• 분석과학
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• 제19권6호
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• pp.544-552
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• 2006

본 논문은 소형챔버법을 이용해 바닥재 종류에 따른 방출농도특성을 알아보고자 수행되었다. 환경학적 관심사가 높은 개별 휘발성유기화합물(VOC) 및 총휘발성유기화합물(TVOC)을 측정대상물질로 선정하여 HPLC 및 GC/MSD를 이용하여 분석하였다. 바닥재에서 방출된 TVOC 및 포름알데히드(HCHO)의 평균방출농도는 각각 $0.3mg/m^2{\cdot}h$와 $0.2mg/m^2{\cdot}h$로 나타났으며 37개 바닥재 모두 방출기준을 만족하는 것으로 조사되었다. TVOC 방출농도는 PVC Sheet, PVC Tile, 마루 순으로 나타났으며, 반면 HCHO 방출농도는 PVC 계열보다 마루 제품에서 높게 나타나는 경향을 보였다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.206-219
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to evaluate concentrations of carbonyl compounds during summer season in Seoul metropolitan area. The air samples were collected at 7 sites in this area from June 2001 to June 2003. The carbonyl compounds were analyzed by DNPH/HPLC method. The analytical method applied in this study showed good repeatability, linearity, and sensitivity. The most abundant carbonyl was formaldehyde (average 4.48 ppb), and followed by acetone, acetaldehyde, methyl ethyl ketone, butyraldehyde, propionaldehyde and benzaldehyde, respectively. Concentrations of carbonyl compounds in June were higher than those in August. There was not only higher solar radiation but also higher ozone concentration in June than in August. As a result o photochemical reactions, carbonyl compounds from both primary and secondary sources are likely to contribute to the formation of ozone. The contributions to photochemical ozone creation of two carbonyl compounds such as formaldehyde and acetaldehyde were estimated to be about 70%. Ratios of formaldehyde to acetaldehyde in this study ranged from 1.13 to 4.26, which are generally equivalent levels to those of other urban areas in domestic and foreign countries.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.468-476
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• 2006

Hazardous air pollutants (HAPs) have high toxicity and bioaccurnulation potentials into human body even inbsmall amount (levels of ng/$m^3$). As the levels of HAPs might be controversial, it has been become essential to establish the analysis method for correct results. In this study, various analysis methods of VOCs and Aldehydes were compared in order to select the proper methods in our condition. Sampling and analysis method of VOCs were followed to EPA TO-14a and TO-17. VOCs were collected in absorption tube and separated by thermal desorption unit then analyzed by GC/MSD. Aldehydes were sampled in DNPH-cartridge and extracted into solution then analyzed by HPLC as the same condition of EPA TO-13a. This study also shows the results of QA/QC system of selected methods. Some experiments could be improving the data assurance blank test, calibration check, repetition precision check, the determination of detection limit and reproducibility of the retention time. Precisions of VOCs and aldehydes were ranged in 2$\sim$9% and 1$\sim$4% RSD, respectively. Recovery rate of VOCs showed variable ranges from 60 to 133.5%. MDL of VOCs and aldehydes were 0.044$\sim$0.284 ppb and 0.14$\sim$1.02 ng, respectively.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.38-45
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• 2009

Since the seventies and the oil crisis, energy-saving measures have led to a reduction in the ventilation of room. The use of synthetic materials which emit various chemical substances had led to an increase in the concentration of indoor pollutants. "Sick building syndrome (SBS)" and "Sick house syndrome (SHS)" are worldwide problems. Also, the number of complaints about indoor air pollution caused by VOCs (Volatile organic compound) and HCHO (Formaldehyde) has increased. It is important that evaluating and understanding emission of indoor air pollutant from building materials. The object of this study was to evaluate emission test method for flooring such as wood based flooring, carpet tile, rubber tile, PVC sheet and tile, and to determine emission of TVOC and form-aldehyde. The quantity of TVOC and carbonyl compounds emission were sampled and measured by Tenax TA and gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MSD), 2,4-DNPH cartrige with ozone scrubber and high performance liquid from flooring. The TVOC concentration emitted from carpet tile was ($7.419\;mg/m^2 h$) the highest among 5 groups of test materials. In wood based flooring and PVC tile, the emitted concentration of toluene was high. And the dodecane emission was highest in carpet. The concentration of TVOC decreased by an increase in emission test period. After 7 days, the concentration of TVOC from floorings were about 50% below of the concentration at the first day. TVOC emission from wood based flooring, carpet tile, rubber tile, PVC sheet and tile were decreased in 28 days and remained steady after about 15 days. The concentration of formaldehyde emission from floorings showed extremely low.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제17권7호
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• pp.767-774
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• 2008

This study was carried out to evaluate the characteristics of atmospheric concentrations of volatile organic compounds(VOCs) and aldehydes for near a large shipyard. Most of the painting work in marine coating is performed indoor and outdoor. Most of the VOCs are emitted to the atmosphere as the paint is applied and cures. The massive scale of a ship makes it difficult to capture the emissions from outdoor painting. The VOCs are an important health and contributors to photochemical smog. The VOCs and aldehydes samples were collected using adsorbent tube and 2,4-DNPH cartridge, and were determined by an automatic thermal desorption coupled with GC/MS and HPLC-UV analysis, respectively. A total of 16 aromatic VOCs and 12 aldehydes of environmental concern were determined. At indoor coating facilities, the most abundant compound among 16 target VOCs appeared to be m,p-xylene, being followed by o-xylene. But most of the aldehydes were extremely lower concentrations. The atmospheric concentration of VOCs, m,p-xylene concentrations were the highest and the mean value were outdoor workshop 11.323 ppb, residental area 5.134 ppb, and green area 2.137 ppb, respectively. However, the most aldehydes were extremely lower concentrations such as formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and non-detection such as iso-valeraldehyde, n-valeraldehyde and o-tolualdehyde.

• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제22권4호
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• pp.169-176
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• 1989

분말가쓰오부시의 향기성분을 상압수증기증류법으로 추출한 후 중성구분, phenol성구분, 산성구분 및 염기섬구분으로 분획하여 fused silica capillary column을 장치한 고분해능 GC 및 GC-MS에 의해서 분리, 동정하였다. 전휘발성 성분의 함량은 약 300 ppm으로서 중성구분 $48\%$, phenol 성구분 $35\%$, 산성구분 $12\%$, 염기성구분 $5\%$로 이루어져 있었고, 관능검사결과 중성구분 및 phenol 성구분의 기여도가 컸다. 분말가쓰오부시 향기성분으로 총 68성분이 동정확인되었으며, 이 중 30성분이 중성구분으로 동정되었고 hydrocarbon류 8성분, aldehyde류 8성분, furan류 6성분, alcohol류 5성분 및 ketone류 3성분으로 구성되어 있었다. phenol성구분은 phenol, guaiacol, dimethon phenol, eugenol 등 16성분, 산성구분은 propionic, butanoit isopentanoic, n-hexanoic, heptanoic, octanoic acid 등 12성분이 동정되 었고, 염기성구분으로는 pyrazine류 7성분, 2-methylpyridine, 2,4-dimethylthiazole 등 10성분이 동정확인되었다. 한편 분말가쓰오부시의 저급휘발성 carbonyl성분을 2,4-DNPH유도체로 만들어 GC로써 분석한 결과 ethanal, propanal, 2-methylpropanal, butanal, pentanal, 2-methylpentanal 등 8성분이 분리 동정되었다.

• 분석과학
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• 제27권5호
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• pp.243-247
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• 2014

포름알데히드는 대표적인 직업성 발암물질로, 고농도에 노출되면 사람에게 백혈병이나 임파종, 비인두암 등을 일으킬 수 있다. 본 연구는 포름알데히드의 직업적 노출이 높은 가구목제 제조업 중 1 개 사업장을 대상으로 공정별 공기 중 포름알데히드 농도를 평가하고, 공기 중 포름알데히드 농도가 가장 높은 무늬목 부착 공정에서 사용되는 재료의 실험실내 포름알데히드 발생 및 분석을 통하여 가구 제조 사업장의 포름알데히드의 발생 현황을 파악하고자 하였다. 2,4-디니트로페닐히드라진 코팅 실리카겔 흡착관에 0.2 L/min의 유량으로 6 시간동안 공기 시료를 포집하고 아세토니트릴로 탈착하여 HPLC-UV로 분석하였다. UV 검출 파장은 360 nm였고, ACQUITY UPLC BEH $C_{18}$ ($100{\times}2.1mm$, $1.7{\mu}m$, Waters, U.S.A.) 컬럼과 45% 아세토니트릴 이동상을 사용하여 유속을 0.5 mL/min으로 설정하여 분석하였다. 가구 제조 사업장의 포름알데히드 최고 농도는 0.31 ppm으로, 미국 ACGIH의 천장값 농도 기준인 0.3 ppm을 초과하였다. 재단, 조립, 샌딩 등의 공정에서도 포름알데히드 농도는 공장 외부의 농도보다 7-21 배 높은 수준이었다. 무늬목 부착 공정에서 목재로부터 발생하는 포름알데히드는 사업장 실제 적용 온도인 $100-150^{\circ}C$에서 1.14-2.70 ppm으로, 국내 노출기준인 0.5 ppm에 비해 2-5 배 이상 높아, 습식 무늬목을 취급하는 사업장 및 공정 근로자는 포름알데히드에 노출될 가능성이 높은 노출 위험군임을 확인하였다.

• 한국대기환경학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.63-71
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• 2006

An automated carbonyl measurement system was constructed. Atmospheric carbonyl compounds were extracted onto DNPH containing collection solution while flowing through a glass coil. Each carbonyl species was separated on a HPLC column and quantified by UV absorption detector. Using this system, carbonyl compounds were continuously measured at the campus of Korea University in Seoul, Korea during June, 2005. Sampling resolution was 30 minutes and the detection limit of HCHO was 0.19 ppbv. Also, $\O_{3}$, it's precursors, and meteorological parameters were measured. The maximum, minimum, average, and median concentrations of HCHO during the whole experiment was 35.8 ppbv, 1.4 ppbv, 11.7 ppbv, and 9.3 ppbv respectively. Formaldehyde showed a distinct diurnal variation with a broad maximum around 13 $\sim$ 15, which was 1 $\sim$ 3 hours ahead of an ozone maximum. During a couple of days, however, HCHO concentrations were kept high through the night or increased concomitantly with NOx in the morning. These results imply that HCHO was mainly produced from the photochemical oxidation of VOCs, but local emission sources couldn't be ruled out. The differences between daily maximum and minimum of $O_{3}$ and HCHO were calculated for 11 days of June, when typical diurnal variations were observed for the two species. A strong positive correlation was found between $\Delta O_{3}$ and $\Delta HCHO$ and the average mole ratio of $\Delta HCHO$ to $\Delta O_{3}$ was 2.6. It indicates that formaldehyde played a key role in $\Delta O_{3}$ production as an indicator species in Metropolitan Seoul during June, 2005.

• 한국식품조리과학회지
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• 제22권5호통권95호
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• pp.642-649
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• 2006

본 연구는 전통적 방법으로 간장 및 어육장을 제조하고 담근 용기는 투명유리 용기를 사용하여 숙성온도(4$^{\circ}C$, 20$^{\circ}C$)와 숙성 기간(360일)에 따라 색도 및 갈색색소의 패턴을 측정하여 간장과 어육장의 색소가 형성되는 과정을 살펴보았다. pH는 숙성 기간이 증가함에 따라 낮아지는 경향을 나타났고 간장 5.52${\sim}$6.26, 어육장 5.11${\sim}$6.13을 나타내었으며 특히 20$^{\circ}C$에서 어육장은 숙성기간에 따른 pH의 현저한 변화 양상을 나타내었다. 420 nm에서의 흡광도를 측정한 결과 시료 종류와 숙성 온도에 상관없이 숙성 기간 180일까지 흡광도가 증가하였으며 가장 높은 흡광도는 간장 4$^{\circ}C$(240일), 어육장 20$^{\circ}C$(360일), 간장 20$^{\circ}C$와 어육장 4$^{\circ}C$의 경우 숙성 180일에 나타났다. 흡광도 400/500 nm에 대한 흡광 비율은 간장 4$^{\circ}C$(1.37${\sim}$5.29), 간장 20$^{\circ}C$(1.37${\sim}$5.02), 어육장 4$^{\circ}C$(1.37${\sim}$5.02), 어육장 20$^{\circ}C$(1.37${\sim}$4.32)의 비율을 나타내었으며 숙성 기간 증가에 따라 간장의 경우 비율이 일정하지 않았으나 어육장 20$^{\circ}C$는 300일까지 비율이 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 색도계 측정 결과 L값은 간장의 경우 숙성 기간에 따라 서서히 증가하는 경향으로 나타났으며 4$^{\circ}C$(240일), 20$^{\circ}C$(180일)에서 가장 높게 나타났고 그 이후 숙성기간이 지날수록 감소하는 경향으로 나타났다. 반면에 어육장의 경우 4$^{\circ}C$(60일), 20$^{\circ}C$(360일)에서 가장 높게 나타났으나 숙성 기간에 따른 차이는 나타나지 않았다. a값은 어육장 20$^{\circ}C$를 제외한 간장에서 숙성기간 120일까지 녹색도가 커졌으며, 특히 간장 20$^{\circ}C$, 어육장 4$^{\circ}C$는 120일 이후 녹색도가 작아지는 경향으로 모든 시료에서 음의 값이 나타나 적색보다는 녹색을 띠는 것으로 나타났다. b값은 간장 20$^{\circ}C$과 어육장 4$^{\circ}C$는 180일까지 증가하였으나 숙성 기간에 따른 b값은 뚜렷한 경향은 보이지 않았다 UV-VIS Spectra를 측정한 결과 모든 시료가 숙성기간에 상관없이 220${\sim}$320 nm 부근에서 최대흡수파장을 나타내었다. 간장 4$^{\circ}C$(240일), 20$^{\circ}C$(180일), 어육장 4$^{\circ}C$와 20$^{\circ}C$는 360일에서 가장 높은 최대흡수파장을 나타내었으며 220${\sim}$320 nm에서 완만한 peak를 나타내는 전형적인 model melanoidin의 특성은 간장 4$^{\circ}C$(240일), 20$^{\circ}C$(120${\sim}$300일), 어육장 4$^{\circ}C$(360일), 20$^{\circ}C$(240일)에서 나타나 어육장이 간장보다 melanoidin 형성 기간이 길며, 어육장 20$^{\circ}C$에 경우 숙성기간이 길어짐에 따라 melanoidin 색소 특유의 패턴이 달라지는 것으로 나타났다. Maillard 반응 정도를 나타내는 유도체(2.4-DNPH)와 3DG 함량을 측정한 결과 유도체(2.4-DNPH) 함량범위는 간장 4$^{\circ}C$(0${\sim}$14.36 mg), 20$^{\circ}C$(0${\sim}$11.76 mg), 어육장 4$^{\circ}C$(0${\sim}$12.48mg), 20$^{\circ}C$(0${\sim}$8.56 mg)으로 나타났으며 3DG 함량범위는 간장 4$^{\circ}C$(0${\sim}$5.65 mg%), 20$^{\circ}C$(0${\sim}$5.34 mg%), 어육장 4$^{\circ}C$(0${\sim}$3.74 mg%), 20$^{\circ}C$(0${\sim}$3.01 mg%)으로 어육장보다는 간장의 3DG 함량이 높게 나타났다. 이상의 결과에서 어육장의 갈색 색소 형성이 간장의 갈색색소 형성과 유사하다는 것을 확인하였다.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제17권2호
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• pp.81-88
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• 2007

The aim of this study was to investigate whether the exposure to vinyl chloride monomer(VCM) induces lipid peroxidation in workers by evaluating the concentration of malondialdehyde(MDA) in the urine in order to assess worker's oxidative stress due to exposure of vinyl chloride monomer. The subjects investigated in the study were divided into the experimental group; 18 workers exposed to VCM, and the control group; 19 workers unexposed to VCM. A gas chromatography/pulsed flame photometric detector(GC/PFPD) was utilized to analyze thiodiglycolic acid(TDGA), which was methylated with trimethylsilyldiazomethane (2.0M in diethyl ether) in urine and the urinary MDA, the product of lipid peroxidation, was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography/ultraviolet-visible detector after derivatized with 2,4-dinitrophenylhydrazine(DNPH). The concentrations of urinary TDGA in controls and VCM exposure workers were 0.13(2.01)mg/g Cr. GM(GSD) and 0.35(1.96)mg/gCr. GM(GSD), respectively. The concentrations of urinary MDA were $0.12(2.21){\mu}mol/gCr$. GM(GSD) in controls and $1.35(1.79){\mu}mol/gCr$. GM(GSD) in VCM exposure workers. As a result of simple regressions analysis between urinary concentration of TDGA and MDA in VCM exposure workers, it was found that the $R^2$ value was 0.261 (p=0.03) and the drinking and smoking did not affect their level. In conclusion, the workers exposed to VCM have a potentially to suffered by oxidative stress due to VCM exposure and the urinary MDA can be applicable to the marker of effect to assess the level of worker's VCM exposure.