• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.32 no.6
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• pp.522-529
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• 2007

The purpose of this study was to compare the apical leakage of the root canal filled with the System B and the EndoTwinn(the combined application of heat and ultrasonic vibration). Sixty extracted premolars with straight root were cleaned and shaped to size 35. Group SB was obturated using System B and Group ET was filled with EndoTwinn. A size 35 of 0.06 tapered gutta-percha and Adseal were used and the plugger which could be introduced to 4 mm short of working length was selected in the obturation procedure. As the positive control, Group PC was not filled. In Group SB, ET and PC, all external surfaces of each tooth were coated with nail varnish leaving only 1 mm area around the apical foramen. In the negative control of Group NSB and Group NET, all of external tooth surface including apical foramen was coated with the nail varnish. The specimens were immersed in methylene blue dye solution for 2 days. Then the specimens were sectioned at each 1 mm from apex to 5 mm level. The final score of one specimen was given by summing up of the points at all levels. The dye leakage of Group ET was significantly less than that observed in Group SB (p < 0.05). And the frequency of gutta-percha pulling out from root canal when the plugger was removed was more often with the System B than with EndoTwinn but there was no significant difference.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.34 no.8
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• pp.1219-1225
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• 2005

This study was carried out to investigate the effects of preheating temperature on the properties of the Korean traditional pepper pickle. In experimental groups, the pepper was heated in the warm water at 40, 60, 80$^{\circ}C$ for 10 minutes while the control group was not heated. The contents of chlorophyll and vitamin C in treated pepper were evaluated. The contents of chlorophyll were 30.96$\∼$31.13 mg$\%$ at the initial stage of 0 day and 0.76$\∼$2.34 mg$\%$ for 60 days of storage. The vitamin C contents were increased until storage 6 days and then were decreased. Pickles treated at 60$^{\circ}C$ showed the highest score on hardness after 60 days of storage followed by 40$^{\circ}C$>no-heat treatment (NH)>80$^{\circ}C$. The yellowness on the surface of brined pepper peels was increased with preheating temperature increased. Activities of pectinesterase were the highest at 60$^{\circ}C$ followed by 40$^{\circ}C$>80$^{\circ}C$>NH treated. Activities of polygalacturonase were lower than that of NH group.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.86 no.1
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• pp.56-68
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• 1997

This study was carried out to evaluate the capacity of environment purification of forest and to reveal formation processes of stream water quality by evaluating water quality variations in forest hydrological processes. Water quantity, pH, electric conductivity(EC), dissolved oxygen(DO), and dissolved matter concentrations were monitored in open rainfall, throughfall, stemflow, litter flow and short-term stream flow for one unit storm, and also for those were monitored in long-term stream flow in Palgong, Yongsung, and Daedong catchments. The results were summarized as follows; 1. pH and DO values of stream flow were increased as the flux increased but EC values were decreased. 2. pH values of stemflow and throughfall were decreased with the lapse of rainfall time with lower values than open rainfall. Arid EC values were higher in initial rainfall period but lower gradually with the lapse of time than open rainfall. In litter flow, pH values were lower than open rainfall but EC values were higher. In stream flow, pH values of stream flow showed a high level in initial rainfall period and decreased remarkably with the lapse of time, but it recovered after the rainfall stopped. And however, the values of EC showed almost reverse tendency. DO values of litter flow and stream flow were decreased gradually with the lapse of time in litter flow and stream flow but there were no any tendency in open rainfall, stemflow and throughfall. 3. pH values of stemflow and throughfall in Quercus acutissima were higher than in Pinus densiflora, but EC values were lower. Total amount of canons in stemflow was higher in Pinus densiflora than in Quercus acutissima. 4. pH, DO, EC and total amount of cation values in hydrological processes were in the order of; litter flow

• Journal of Arbitration Studies
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.3-43
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• 2018

The emergence of a multi-door courthouse is related with a couple of reasons as follows: First, a multi-door courthouse was originally initiated by the United States government that increasingly became impatient with the pace and cost of protracted litigation clogging the courts. Second, dockets of courts are overcrowded with legal suits, making it difficult for judges to handle those legal suits in time and causing delays in responding to citizens' complaints. Third, litigation is not suitable for the disputant that has an ongoing relationship with the other party. In this case, even if winning is achieved in the short run, it may not be all that was hoped for in the long run. Fourth, international organizations such as the World Bank, UNDP, and Asia Development Bank urge to provide an increased access to women, residents, and the poor in local communities. The generic model of a multi-door courthouse consists of three stages: The first stage includes a center offering intake services, along with an array of dispute resolution services under one roof. At the second stage, the screening unit at the center would diagnose citizen disputes, then refer the disputants to the appropriate door for handling the case. At the third stage, the multi-door courthouse provides diverse kinds of dispute resolution programs such as mediation, arbitration, mediation-arbitration (med-arb), litigation, and early neutral evaluation. This study suggests the extended model of multi-door courthouse comprised of five layers: intake process, diagnosis and door-selection process, neutral-selection process, implementation process of dispute resolution, and process of training and education. One of the major characteristics of extended multi-door courthouse model is the detailed specification of individual department corresponding to each process within a multi-door courthouse. The intake department takes care of the intake process. The screening department plays the role of screening disputes, diagnosing the nature of disputes, and determining a suitable door to handle disputes. The human resources department manages experts through the construction and management of the data base of mediators, arbitrators, and judges. The administration bureau manages the implementation of each process of dispute resolution. The education and training department builds long-term planning to procure neutrals and experts dealing with various kinds of disputes within a multi-door courthouse. For this purpose, it is necessary to establish networks among courts, law schools, and associations of scholars in order to facilitate the supply of manpower in ADR neutrals, as well as judges in the long run. This study also provides six case studies of multi-door courthouses across continents in order to grasp the worldwide picture and wide spread phenomena of multi-door courthouse. For this purpose, the United States and Latin American countries including Argentina and Brazil, Middle Eastern countries, and Southeast Asian countries (such as Malaysia and Myanmar), Australia, and Nigeria were chosen. It was found that three kinds of patterns are discernible during the evolution of a multi-door courthouse model. First, the federal courts of the United States, land and environment court in Australia, and Lagos multi-door courthouse in Nigeria may maintain the prototype of a multi-door courthouse model. Second, the judicial systems in Latin American countries tend to show heterogenous patterns in terms of the adaptation of a multi-door courthouse model to their own environments. Some court systems of Latin American countries including those of Argentina and Brazil resemble the generic model of a multi-door courthouse, while other countries show their distinctive pattern of judicial system and ADR systems. Third, it was found that legal pluralism is prevalent in Middle Eastern countries and Southeast Asian countries. For example, Middle Eastern countries such as Saudi Arabia have developed various kinds of dispute resolution methods, such as sulh (mediation), tahkim (arbitration), and med-arb for many centuries, since they have been situated at the state of tribe or clan instead of nation. Accordingly, they have no unified code within the territory. In case of Southeast Asian countries such as Myanmar and Malaysia, they have preserved a strong tradition of customary laws such as Dhammthat in Burma, and Shriah and the Islamic law in Malaysia for a long time. On the other hand, they incorporated a common law system into a secular judicial system in Myanmar and Malaysia during the colonial period. Finally, this article proposes a couple of factors to strengthen or weaken a multi-door courthouse model. The first factor to strengthen a multi-door courthouse model is the maintenance of flexibility and core value of alternative dispute resolution. We also find that fund raising is important to build and maintain the multi-door courthouse model, reflecting the fact that there has been a competition surrounding the allocation of funds within the judicial system.

• Research in Community and Public Health Nursing
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.52-68
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• 1996

As a product of poverty, health means the physical, mental and social instability caused by poverty. High mortality, high morbidity, and unsatisfied needs for medical care indicate the health condition of poor people. These indicators are related to the social and psychological property. This study is to develop an effective method of nursing in the poor family which is an essential unit in the nursing field of the community and to which a fundamental approach is need as a top priority. We can make such a study, though partially, by revealing the relationship among the Health-value, Health Locus of Contol, and the Level of Self esteem. We randomly sampled 243 women who are participating in the nursing department of the comnnity nursing centers in Seoul. We investigated by using questionaries and made an analysis on the result by SAS program. The result of this investigation can summarized as follows : 1. The average age of the subjects investigated is 43.4 and the participation rate in the economic activity is as high as 49.4%. Most of them are paid daily. The average members of the family are 4.28 persons, and 80.2% of which are nuclear families. The type of housing is as follows:51.4% are monthly-rent houses. Rent houses represent 23.5%. And 43.6% of the subjects graduate the high schools 2. The level of self-esteem possessed by the subjects is 37.17. The quality of task performance(3.46) and the morality(3.53) are low as compared with the other qualities. 3. In relation to the locus of control, internality is 22.39, the influence of powerrful others represents 20.24, and the effect of chance occurance is 16.41. 4. The orderings of value scale are the physical and mental health, comfortable life, happiness, mental peace, and pleasure. The lowest order is social recognition. 5. Considering in relation to the self-esteem and the locus of control, we found out that there is a negative relationship among the self-esteem, the influence of powerful others. The lower the level of self-esteem is, the higher the influence of powerful others is. There is also a negative relationship among the detailed items such as the qualities, and the positive attitude. 6. In a significant test in the general characters of the subjects and in the level of self-esteem, we can obtain the follwing results. The higher the economic level is, the higher the level of self-esteem is. And the higher the level of satisfaction with life is, the higher the level of self-esteem is. 7. In the locus of control, the higher the economic level is, the higher the internality is. 8. In the health-level, 75.72% represent the high health -level. And the group which has the low satisfaction with life represents the high level of health-value(81.6%). With these results, we can conclude that the level of self-esteem possessed by the poor women living in the city is high and that they have the multi-dimemsional health-value even though they are living in the poor condtions. Traditionally, the poverty has been recognized as an unfavorale factor in the health care. But this study shows that the poverty is no longer an unfavorale factor and, on the contrary, it has a potential power with which people can improve their health by possessing the high self-esteem and the high health value. The ultimate purpose which the nursing task of the community has is to make the patients keep and improve their own health. So, when the nurses approach the poor patients, the nurses should put an emphasis on the individual responsibilities of the patients, and respect their own health value.

• Journal of Korean Home Economics Education Association
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• v.30 no.1
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• pp.29-42
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• 2018

The purposes of this study were to develop and apply teaching-learning plans using ARCS strategies to improve character of middle school students and analyze whether a home economics class helps to give positive effects on youth character change. Nine-period classes were conducted for 110 male students in 4 classes of M middle school in Gwangju metropolitan city for 5 weeks from March 6 through April 7 in 2017. The effectiveness of classes were examined with learners' class assessment and pre- and post- character index test. The research steps and results in this study are as follows. First, the teaching-learning plans for 9 periods were developed for the character education class of the chapter 'Understanding families'. These teaching and learning course plans were designed to enhance learner's interests in learning using ARCS motivational strategy and improve character of middle school students in consideration of character elements. In the chapter 'Understanding families' of Technology Home Economics in middle school, the teaching-learning plans for 9 periods, 14 student activity sheets, and 2 powerpoint materials for teaching and learning were developed. Second, students who had the character education classes using ARCS motivational strategy showed significant differences in all character elements. Therefore, the character education class using ARCS shows positive effects to build up character of middle school students. Third, the character education classes using ARCS motivational strategy increased the class satisfaction of learners. The character education class teaching and learning course plans and learning materials in Technology Home Economics using ARCS motivational strategy will be used as a basic resource to build up students' character in the future.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.107-124
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• 2015

The 'Imjin System' (or Rimjin System) was established in 1962 as a new stratigraphic unit separated from the Upper Paleozoic Pyeongan System based on the discovery of brachiopods and echinoderms of possible Devonian age. Subsequent discoveries of the Middle Devonian charophytes confirmed the Devonian age of the system. The Imjin System is distributed in the Imjingang Belt between the Pyongnam Basin and the Gyeonggi Massif, spans from the eastern areas including Cholwon-gun of the Gangwon Province, Gumchon-gun, Phanmun-gun, and Tosan-gun of the Hwanghaebuk Province, to the western areas of Gangryong-gun and Ongjin-gun of the Hwanghaenam Province, and includes the Yeoncheon Group (metamorphic complex) to the south. Unlike the lower Paleozoic strata in the Pyongnam Basin which solely produce marine invertebrate fossils, the Imjin System yields diverse non-marine plant and algal fossils. Brachiopods of the system are similar to those from the Devonian of the South China Block and include taxa endemic to the platform, implying a close paleogeographic affinity to the South China Block. The Imjin System is generally considered as of Middle to Late Devonian in age, although there have been suggestions that the system is of the Middle Devonian to Carboniferous in age. North Korean workers postulated that the Imjin System was deposited in the current geographic position, where the "Imjin Sea" (an extension of the South China Platform) was located during the Devonian. The Imjin System displays strong local variations in stratigraphy and its thickness. It has recently been reported that the strata are repeated and overturned by thrust faults in many exposures. The Yeoncheon Group a southward extension of the Imjin System, also experienced intense tight folding and contractional deformation. Northward decrease in metamorphic grade within the system suggests that the northern part of the Gyeonggi Massif and the Imjingang Belt are probably an extension of the Dabie-Sulu Belt between the South China and Sino-Korean blocks, and the Imjin System is an remnant of accretion resulted from the collision between the two blocks. In order to understand tectonic evolution and Paleozoic paleogeography of eastern Asia, further studies on stratigraphic, sedimentologic and tectonic evolution of the Imjin System involving scientists from the two Koreas are urgently needed.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.133-140
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• 2004

It examines closely the occupation characteristic primary factor which the dentistry hygienic company field which is working to presence at a sickbed is undergoing the degree and from the research which it sees and it grasps the adaptation method against it gropes bitterly with development of the dentistry hygienic company individual to join in, it contributed in dentistry medical treatment service quality improvement and the research which tries to sleep it attempted. Currently the dentistry hygiene which works from Seoul and the condition area subject matter dentist unit, the dentistry hospital and the general hospital dentistry back it did in the object which it will burn. 116 issues which become frequency in question 120 it used SPSS 10.0 and it analyzed. Result of this study is as following. (1) Was expose that stress degree by factor feels about commonness on the whole, and angle prospects and support connection stress at company were the biggest item by item, and appeared as on the other hand relation connection stress with patient is the smallest. (2) Stress that stress degree by each receives in case of there are a lot of other businesses to characteristic businesses except appeared highest. On the other hand, was expose that feel the lowest stress degree an item that other a type of occupation and discord are. (3) 'Do action of that throw goods or closes the door bump' appeared article highest by short term adaptation method about stress, and 'Think and gives up by fate' appeared highest by special skill adaptation method. Short term adaptation method appeared high than special skill adaptation method on the whole but the difference appeared as is very small. (4) Stress degree comparison by general special quality was shown difference that stress by only dental hygiene administration of justice selection motive keeps in mind. (5) All of the result that compare short term, long term adaptation method about stress that feel new dental higienist apple career dental higienist same difference be, but displayed high result in same munhang. (6) Was expose that difference that keep in mind from all arguments in comparison of short term adaptation method by general special quality does not exist, on the other hand, comparison of long-term adaptation method displayed result that religion among only variable keeps in mind statistically.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.26 no.4
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• pp.593-603
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• 2012

This study was carried out to investigate the ecological succession sere and conservative value, and to provide the basic data for the planning of the Provincial Park Management in Seonamsagol(Valley), Jogyesan(Mt.) Provincial Park(altitude 884m), Suncheon City, Korea by analysing the structure of the plant community. Twenty plots(size is $20m{\times}20m$) were set up at an altitude of range from 315m to 480m. As a result of analysis of TWINSPAN which is one of the ordination technique, the plant communities were divided into four groups which are community I(Quercus variabilis community), community II(Q. serrata community), community III(Decideous broad-leaved plant community), and community IV(Carpinus tschonoskii community). The warmth index is $104^{\circ}C{\cdot}month$ based on the data of monthly mean temperature during the past thirty years(1981~2010), so we found out that the vegetation of the study site located in the South Temperate Climate Zone. We supposed that the ecological succession sere of the study site is in the early stage of developing from Q. serrata community to Carpinus tshonoskii community, however we should do a long-term monitoring to investigate the changes of the ecological succession each plant community, meanwhile Sasa borealis was dominant species in the shrub layer. The diameter at breast height of specimen tree is range from 20 to 55cm(average 36cm) and the height of that is range from 14 to 35m(average 23cm). The age of community I was 64 years old, that of community II was from 59 to 64 years old, that of community III was from 51 to 62 years old, and that of community IV was from 41 to 68 years old, thus the age of the study site is about from 38 to 72 years old. According to the index of Shnnon's diversity(unit: $400m^2$), community IV was ranged from 0.8452 to 1.2312, community III was ranged from 0.8044 to 1.1404, community II was ranged from 0.8221 to 0.9971, and community I was 0.8324.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.129-134
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• 1983

Importance has been increased on farming mechanization in harvesting, handling and processing of forage in Korea. Small grasslands are most spread and popular in Korea in comparison with those of Europe and America. Therefore shearing characteristics of some major forage crops should be studied to be contributed to the basic data to develop a moderate size forage harvester being suitable to the small grassland. They were studied on six kinds of forage crops - reed canarygrass, alfalfa, red clover, orchardgrass, meadow fescue and birdsfoot trefoil-in regarding with moisture content levels and shearing angles. The results were as follows; 1. The increase rate of the linear density in relation to the diameter was greater in red clover than other kinds, and order of increase rate in greatness was reed canarygrass, alfalfa and meadow fescue. 2. The increase rates of the maximum shear forces were high in relation to their cross - sectional area in alfalfa and birdsfoot trefoil with hard stems, and the shear energy were comparatively large in orchardgrass and meadow fescue with soft stems, also reed canarygrass and red clover had high values in both the maximum shear force and the shear energy. 3. The shear energy per unit area or shear strength in relation to moisture content showed concave curves with the minimum values at about 70%w. b. which was in the beginning stage of drying in meadow fescue and orchardgrass, nevertheless reed canarygrass and red clover had convex curves with the maximum values at about 40%w.b. 4. The shear force in relation to the shear angle decreased generally with decrease of shear angle from $90^{\circ}$ to $70^{\circ}$ or $50^{\circ}$.