• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.199-205
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• 2009

This study was designed to investigate direct effects of [D-$Pen^2$, D-$Pen^5$]-enkephalin, a $\delta$-opioid receptor agonist on the neuronal activity of medial vestibular nuclear (MVN) neurons by whole-cell configuration patch clamp experiments. The spike frequency of MVN neuron was increased to $9.50{\pm}0.55$ (P<0.05) and $10.56{\pm}0.66$ (P<0.05) by 5 and $10{\mu}M$ [D-$Pen^2$, D-$Pen^5$]-enkephalin from the control level of $8.05{\pm}0.55$ spikes/sec, respectively (n=18). The resting membrane potential of the neurons was increased to $-37.86{\pm}0.92$ and $-36.97{\pm}0.97$ (P<0.05) from $-38.74{\pm}1.13\;mV$ by 5 and $10{\mu}M$ [D-$Pen^2$, D-$Pen^5$]-enkephalin, respectively. The amplitude of afterhyperpolarization was decreased to $23.78{\pm}0.65$ and $21.67{\pm}0.89$ (P<0.05) from $23.73{\pm}0.53\;mV$ by 5 and $10{\mu}M$ [D-$Pen^2$, D-$Pen^5$]-enkephalin, respectively. The spike width was changed to $2.22{\pm}0.08$ and $2.24{\pm}0.07$ from $2.20{\pm}0.08\;mV$ by 5 and $10{\mu}M$ [D-$Pen^2$, D-$Pen^5$]-enkephalin, respectively. After pretreatment of naltrindole, a highly selective 8-opioid receptor antagonist, [D-$Pen^2$, D-$Pen^5$]-enkephalin did not change firing rate, resting membrane potential, afterhyperpolarization amplitude, and spike width of MVN neurons. The above experimental results suggest that [D-$Pen^2$, D-$Pen^5$]-enkephalin increases the neuronal activity of MVN neurons via inhibition of calcium-dependent potassium currents underlying the afterhyperpolarization.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.666-674
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• 2016

The bacterial strains were screened as potential starters for fermenting low-salt doenjang (a Korean traditional fermented soybean paste) using Korean doenjang based on proteolytic and antipathogenic activities under 6.5-7.5% NaCl conditions. Phylogenetic analysis based on 16S rRNA gene sequences showed that they all belonged to the genus Bacillus. Proteolytic and antipathogenic activities against Escherichia coli, Bacillus cereus, Staphylococcus aureus, Listeria monocytogenes, and Aspergillus flavus, as well as fibrinolytic, amylase, and cellulase activities of the 10 strains were quantitatively evaluated. Of these, strains D2-2, JJ-D34, and D12-5 were selected, based on their activities. The functional, phenotypic, and safety-related characteristics of these three strains were additionally investigated and strains D2-2 and D12-5, which lacked antibiotic resistance, were finally selected. Strains D2-2 and D12-5 produced poly-γ-glutamic acid and showed various enzyme activities, including α-glucosidase and β-glucosidase. Growth properties of strains D2-2 and D12-5 included wide temperature and pH ranges, growth in up to 16% NaCl, and weak anaerobic growth, suggesting that they facilitate low-salt doenjang fermentation. Strains D2-2 and D12-5 were not hemolytic, carried no toxin genes, and did not produce biogenic amines. These results suggest that strains D2-2 and D12-5 can serve as appropriate starter cultures for fermenting low-salt doenjang with high quality and safety.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.41-49
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• 2003

Methane emission was measured in a rice paddy under different water management and organic amendments. Methane emission from planted chambers and unplanted chambers was monitored to evaluate the rice-mediated methane emission. In flooding methane emission from planted chambers with NPK, NPK(+P), was $0.174g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$ while that from unplanted chambers with NPK, NPK(-P), was $0.046g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$ Methane emission from planted chambers with rice straw compost amendment, RSC(+P), was $0.214g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from unplanted chambers with rice straw compost amendment, RSC(-P), was $0.076g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Methane emission from planted chambers with rice straw amendment in Fehruary, RS2(+P), was $0.328g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from unplanted chambers with rice straw amendment in February, RS2(-P), was $0.1g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Methane emission from planted chambers with rice straw amendment in May, RS5(+P), was $0.414g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from unplanted chamhers with rice straw amendment in May, RS5(-P), was $0.187g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. In intermittent irrigation methane emission from NPK(+P) was $0.115g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from NPK(-P) was $0.041g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Methane emission from RSC(+P) was $0.137g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from RSC(-P) was $0.06g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Methane emission from RS2(+P) was $0.204g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from RS2(-P) was $0.09g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Methane emission from RS5(+P) was $0.273g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$, while that from RS5(-P) was $0.13g\;CH_4\;m^{-2}\;d^{-1}$. Methane transport via rice plant under flooding for NPK plot, RSC plot, RS2 plot and RS5 plot was 73.6%, 64.5%, 69.5% and 54.8%, respectively, and mean was 65.6%. Methane transport via rice plants under intermittent irrigation for NPK plot, RSC plot, RS2 plot and RS5 plot was 64.3%, 59.2%, 55.9% and 52.4%, respectively, and mean was 58.0%.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.14-19
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• 1984

The stability difference of metmyoglobin in $H_2O$ and $D_2O$ at pH 5.7 and pH 7.0 toward pressure denaturation is studied. Metmyoglobin is denatured in $D_2O$ at smaller pressure than in $H_2O$. The stability difference in $H_2O$ and $D_2O$ is more pronounced at pH 5.7 than at pH 7. The main reasons for the stability difference in $H_2O$ and $D_2O$are the difference in positive charge due to $H^+$and $D^+$ binding to the protein in $H_2O$ and $D_2O$, and the structural change that accompany deuteration.

• Korea Petroleum Association Journal
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• no.7 s.243
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• pp.86-96
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• 2004

●2003년 우리나라 석유소비는 전년대비 1.0% 증가한 2,303천b/d로, 세계 7위를 기록함. 순위는 미국, 중국, 일본, 독일, 러시아연방, 인도, 한국 순임.-1995년 이후 8년 연속 세계6위를 유지하여왔으나 인도가 정부주도하에 10차 5개년 경제개발계획(2002~2007년)을 수립하고 이에 따라 매년 석유수요가 증가함에 따라 2003년 석유수요는 2,462천b/d를 기록, 한국을 제치고 6위를 차지함. ●세계 석유소비순위를 보면 미국이 20,071천d/b로 부동의 1위를 차지했고 2002년에 중국이 일본을 2만b/d의 근소한 차이로 2위를 차지하였으나 지난해에는 격차를 53만b/d로 벌리면서 2위자리를 지켰음. ●우리나라의 경제능력은 2,316천b/d로 전년보다 한 계단 아래인 6위를 기록함.-우리나라는 지난 1997년 이후 6년간 5위를 유지하여 왔으나, 인도가 정책적인 독려에 힘입어 정제능력을 증강한 결과 2,333천b/d로 한국을 제치고 5위를 차지함. ●국가별 정제능력 순위에서는 미국이 1,689만 4천d/b로 1위를 차지한 가운데 러시아가 정제능력을 확충하여 5,512천b/d를 기록, 5,487천b/d를 기록한 중국을 제치고 1년만에 다시 2위자리로 올라섰음.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.94-99
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• 1997

When the leaf and stem tissues of Rehmannia glutinosa were cultured on MS medium with plant growth regulators, shoots were regenerated on MS medium with TDZ(0.01 to $2.0{\mu}M$), and root initiation was better on MS medium treated with NAA(0.01 to 2.0mg/$\iota$). On $B_5$ medium, shoot regeneration was better on medium with TDZ than those with Quincrac, NAA, and 2.4-D. The addition of Quincrac, NAA, and 2.4-D inhibited shoot regeneration on MS medium, but promoted shoot regeneration on $B_5$ medium. Shoot regeneration and growth was better on MS medium with the combination treatments of 2.4-D 0.01mg/$\iota$ and TDZ 0.01, 0.1 and $2{\mu}M$ compared with other treatments. Also shoot regeneration and growth on B_5 medium showed the similar results to that on MS medium.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.1407-1416
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• 2016

This study was conducted to investigated the effects of stocking density on growth and survival of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus in the indoor multiple tank for 12 weeks. There were six treatments(stocking densities) in this experiment, i.e. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and 10 individuals per 10 L plastic aquarium($W41{\times}H24{\times}D11cm$, represented as D1, D2, D3, D4, D5 and D10, respectively). Each treatment had ten replicates. The results showed growth variation of sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus decreased with the increase of stocking densities. After the end of the experiment, no significant differences(P>0.05) between D1~D5 treatment group whereas significant differences(P<0.05) between D1 and D10 treatment group. Survival rate showed D1~D10 were 90%, 90%, 100%, 95%, 94% and 72%, respectively. Especially, significant differences(P>0.05) between D1~D5 and D10 treatment group. The results indicated optimum of stocking density for sea cucumber, Apostichopus japonicus within five individuals per 10 L plastic aquarium($0.05individuals/m^2$).

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.5
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• pp.1337-1342
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• 2014

A novel and convenient route for the synthesis of a series of thalidomide derivatives is described. Compound 2 was cyclized with different amines under alkaline condition to obtain 4-nitro substituted phthalimidines 3a-d. Hydroxylactams 4a-d were produced via bromination and hydroxylation. Different acyl chlorides were reacted with hydroxylactams to provide the desired esters 5a-d. All compounds were evaluated by MTT assay for their inhibitory activities against HCT-116, MG-63, MCF-7, HUVEC and HMVEC cell lines in vitro. Most of them showed no obvious cytotoxic effect on normal human cells, compounds 4a-d, $5a_2$, $5a_4$, $5a_5$, $5b_2$, $5c_2$ and $5d_2$ exhibited potent antitumor activities, among which compounds $5a_2$ and $5b_2$ were more effective than 5-FU.

• Korean Journal of Optics and Photonics
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.297-303
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• 2005

We present the double resonance optical pumping(DROP) spectra according to the laser power, the polarization combination of lasers, and the alignment of lasers in the transition $5P_{3/2}-4D_{5/2}\;and\;5P_{3/2}-4D_{5/2}$ of $^{87}Rb.$ We observed obviously changing DROP spectrum according to the laser power in the transition $5P_{3/2}-4D_{5/2}$ involved the cycling transition. The laser power effects are attributed to the low optical-pumping-effect in the cycling transition. We observed changing DROP spectrum depending on the polarizations of the lasers. The laser polarization effects are attributed to the changing transition probability according to the polarizations of lasers. We compared the co-propagation with the counter-propagation and the spectral linewidths were 12.2 MHz and 6.9 MHz, respectively.

• KSII Transactions on Internet and Information Systems (TIIS)
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• v.13 no.4
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• pp.2042-2059
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• 2019

Digital shadow puppet has traditionally relied on expensive motion capture equipments and complex design. In this paper, a low-cost driven technique is presented, that captures human pose estimation data with simple camera from real scenarios, and use them to drive virtual Chinese shadow play in a 2.5D scene. We propose a special method for extracting human pose data for driving virtual Chinese shadow play, which is called 2.5D human pose estimation. Firstly, we use the 3D human pose estimation method to obtain the initial data. In the process of the following transformation, we treat the depth feature as an implicit feature, and map body joints to the range of constraints. We call the obtain pose data as 2.5D pose data. However, the 2.5D pose data can not better control the shadow puppet directly, due to the difference in motion pattern and composition structure between real pose and shadow puppet. To this end, the 2.5D pose data transformation is carried out in the implicit pose mapping space based on self-network and the final 2.5D pose expression data is produced for animating shadow puppets. Experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of our new method.