• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.4
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• pp.562-570
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• 2018

Background: Lung cancer is the leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. In this study, we used a bioactivity-guided isolation technique to identify constituents of Korean Red Ginseng (KRG) with antiproliferative activity against human lung adenocarcinoma cells. Methods: Bioactivity-guided fractionation and preparative/semipreparative HPLC purification were used with LC/MS analysis to separate the bioactive constituents. Cell viability and apoptosis in human lung cancer cell lines (A549, H1264, H1299, and Calu-6) after treatment with KRG extract fractions and constituents thereof were assessed using the water-soluble tetrazolium salt (WST-1) assay and terminal deoxyribonucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL) staining, respectively. Caspase activation was assessed by detecting its surrogate marker, cleaved poly adenosine diphosphate (ADP-ribose) polymerase, using an immunoblot assay. The expression and subcellular localization of apoptosis-inducing factor were assessed using immunoblotting and immunofluorescence, respectively. Results and conclusion: Bioactivity-guided fractionation of the KRG extract revealed that its ethyl acetate-soluble fraction exerts significant cytotoxic activity against all human lung cancer cell lines tested by inducing apoptosis. Chemical investigation of the ethyl acetatesoluble fraction led to the isolation of six ginsenosides, including ginsenoside Rb1 (1), ginsenoside Rb2 (2), ginsenoside Rc (3), ginsenoside Rd (4), ginsenoside Rg1 (5), and ginsenoside Rg3 (6). Among the isolated ginsenosides, ginsenoside Rg3 exhibited the most cytotoxic activity against all human lung cancer cell lines examined, with $IC_{50}$ values ranging from $161.1{\mu}M$ to $264.6{\mu}M$. The cytotoxicity of ginsenoside Rg3 was found to be mediated by induction of apoptosis in a caspase-independent manner. These findings provide experimental evidence for a novel biological activity of ginsenoside Rg3 against human lung cancer cells.

• Radiation Oncology Journal
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.227-232
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• 2007

Purpose: To investigate the flavopiridol effect on radiation-induced apoptosis and expression of apoptosisrelated genes of human laryngeal and lung cancer cells. Materials and Methods: A human laryngeal cancer cell line, AMC-HN3 and a human lung cancer cell line, NCI-H460, were used in the study. The cells were divided into four groups according to the type of treatment: 1) control groups; 2) cells that were only irradiated; 3) cells treated only with flavopiridol; 4) cells treated with flavopiridol and radiation simultaneously. The cells were irradiated with 10 Gy of X-rays using a 4 MV linear accelerator. Flavopiridol was administered to the media at a concentration of 100 nM for 24 hours. We compared the fraction of apoptotic cells of each group 24 hours after the initiation of treatment. The fraction of apoptotic cells was detected by measurement of the sub-G1 fractions from a flow cytometric analysis. The expression of apoptosis-regulating genes, including cleaved caspase-3, cleaved PARP (poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase), p53, p21, cyclin D1, and phosphorylated Akt (protein kinase B) were analyzed by Western blotting. Results: The sub-G1 fraction of cells was significantly increased in the combination treatment group, as compared to cells exposed to radiation alone or flavopiridol alone. Western blotting also showed an increased expression of cleaved caspase-3 and cleaved PARP expression in cells of the combination treatment group, as compared with cells exposed to radiation alone or flavopiridol alone. Treatment with flavopiridol down regulated cyclin 01 expression of both cell lines but its effect on p53 and p21 expression was different according to each individual cell line. Flavopiridol did not affect the expression of phophorylated Akt in both cell lines. Conclusion: Treatment with flavopiridol increased radiation-induced apoptosis of both the human laryngeal and lung cancer cell lines. Flavopiridol effects on p53 and p21 expression were different according to the individual cell line and it did not affect Akt activation of both cell lines.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.699-704
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• 2012

Natural products have been the target for cancer therapy for several years but there is still a dearth of information on potent compounds that may protect normal cells and selectively destroy cancerous cells. The present study was aimed to evaluate the cytotoxic potential of n-butanolic leaf extract of $Annona$ $muricata$ L. on WRL-68 (normal human hepatic cells), MDA-MB-435S (human breast carcinoma cells) and HaCaT (human immortalized keratinocyte cells) lines by XTT assay. Prior to cytotoxicity testing, the extract was subjected to phytochemical screening for detecting the presence of compounds with therapeutic potential. Their relative antioxidant properties were evaluated using the reducing power and $DPPH^*$radical scavenging assay. Since most of the observed chemo-preventive potential invariably correlated with the amount of total phenolics present in the extract, their levels were quantified and identified by HPLC analysis. Correlation studies indicated a strong and significant (P<0.05) positive correlation of phenolic compounds with free radical scavenging potential. The results revealed that the extract was moderately cytotoxic to normal cells with a mean IC50 value of 52.4 ${\mu}g$ when compared with those obtained for cancerous cells (IC50 values of 29.2 ${\mu}g$ for MDA-MB-435S and 30.1 ${\mu}g$ for HaCaT respectively). The study confirms the presence of therapeutically active antineoplastic compounds in the n-butanolic leaf extract of $Annona$ $muricata$. Isolation of the active metabolites from the extract is in prospect.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.25 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 1998

We have reported previously that intact embryogenic cells can be used instead of protoplasts for electroporation-mediated transformation of zoysiagrass and rice. In this study, conditions of the tissue electroporation were examined to optimize the procedures. Embryogenic cell suspensions were established in liquid MS medium containing 2 mg/L of 2,4-D with embryogenic calluses induced from mature embryos of Z. japonica. The suspension-cultured cell clumps were electroporated with 35S-gusA expression vector DNA, and degrees of DNA introduction into the cells were determined by histological expression rates of the gusA marker gene. DNA transfer into the cell clumps occurred in wide range of voltage (100-400 V) and capacitance (10-1980 $\mu\textrm{F}$), but more in the ranges of 200-300 V and 330-800 $\mu\textrm{F}$ DNA concentrations higher than 6 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL were adequate for GUS expression of the electroporated cells. DNA transfers were confirmed in all three embryogenic cell lines but only in one out of eleven non-embryogenic lines. Positive GUS expressions occurred with DNAs added even 20-40 h after pulse treatments. As a promoter of gusA, Act1 and Ubi1 were effective 7 and 5 times than 35S respectively in number of GUS expression units on electroporated cell clumps. Embryogenic cell clumps survived and regenerated into plantlets after pulse treatments of wide range of conditions.

• The Transactions of the Korea Information Processing Society
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• v.6 no.5
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• pp.1342-1350
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• 1999

A new design procedure for micro cellular coverage prediction is presented here on this paper, which contains a new propagation analysis algorithm based on processing of vector data representing roads and buildings which mainly affect the propagation phenomena in micro-cell environments. The propagation analysis algorithm presented here has been developed to aim at the practical application for micro-cellular systems such as PCS or CE-2. As all the vectors used here are of closed poly lines, i.e., polygons, a simplified ray path search technique can be developed not only to determine if the calculation points are on the road polygons and but also to calculate the amount of blockage by buildings. The result shows a capability of predicting path loss with an RMS error of 5dB or lower.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.110-113
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• 2007

Five flavonoid derivatives, pinostrobin (1), pinocembrin (2), alpinetin (3), cardamonin (4) and boesenbergin A (5) were isolated from the rhizomes of Boesenbergia pandurata. All compounds were elucidated based on its spectroscopic data and by the comparison with the previous works. 2D NMR technique was used for the structure elucidation of boesenbergin A to complement the data reported previously. The extracts and pure compounds were screened for cytotoxic activity against HL-60 cancer cell lines (human promyelocytic leukemia). Cytotoxic screening showed most of the extracts and pure compounds isolated from the rhizomes of Boesenbergia pandurata were active against HL-60 cancer cell line. The chloroform extract and boesenbergin A showed the most potent cytotoxic activity.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.27 no.7
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• pp.734-737
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• 2004

5,8-Epidioxycholest-6-en-3-ol (1), cholesterol (2), glycerol 1-palmitate (3) and glycerol 1,3-dioleate-2-stearate (4) were isolated from the methanol extract of the sea urchin Diadema setosum, which was collected from the Halong sea, Vietnam. Chemical structures were established based on extensive 1D, 2D-NMR, FAB-MS, EI-MS spectroscopic data and GC-MS analysis. The NMR spectral data of compound 1 were reassigned by using HMQC and HMBC. Compound 1 was found to have strong cytotoxic effect against various cancer cell lines, such as KB ($IC_{50}$, 2.0 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL), FL($IC_{50}$, 3.93 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL), and Hep-2 ($IC_{50}$, 2.4 $\mu\textrm{g}$/mL) by in vitro assay.

• Korean Journal of Microbiology
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.97-104
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• 1997

Herpes simpex virus type 2 (HSV-2) infects the genital and oral mucosae of human and other animals. HSV-2 infection is a widespread health problem causing various clinical syndromes including oral, genital, and ocular lesions, viral encephalitis, and recurrent diseases. Hybridorna cell lines secreting a monoclonal antibody (mAb) against the HSV-2 were produced by fusing spleen cells of HSV-2-immunized mice with Sp2/0-AgI4 myeloma cells. One hybridoma cell line was established and its monoclonal C-2, IgM, recognized the antigens of 134, 86, and 43 kDa in western blot analysis. In SDS-P AGE analysis of HSV -2 antigens, 25 bands were separated between 3D kDa and 159 kDa. In indirect immunofluorescent assay, mAbs exhibited binding to the virus antigen expressed on Vero cell infected with HSV-2.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.588-596
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• 2023

Long-term culture of cell lines is an important issue in in vitro culture and in plant science. In this study, the regeneration ability and ex vitro acclimatization of regenerants were evaluated. The ploidy level of regenerants derived from long-term cultured cell lines was measured in Imperata cylindrica 'Rubra', Poaceae. Adventitious buds (shoots) were successfully induced from five-year-cultured calli on MS medium containing 0.1 mg/L BA or 2.0 mg/L TDZ, combined with 0.01 mg/L auxins (IAA, IBA, NAA and 2,4-D), respectively. Adventitious roots were also induced on MS medium containing 0.01 mg/L auxins (IBA, NAA and 2,4-D), respectively. Interestingly, regenerants with both red and green leaf were successfully obtained when regenerants were cultured on MS medium with 9% sucrose. Regenerants derived from long-term cultured calli were transferred to pots using an optimal acclimatization process and successfully adapted to both pot and soil conditions. Moreover, the ploidy level was measured using calli and regenerants that had been kept on MS medium containing various kinds of plant growth regulators (PGRs).

• Korean Journal of Weed Science
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.160-165
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• 1995

Anthocyanin formation in callus cultures using Populus alba ${\times}$ Populus glandulosa was evaluated on basal MS medium supplemented with various levels of growth regulators, sucrose and nitrate concentrations. The highest yield of anthocyanin from cultured cells was produced under 5% sucrose, 1/8 strength of nitrate(12.5% of basic concentration) and combination of 1.0 mg/l IAA with 2 mg/l BAP, respectively. The high anthocyanin producing cell line no. 11 was selected among 15 cell lines, showing over 80% cells contained anthocyanin producing cells. From these cells, the highly productive red protoplast was isolated and the highest protoplast yield, $6.7{\times}10^6$ was obtained in enzyme combination IV which is composed of 2.0% cellulase, 0.5% macerozyme and 0.1% pectolyase.