• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.572-583
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• 2014

This study analyzes the foot shape of female high school students using 3D foot scan data based on a comparison with adult women (20s'-30s'). Data were collected from the foot anthropometry of 199 female high school students in Gwangju and Jeollanam-do. The right foot was measured indirectly by 3D laser scanner. There are 16 items in the foot anthropometric measurements. The $6^{th}$ Size Korea (measured by 3D scan data) is used for women's foot data. The results of the 3D measurements data investigation show that the foot length and foot width became longer and wider as the age increased. It is classified by three types after analyzing foot shape. Type 1 (28.1%) represented the shortest foot length, the narrowest foot width as well as the thick foot and long ankle shape. Type 2 (4.3%) represented the wide foot width such as the wide lateral ball width and semi-thickness shape. Type 3 (67.7%) referred to the widest foot width, flat foot and short ankle shape.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.88-95
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• 2022

PURPOSE. This study investigated the accuracy of full-arch intraoral scans obtained by various scan strategies with the segmental scan and merge methods. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Seventy intraoral scans (seven scans per group) were performed using 10 scan strategies that differed in the segmental scan (1, 2, or 3 segments) and the scanning motion (straight, zigzag, or combined). The three-dimensional (3D) geometric accuracy of scan images was evaluated by comparison with a reference image in an image analysis software program, in terms of the arch shape discrepancies. Measurement parameters were the intermolar distance, interpremolar distance, anteroposterior distance, and global surface deviation. One-way analysis of variance and Tukey honestly significance difference post hoc tests were carried out to compare differences among the scan strategy groups (α = .05). RESULTS. The linear discrepancy values of intraoral scans were not different among scan strategies performed with the single scan and segmental scan methods. In general, differences in the scan motion did not show different accuracies, except for the intermolar distance measured under the scan conditions of a 3-segmental scan and zigzag motion. The global surface deviations were not different among all scan strategies. CONCLUSION. The segmental scan and merge methods using two scan parts appear to be reliable as an alternative to the single scan method for full-arch intraoral scans. When three segmental scans are involved, the accuracy of complete arch scan can be negatively affected.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.977-984
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• 2013

This study classified the type of sole for female high school students and analyzed the characteristics of each type by the shape of the sole (plantar view) using 2D scan data. The data were collected from a foot anthropometry of 310 female high school students in Gwangju and Jeollanam-do. Left feet and right feet were measured indirectly by using flatbed scanner. The sole anthropometric measurements consisted of 24 items. The results of the investigation into the differences between left and right feet soles by the 2D measurements data indicated that there was no significant statistical differences in the length of items. The left sole had higher values than right sole in the width items and angle items; however, the lateral side of the right feet projected to the outside more often than left feet. In analyzing foot sole of female high school students, the shapes of sole were classified into three types. Type 1(41.94%), Type 2(36.77%), Type 3(21.29%). The most characteristic sole type for female high school students was Type 1. Type 1 referred to a narrow foot width with little or no curvature of the toe. Type 2 represented the longest foot, with foot width shown as a spacious and distinctive feature in width at the medial area of the foot. Type 3 represented the shortest and widest of ball width, gathered inside toe 5, and lateral side as the most projected among the three types.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society For Composite Materials Conference
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• 2003.10a
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• pp.91-94
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• 2003

Laminated composites are liable to fatal damage under impact load due to the fact that they have no reinforcement in the thickness direction. To overcome the inherent weakness, three dimensional (3D) textile reinforcements have drawn much interests. In this paper, impact performance of 2D and 3D textile composites has been characterized. For 2D composites, fiber bundle size and fiber pattern have been varied. For 3D composites, orthogonal woven preforms of different density and type of through-thickness fibers have been studied. To assess the damage after the impact loading, specimens were subjected to C-scan nondestuctive inspection. Compression after impact (CAI) were also conducted in order to evaluate residual compressive strength.

• Fibers and Polymers
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• v.7 no.2
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• pp.195-202
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• 2006

Tight-fitting clothing pattern reflecting the accurate information of the 3D body shape has been one of the challenges for garment industry, however, fitting problems still exist. The objectives of the paper is to develop a 2D pattern which fits tightly to the 3D human scan data for sports suits that need comfort and function for maximum performance. In this study, the user graphic interface application software for the semi-automatic garment pattern generation has been implemented using the triangle simplification scheme together with 2D projections of free-falling of 3D surface polygons keeping the original 3D surface area preservation. A typical application of the developed pattern to the functional body suits is presented and verification of the proposed method is also provided.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2008

1. Objectives The Body Shape and Feature is one of the important standard for classification of Sasang Constitutions. In order to evaluate one's Body Shape and Feature objectively we have been developing the Body Measuring Machine. Now we develop the 3D Automatic Body Measuring Machine(3D-ABMM). So we make an analysis of the 3D-ABMM's Accuracy. 2. Methods By using the 3D-ABMM and Vivid 9i(3D laser scanner, Konica Minolta) we have a surface scan of the three objects which are the upper body of the female and male Manikin and a male model. We overlap each scan data using the RapidForm2006 (3D scan data solution, INUS Technology) and calculate the average distance and standard deviation between the same point of each scan data. 3. Results and Conclusions In the female Manikin, the average distance is 0.84mm and the standard deviation is 1.16mm and the maximum distance is 10.68mm. In the male Manikin, the average distance is 1.12mm and the standard deviation is 1.19mm and the maximum distance is 12.00mm. In the male model, the average distance is 3.26mm and the standard deviation is 2.59mm and the maximum distance is 12.75mm. From the results, 3D-ABMM has good accuracy for scanning body and will be a usable hardware of the 3D Automatic Body Analysis Machine.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Precision Engineering
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• v.33 no.6
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• pp.459-467
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• 2016

Using a line scan camera and a Galvano mirror, we constructed a high-speed line-scanning microscope that can generate 2D images ($8000{\times}8000pixels$) without any moving parts. The line scanner consists of a Galvano mirror and a cylindrical lens, which creates a line focus that sweeps over the sample. The measured resolutions in the x (perpendicular to line focus) and y (parallel to line focus) directions are both $2{\mu}m$, with a 2X scan lens and a 3X relay lens. This optical system is useful for measuring defects, such as spalling, chipping, delamination, etc., on the surface of carbon fiber reinforced plastic (CFRP) holes after machining in conjunction with adjustments in the angle of LED lighting. Defects on the inner wall of holes are measured by line confocal laser scanning. This confocal method will be useful for analyzing defects after CFRP machining and for fast 3D image reconstruction.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.31 no.5 s.164
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• pp.692-704
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• 2007

Recently, Basic patterns with excellent body fitness and automation availability are required to be developed in order to automate the patterns of women's clothes. In this study, this reference points, reference lines and segments were fixed onto 3D scan data for the lower body the women in their twenties, they were directly spread out to be 2D flat pattern to facilitate development into the design of slacks adhered closely to the human body such as special and highly-functional clothes, and then slacks 2D pattern was developed for the purpose of seeking scientific approach to the development into basic form slacks and 3d emotional pattern. For conversion of 3D pattern into 2D flat pattern, reference points and segments were created by using Rapid Form of 3D shape analysis software, and triangle mesh of the body surface of the created shape was developed with Auto CAD 2005. The correspondence between slacks and human body was examined by the fixation of major reference lines. Specially, the wearing characteristics of slacks were considered by the fixation of side lines in consideration of posture. As a result of using the way of development to constantly maintain the length while 3D triangle mesh is converted into 2D flat mesh, the shape was shown to be excellently reproduced, and the area of flat pattern was increased compared to the shape of parting plane. Also, the sunk-in curve like the brief line of front crotch length needed a cutting line when it was closely adhered, when mesh was overlapped, and the pattern area was smaller compared to the actual shape.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Electromagnetic Engineering and Science
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.413-420
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• 2003

In this paper, the correction method of antenna beam direction errors is introduced which caused by frequency scan effect in active Phased may antenna for satellite communications. The antenna makes the beam directional error from frequency scan effect when it has dual beam may structure with asymmetrical series connection, their frequencies are different and for from each other, their 3dB beamwidth is narrow, and scan range is wide. By proposed equations, estimated beam direction error angles can be calculated and active phase shifter control values also can be calculated to compensate them. In this paper, the active phased array antenna system was fabricated to measure beam direction errors both before and after correction, which has dual beam from 32${\times}$4 main level array and 4${\times}$2 second level array, frequency deviation 500 MHz max.(6.7 %) at 7.25 GHz∼7.75 GHz ranges, 0$^{\circ}$∼${\pm}$35$^{\circ}$nm ranges, and 35.6 dBi gain with 2.2$^{\circ}$3 dB beam width. Its beam direction error by frequency san effect which was 2.5$^{\circ}$max., was reduced to 0.2$^{\circ}$max. after correction. This was 7 dB improvement of signal loss. The active phased array antenna can accurately track the target satellite for communications by this proposed correction method.

• Journal of Technologic Dentistry
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.53-61
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• 2019

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the discrepancy of scan process in dental intra oral scanner by comparing model scanner and anticipate possibility to introduce intra oral scan technique. Methods: 3D superimposition test was conducted to compare the scan discrepancy. The scanners used in this study are the e-oral scanner, the D750 model scanner, and the high precision CMM(3D Coordinate Measuring Machine). The standard of accuracy verification is ISO 5725-1; trueness and precision. Master model was manufactured by dental stone and scanned 5 times by intra oral, model scanner. Reference data was scanned 5 times by high accuracy CMM to evaluate the trueness. Results: Trueness of D750 scanner were $7.4{\mu}m$ $5.1{\mu}m$ $6.8{\mu}m$ at an abutment, an occluasal, a specific area. and trueness of e-scanner were $20.2{\mu}m$ $27.4{\mu}m$ $37.8{\mu}m$ at an abutment, an occluasal, a specific area. Precision of D750 scanner was $7.04{\mu}m$, e-scanner was $15.95{\mu}m$. Conclusion: When conducting in vitro test, The mean difference of trueness between e-scanner and D750 were $12.8{\mu}m$ at an abutment area, $22.3{\mu}m$ at an occlusal area, $31.0{\mu}m$ at a specific area and $8.91{\mu}m$ in precision. The scan discrepancies are within the range of clinical acceptance.