• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.302-308
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• 2005

To examine the difference in each ingredient between the yeast strain and two raspberry kinds (Rubus crataegifolius Bunge(RCB), Rubus coreanus Miquel(RCM)) in the making of raspberry wine, five active dry yeasts were selected. Regarding the RCM ethanol content, the raspberry wine fermented by Lalvin Wl5 was the highest, while those fermented by Prise de Mousse were the lowest. The pH of the RCM was $3.58\~3.63$, and Montrachet was the highest one of total acidity. In the case of nonflavonoid phenols, the RCM fermented by Montrachet was the highest one, and in the case of flavonoid phenol and total phenol, the RCM fermented by Epernay II was the highest. The content of organic acid in RCM were highest in the following order: citric acid > oxalic acid > malic acid, and tartaric acid was not detected at all. The average content of malic acid in RCM after malolactic fermentation was reduced by almost $65.5\%$, and the RCM fermented by Prise de Mousse, after malolactic fermentation, was $73.3\%$. This latter was the highest, while the RCM fermented by Epernay II was the lowest, at $59.1\%$.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.251-256
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• 1999

Growth rate and saikosaponin content of Buplurum falcatum hairy root on MS and RCM basal media were measured. And using hairy root cultured in those media, it was investigated whether some correlation between differences in growth rate and saikosaponin content and histiological difference was or not. Results obtained showed that among media tested, MS and 3RCM medium which showed the faster growth in fresh weight and dry weight, respectively. And saikosaponin content of hairy root cultured in 3RCM was $2.2{\sim}5.5$ times higher than that of 1 year cultivated roots, whereas that in MS was extremely low. On the other hand, histological differences of root tips and about 1 cm region from root tip cultured in both MS and 3RCM were not prominent, however, in mature region, a lot of cells only in 3RCM contained densely stained vacuoles or organelles which probably contain tannin, suggesting that development of those has a correlation with biosynthesis of secondary metabolites containing saikosaponin.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.10
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• pp.1552-1559
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• 2013

Rubus coreanus Miquel (RCM) has been used as one of the Korean traditional medicines for prostate health. In addition, recent studies have reported that RCM reduced chronic inflammatory diseases such as cancer, and rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, in this study, we investigated the effects of unripe and ripe RCM on inflammationrelated gene expressions in LPS-stimulated mouse peritoneal macrophages. Mice were fed with 2% unripe RCM (U2), 10% unripe RCM (U10), 2% ripe RCM (R2), and 10% ripe RCM (R10) for 8 weeks. Peritoneal macrophages were isolated and stimulated with LPS then proinflammatory mediators (TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6), and prostaglandin E2 ($PGE_2$) productions were assessed. Moreover, gene expression profiles were analyzed by cDNA microarray method. Unripe and ripe RCM significantly reduced TNF-${\alpha}$ production but only unripe RCM decreased IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 production. RCM intake significantly reduced inflammatory-related gene expressions such as arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, interleukin 11, and nitric oxide synthase 2. Furthermore, unripe and ripe RCM significantly decreased ceruloplasmin, tissue plasminogen activator, thrombospondin 1, and vascular endothelial growth factor A expression which modulates symptoms of chronic inflammatory diseases. RCM intake also significantly increased hypoxia inducible factor 3, alpha which is the negative regulators of hypoxia-inducible gene expression. Furthermore, only unripe RCM reduced chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 8, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 14, and phospholipase A2 expression. In this study, we showed that RCM had anti-inflammatory effects by suppression of pro-inflammatory mediator expressions and may reduce chronic inflammatory disease progress through regulation of gene expressions. These findings suggest that RCM might be used as a potential functional material to reduce chronic inflammatory responses.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.386-395
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• 2016

To develop a functional fermentation food from Rubus coreanus Miquel (Bokbunja) and chlorella mixtures, optimal lactic acid fermentation conditions were established, and quality properties based on physicochemical evaluation such as chemical compositions, free sugars, organic acids, and antibacterial activities were investigated. Regarding optimal fermentation strain selection, formation of lactic acid was best in Lactobacillus plantarum among the experimental strains (10 kinds), and the optimal fermentation temperature was $37^{\circ}C$. In addition, overall acceptability in the sensory evaluation was highest in the 5% chlorella mixture sample. Therefore, quality properties of the prepared sample under the established optimal fermentation conditions were investigated. Moisture, total sugar (dry basis), crude fiber (dry basis), and pH of fermented Rubus coreanus Miquel juice (RCM) with 5% chlorella mixture (RCM-C5) were reduced by 4.90%, 14.15%, and 0.32%, respectively, as compared with non-fermented RCM. Meanwhile, crude protein, crude fat, and crude ash (dry basis) of RCM-C5 were elevated by 13.75%, 0.18%, and 0.73%, respectively, as compared with RCM. The yellowness (b value) of color values was greater in RCM-C5 compared to RCM. The free sugar and organic acid contents of RCM-C5 were elevated by 0.97% and 616.30 mg%, respectively, as compared with RCM. In addition, the gram positive bacterium Staphylococcus aureus was elevated by 5.83% while gram negative bacteria Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium were elevated by 2.94% and 4.67%, respectively, as compared with RCM. In conclusion, the quality properties of RCM and chlorella lactic acid fermentation mixtures were improved compared with the general RCM product. Consequently, it is possible to apply fermented RCM as a functional fermentation food.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Railway
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.159-165
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• 2010

In this paper the TRMS (Tilting Rolling-stock Maintenance System) that applies the concept of RAM (Reliability, Availability, and Maintainability) and RCM (Reliability Centered Maintenance) to Preventive and Corrective Maintenance Policy for TTX (Tilting Train Express) will be discussed. We will briefly introduce the RCM concepts and discus show these concepts and procedures are implemented in the TRMS S/W. In the TRMS S/W there are four modules, System and Operations Information Module, FMECA(Failure Modes, Effects, and Criticality Analysis)module, RAM Information Module, and RCM Analysis Module. The System and Operations Information Module provides the user interface for collection of systems and operations related data and the FMECA module provides a groundwork for the RCM analysis. The algorithms to calculate the reliability and failure rate for Weibull distribution and formulae to calculate the task intervals and task costs are proposed in the RAM and RCM Analysis Module respectively. There is a good possibility of applying RCM to other rolling stock maintenance systems if the benefit that RCM can brings to the maintenance world is fully recognized.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.171-175
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• 1999

We examined the effects of various basal media and exogenous auxins on the growth and saikosaponin production in hairy root cultures of Bupleurum falcatum. Of the various media tested, 2RCM medium was superior for growth and saikosaponin content, in which saikosaponin a, c, and d was produced, however MS medium was resulted in extremely low level in saikosaponin production. By the treatment of 0.5 mg/L IBA the growth rate was increased by about 60% in 2RCM medium, whereas both IAA and IBA showed a potent inhibition effect in saikosaponin biosynthesis by the treatment of 0.01 mg/L~5mg/L.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.5
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• pp.501-508
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• 2014

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Rubus Coreanus Miquel (RCM), used as a traditional Korean medicine, reduces chronic inflammatory diseases such as cancer and rheumatoid arthritis. However, its mechanism has not been elucidated. In this study, we examine the anti-inflammatory effects of RCM and their possible mechanisms using RAW 264.7 cells. MATERIALS/METHODS: Unripe RCM ethanol extract (UE), unripe RCM water extract (UH), ripe RCM ethanol extract (RE), and ripe RCM water extract (RH) were prepared. Inflammatory response was induced with LPS treatment, and expression of pro-inflammatory mediators (iNOS, COX-2, TNF-${\alpha}$, IL-$1{\beta}$, and IL-6) and NO and $PGE_2$ productions were assessed. To determine the anti-inflammatory mechanism of RCM, we measured NF-${\kappa}B$ and MAPK activities. RESULTS: UE and UH treatment significantly reduced NF-${\kappa}B$ activation and JNK and p38 phosphorylation and reduced transcriptional activities decreased iNOS, COX-2, and pro-inflammatory cytokines expressions, and NO and $PGE_2$ productions. RE and RH treatments reduced IL-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 expressions through suppressions of JNK and p38 phosphorylation. CONCLUSIONS: In this study, we showed that RCM had anti-inflammatory effects by suppression of pro-inflammatory mediator expressions. Especially, unripe RCM showed strong anti-inflammatory effects through suppression of NF-${\kappa}B$ and MAPK activation. These findings suggest that unripe RCM might be used as a potential functional material to reduce chronic inflammatory responses.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.40-45
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• 2014

As well-being foods pursuing healthy life are becoming popular, interest in Rubus coreanus Miquel (RCM) fruit, a type of Korean blackberry, is increasing due to its medicinal actions including protecting the liver, brightening the eyes, and alleviating diabetes. This study was carried out to evaluate the hepatoprotective effects of RCM concentrates on liver injuries induced by carbon tetrachloride ($CCl_4$) in rats. RCM, produced in June ~ July 2008 at Chunbook, Gochang (South Korea), was finely mashed. The seeds were removed and the juices were condensed. Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four groups according to treatment: normal (eight rats), $CCl_4$, 1% RCM, and 2% RCM. Experimental diets were provided to the experimental animals for 4 weeks. We measure total cholesterol, high density lipoprotein-cholesterol (HDL-C), aspartate amino transferase (AST), alanine amino transferase (ALT), and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels. Part of the livers was isolated for histopathological evaluation, and analyzed for lipid peroxide (TBARS), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and liver proteins. The activities of serum AST, ALT, and ALP were elevated following $CCl_4$ administration. Levels of hepatic TBARS were also significantly increased in the $CCl_4$ groups. However, hepatic TBARS levels and the activities of serum enzymes were markedly reduced by supplementation with the RCM concentrates (P < 0.05). Hepatic SOD activity increased in the RCM concentrates group versus $CCl_4$ groups. Histopathological examination revealed massive necrosis in the centrilobular area and degenerative changes caused by $CCl_4$ were ameliorated by dietary supplementation with RCM concentrates. These results suggest that RCM concentrates have hepatoprotective effects and may improve the symptoms of liver injuries.

• The Korean Journal of Food And Nutrition
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.392-397
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• 2006

To compare the contents of amino acids in raspberry wine, 5 types of active dry yeast strains (Saccharomyces cerevisiae Montrachet (UCD #522), Saccharomyces bayanus Pasteur Champagne (UCD #595), Saccharomyces cerevisiae Epemay II (CEG), Saccharomyces bayanus Prise do Mousse (PM), Saccharomyces uvarum Latvia W15) were used. In the fermentation experiment two kinds of raspberry wine were used; Rubus coreanus Miquel(RCM), harvested in Gochang, and Rubus crataegifolius Bunge(RCB), harvested in Okcheon. In 5 kinds of RCM raspberry wines, total contents of 17 amino acids were found from $16.77mg/{\ell}$ in the fermented Prise de Mousse, the most amount, to $12.29mg/{\ell}$ in Lalvin W15, the lowest. The content of amino acid in the RCB raspberry wine fermented by Montrachet was approximately 5.5 times higher than that of the RCM raspberry wine; $90.55mg/{\ell}\;to\;16.54mg/{\ell}$. Cystine and isoleucine were detected $2.97mg/{\ell},\;0.34mg/{\ell}$, respectively, in the RCB raspberry wine but not detected in the RCM raspberry wine. The amount of alanine, aspartic acid, and serine in RCB raspberry wine were found approximately 14 to 20 times larger than that of RCM raspberry wine.

• The Transactions of The Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.248-253
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• 2007

Traditional time based preventive maintenance is used to constant maintenance interval for equipment life. In order to consider economic aspect for time based preventive maintenance, preventive maintenance is scheduled by RCM(Reliability-Centered Maintenance) evaluation. So, Markov state model is utilized considering stochastic state in RCM. In this paper, a Markov state model which can be used for scheduling and optimization of maintenance is presented. The deterioration process of system condition is modeled by a Markov model. In case study, simulation results about RCM are used to the real historical data of combustion turbine generating units in Korean power systems.