4a,5,9b-tetrahydroindeno[1,2-b][1,4]oxazin-3(2H)-one (6). Nitration of 6 by the mixed acid gave 8-nitro compound (7) and the carbonyl group of 7 was reduced with $LiAlH_4$ to afford compound (8). 8 was reduced to form (${\pm}$)-cis-8-amino-2,3,4,4a,5,9b-hexahydroindeno[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine (9) and finally it was cyclized with KSCN in glacial acetic acid to yield (${\pm}$)-cis-8-amino-2,3,4,4a,5,10b-hexahydrothiazolo[4,5-f]indeno[1,2-b][1,4]oxazine (10).

• Kyungpook Mathematical Journal
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• v.56 no.1
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• pp.107-120
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• 2016

Let R be a commutative semiring. The purpose of this note is to investigate the concept of 2-absorbing (resp., weakly 2-absorbing) primary ideals generalizing of 2-absorbing (resp., weakly 2-absorbing) ideals of semirings. A proper ideal I of R said to be a 2-absorbing (resp., weakly 2-absorbing) primary ideal if whenever $a,b,c{\in}R$ such that $abc{\in}I$ (resp., $0{\neq}abc{\in}I$), then either $ab{\in}I$ or $bc{\in}\sqrt{I}$ or $ac{\in}\sqrt{I}$. Moreover, when I is a Q-ideal and P is a k-ideal of R/I with $I{\subseteq}P$, it is shown that if P is a 2-absorbing (resp., weakly 2-absorbing) primary ideal of R, then P/I is a 2-absorbing (resp., weakly 2-absorbing) primary ideal of R/I and it is also proved that if I and P/I are weakly 2-absorbing primary ideals, then P is a weakly 2-absorbing primary ideal of R.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.40 no.9
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• pp.859-866
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• 2003

When calcium sulfoaluminate-based expansive cement was hydrated, ettringite and monosulfate were mainly formed. The crack of hardened cement was prevented by compensating drying shrinkage due to formation of the above hydrates. In order to study the hydration properties of calcium sulfoaluminate-based expanding cement, 3CaOㆍ3Al$_2$O$_3$ㆍCaSO$_4$(C$_4$A$_3$S) was prepared by chemical synthesis, and then the hydration of $C_4$A$_3$S-Ca(OH)$_2$-CaSO$_4$.$2H_2O$-C$_3$A system_was characterized. Good $C_4$A$_3$S phase was prepared at $1300^{\circ}C$ by chemical synthesis, and the main hydration product of $C_4$A$_3$S-Ca(OH)$_2$-CaSO$_4$.2$H_2O$ system was ettringite. In the case of hydration $C_4$A$_3$S-Ca(OH)$_2$-CaSO$_4$ㆍ 2$H_2O$-C$_3$A system, ettringite was formed in the early period and it was transformed into monosulfate while consumed gypsum.