• Journal of Korean Ophthalmic Optics Society
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.45-50
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• 2002

The 'hands-on' craftsmanship of the 20th century has came and gone. Today, we are dealing with whole new, 'cerebral approach,' to concept and design with this new approach, design and function are very much dependant upon planning, sales, promotion, and the formative technique of the design industry. The innovative process of design constantly change as it reflects the needs and wants of society. It is and industry that constantly change as it reflects the needs and wants of society. It is and industry that constantly remakes and reshapes itself to suit current trend and outlook. The current idea being that consumers are looking for quality over quantity. Due to the 20th centuries dominant philosophy of functionalism, production intended to standardize the individual's purchasing choice. Aesthetic, or philosophic qualities played a second fiddle to the functional bias of a product, With production, Marketing, and research and development are integrated into the management process. This translates as good which include efficiency, quality, durability, and credibility an trademark and style. There is a definite 'post-modernist' movement and style in 21st century. Every possibility is available as the old boundaries of the 20th century are laid aside. There is a new, transformative quality to the current paradigm of design. The old "should" and "should not" of design no longerapplies. The integrated rative of design solves the usual disparity between aesthetic qualities and production. Design and profirability need not be stranger to one another. It can differentiate the image perceived of both enterprises and consumers by making use of integrated goods services. With an integrated system. both producers and designers win. While design gets full access to design in turn. All consumers make decisions based upon the evaluation of quality, service, and image ; even though it may not be a conscious decision to do so. Consumers are fully integrated human beings ; therefore producers who apply the new, integrated paradigmatic approach to concept, design, and production will reap the harvest of making a true relationship with individual buyer.

• Journal of Music and Human Behavior
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2006

It has been passed more than 50 years of the history of music therapy on school aged children since there had been enforced the 'Education for All Handicapped Children Ace' in United states 1975, which had made an important role of music therapist augmented. In the case of South Korea, through reforming the law on March 2005 that therapist educator has to be allocated on the special class in general school, at least, patrol teacher is charged on that, which made possible to start music therapy as initial stage was realized in realistic way on the spot of school. This research has primary concerns as following. The one thing is intended that figuring the opinions of special educators and music therapists involved with the music therapy in elementary school. And the other thing is intended that making a investigation of actual condition on the spot of existing school, moreover, pinpointing at issue and suggesting the change for the better than now. In order to undertake theses intentions, I examined preceding researches and existing data, distributed the questionnaire involved the music therapy of elementary school to the people who are composed of special educators-65 persons and music therapists-30 persons from 18th October to second of November, and analyzed collected by descriptive statistics. According to the analyzed results, it says that special educator and music therapist know well about the necessity of music therapy in elementary school and its effectiveness is manifested in positive way. Moreover, in order to systemize and promote a program of music therapy, what is most urgent thing is the completion of instrument and music therapy room and there are needed strong supports at the level of nation and institution. It has become pervasive on the demand of therapy education by parents in all of the places involved with disabled children such as special school, special class, local welfare community, and early education. This research shows that how therapy and education was connected as music therapy on the spot of the elementary school, and the necessity of the education of music therapy.

• Information Systems Review
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.137-159
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• 2004

The next generation information appliances are those that can be connected with other appliances through a wired or wireless network in order to make it possible for them to transmit and receive data between them and to be remotely controlled from inside or outside of the home. Many electronic companies have aggressively invested in developing new information appliances to take the initiative in upcoming home networking era. They require systematic methods for developing new information appliances and sharing the knowledge acquired from the methods. This paper stored the knowledge acquired from developing the information appliances and developed a knowledge management system that supports the companies to use the knowledge and develop their own information appliances. In order to acquire the knowledge, this paper applied two methods for User-Centered Design in stead of using the general ones for knowledge acquisition. This paper suggested new product ideas by analyzing and observing user actions and stored the knowledge in knowledge bases, which included Knowledge from Analyzing User Actions and Knowledge from Observing User Actions. Seven new product ideas, suggested from the User-Centered Design, were made into design mockups and their videos were produced to show the real situations where they would be used in home of the future, which were stored in the knowledge base of Knowledge from Producing New Emotive Life Videos. Finally, data on present development states of future homes in Europe and Japan and newspapers articles from domestic newspapers were collected and stored in the knowledge base of Knowledge from Surveying Technology Developments. This paper developed a web-based knowledge management system that supports the companies to use the acquired knowledge. Knowledge users can get the knowledge required for developing new information appliances and suggest their own product ideas by using the knowledge management system. This will make the results from this research not confined to a case study of product development but extended to playing a role of facilitating the development of the next generation information appliances.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.97-121
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• 2013

With the growing importance of knowledge for sustainable competitive advantages and innovation in a volatile environment, many researches on knowledge sharing have been conducted. However, previous researches have mostly relied on the questionnaire survey which has inherent perceptive errors of respondents. The current research has drawn the relationship among primary participant behaviors towards the participation level in knowledge sharing, basically from online user behaviors on Wikipedia, a representative community for online knowledge collaboration. Without users' participation in knowledge sharing, knowledge collaboration for creating knowledge cannot be successful. By the way, the editing patterns of Wikipedia users are diverse, resulting in different revisiting periods for the same number of edits, and thus varying results of shared knowledge. Therefore, we illuminated the participation level of knowledge sharing from two different angles of number of edits and revisiting period. The behavioral dimensions affecting the level of participation in knowledge sharing includes the article talk for public discussion and user talk for private messaging, and community registration, which are observable on Wiki platform. Public discussion is being progressed on article talk pages arranged for exchanging ideas about each article topic. An article talk page is often divided into several sections which mainly address specific type of issues raised during the article development procedure. From the diverse opinions about the relatively trivial things such as what text, link, or images should be added or removed and how they should be restructured to the profound professional insights are shared, negotiated, and improved over the course of discussion. Wikipedia also provides personal user talk pages as a private messaging tool. On these pages, diverse personal messages such as casual greetings, stories about activities on Wikipedia, and ordinary affairs of life are exchanged. If anyone wants to communicate with another person, he or she visits the person's user talk page and leaves a message. Wikipedia articles are assessed according to seven quality grades, of which the featured article level is the highest. The dataset includes participants' behavioral data related with 2,978 articles, which have reached the featured article level, with editing histories of articles, their article talk histories, and user talk histories extracted from user talk pages for each article. The time period for analysis is from the initiation of articles until their promotion to the featured article level. The number of edits represents the total number of participation in the editing of an article, and the revisiting period is the time difference between the first and last edits. At first, the participation levels of each user category classified according to behavioral dimensions have been analyzed and compared. And then, robust regressions have been conducted on the relationships among independent variables reflecting the degree of behavioral characteristics and the dependent variable representing the participation level. Especially, through adopting a motivational theory adequate for online environment in setting up research hypotheses, this work suggests a theoretical framework for the participation level of online knowledge sharing. Consequently, this work reached the following practical behavioral results besides some theoretical implications. First, both public discussion and private messaging positively affect the participation level in knowledge sharing. Second, public discussion exerts greater influence than private messaging on the participation level. Third, a synergy effect of public discussion and private messaging on the number of edits was found, whereas a pretty weak negative interaction effect of them on the revisiting period was observed. Fourth, community registration has a significant impact on the revisiting period, whereas being insignificant on the number of edits. Fifth, when it comes to the relation generated from private messaging, the frequency or depth of relation is shown to be more critical than the scope of relation for the participation level.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.67-81
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• 2016

The purpose of this study was to investigate lots of problems that the current tax appeal system has, which are becoming serious issues as tax appeal cases are recently increasing. Those problems include the unreasonable procedure and period of deliberation on tax appeal cases, permission of a same tax appeal by more than one governmental agencies and the compulsory transposition system of tax appeal cases. All of these problems should be rectified in order to ensure that the currently tax appeal system protect taxpayers' rights and interests effectively. According to the current tax appeal system, the period from the receipt of tax appeal cases to ruling on them is up to 90 days. This is unrealistic, so that period should be allowed to be extended if those cases about more complicated taxation or if they are even harder to be treated for any reason. At present, chief of Tax Tribunal has to unconditionally accept resolution from the meeting of tax judges and make a ruling accordingly because he has no right to reject that resolution. But now, it's time to establish legal grounds based on which the chief suggests the tax judges to reconsider their resolution if it is undoubtedly wrong. Currently, there's a relatively little acceptance of tax appeals from people who can't financially afford to designate a proxy for them. To solve this problem, lots of efforts to make socially recognized the necessity to relive those people's rights and interests and make widely known the Public Proxy of Tax Appeal System. The current tax appeal system allows the Board of Audit and Inspection to be an appealer. This means taxation may be deliberated on by more than one governmental agencies. It is so inefficient. Therefore, tax appeal by the board should be only about taxation that they found unacceptable by audit and inspection. Except for this, it is not allowed that the Board of Audit and Inspection file tax appeals that are, in turn, necessarily transported to the National Taxation. Esecially, the transposition should be a procedure that is occasionally taken. In sum, this study investigated problems with the current tax appeal system, and made suggestions about solutions that are not theoretical but practical.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.275-284
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• 2006

Objectives: This investigation was carried out to understand the status of the urinary incontinence (UI) and overactive bladder (OABs) syndrome of women in a rural region. Methods: The authors conducted a questionnaire survey among the 322 females who voluntarily participated in a health examination, from 16 to 18 August 2001. Using by definition of UI and OABs, we calculated the proportion of UI, OABs I, and OABs II. The data collected was evaluated using the SPSS 12.0 statistical package, and the differences of symptoms and problems related to daily life between UI, OABs patients and the others were analyzed using a Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test. Results: The overall proportion of UI was 35.4%, and stress UI (32.9%) is more common than urgency UI (17.4%) and mixed UI (14.9%). The proportion of OABs I and OABs II were respectively 36.0%, 14.0%. Symptoms related to UI or OABs were nocturia (35.1%), frequency (23.9%), urgency (21.4%) etc. Of the incontinence cases, 27.2% had experienced UI for a period of one to three years. The proportion of OABs increased significantly by age (p<0.05), UI didn't. The most frequent symptoms in UI and OABs were respectively 'slow stream', 'urgency'. The most frequent problem of daily life in UI and OABs was 'seeking toilet firstly at stranger place'. Conclusions: The proportion of UI and OABs in our study were respectively 35.4%, 14.0%. UI and OABs must be very significant health problems in women, especially rural region. Systemic and profound interventions for UI and OABs need to administer to women in Korea.

• Journal of agricultural medicine and community health
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.1-13
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• 2003

Objectives: The purpose of this study is to summarize results from 11 domestic studies about sick role behavior applied health belief model and to assess the effectiveness of components on behavior change by using meta-analysis. Methods: We collected the existing literatures by using major web search of 'pulmonary tuberculosis patients', 'health belief model', and 'sick role behavior' as key words and by reviewing content of journals. Quantitative meta-analysis was performed by SAS program. Results: Among 66 articles, 11 studies were selected for quantitative meta-analysis. The knowledge level about pulmonary tuberculosis had more effect for only sick role behavior as general characterisitcs(d=0.7870). All the components of health belief model produced significant effects on sick role behavior with the magnitude of effect size from 0.31 to 0.73. The largest effects were benefits on actions of sick role behavior. Conclusions: Overall, these investigation provide very substantial empirical evidence supporting health belief model dimensions as important contributors to the explanation and prediction of sick role behavior among the type of health related behavior in pulmonary tuberculosis patients. Strategic intervention including health education, etc. based on health belief model showed clear advantage in improvement of behavioral change.

• Korea journal of population studies
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.107-137
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• 1996

Under-utilization of Korean women's education in the labor market has been observed and pointed out as a waste of valuable human resources. Although education provides women with positive returns when they work, it has been found that Korean women's education is not much related to the likelihood of women's labor force participation. This tendency cannot be explained by micro-economic theory, which says that educated women are more likely to participate in the labor force. Thus, in this analysis, a macro-level explanation is attempted to understand Korean women's economic behaviors in relation to education. Korea's rapid industrialization since 1960 has provided ample job opportunities mostly for less educated women. On the other hand, increasing demand for educated female labor has been moderate. Various restriction against women, especially married women, have prevailed in the Korean labor market. Restrictions against women and the marriage bar tend to be selectively applied to decent white-collar jobs, mostly affecting educated women. Furthermore, there has been no shortage of educated male labor due to its adequate supply. Since Korean women spend most of their adult lives in marriage, married women's low participation in the labor force is a critical factor for the low economic returns to women's education throughout their lifetime. Restriction against married women in the labor market also existed in the past of the United States and the Great Britain. However, along with the expansion of the service sector, married women in great numbers flowed into non-manual jobs. The post-1940 increase of married women in the labor force in those countries can be understood to be a result of a labor shortage for non-manual jobs. Also in Taiwan, which shares many common cultural and economic backgrounds with Korea, the marriage bar has been in decline since the late 1970s, along with an increasing demand for female labor in the service sector. In sum, the changes in the demand structure and the supply of educated male labor force will contribute to the lift of the marrige bar in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.135-167
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• 2006

Air service agreements between EU Member States and third countries concluded by Sweden, Finland, Belgium, Luxembourg, Austria, the Netherlands, Denmark and the United Kingdom after the Second World War infringe EU law. They authorize the third countries to withdraw, suspend or limit the traffic rights of air carriers designated by the signatory States. According to the Court of Justice of the European Communities (CJEC), these agreements infringe EU law in two respects. On the one hand, the presence of nationality clauses infringes the right of European airlines to non-discriminatory market access to routes between all Member States and third countries. On the other hand, only the EU has the authority to sign up to this type of commitment where agreements affect the exercise of EU competence, i.e. involve an area covered by EU legislation. The Court held that since the third countries have the right to refuse a carrier, these agreements therefore constitute an obstacle to the freedom of establishment and freedom to provide services, as the opening of European skies to third countries' companies is not reciprocal for all EU airlines. In the conclusion, in order to reconstruct these public international air law, The new negotiations between EU member states and third countries, especially the US, must be designed to ensure an adequate set of principles, so that Member States, in their bilateral relations with third countries in the area of air service, should consider following three models. The 1st, to develop a new model of public international air law such as a new Bermuda III. The 2nd, to reconstruct new freedoms of the air, for example, the 7th, 8th, and 9th freedoms. The 3rd, to explore new approaching models, such as complex system theory explored in the recent social sciences, to make access world-wide global problems instead of bilateral problems between EU member states and United States. The example will show any lessons to air talks between European Union and ROK.

• Journal of the Korea institute for structural maintenance and inspection
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• v.15 no.6
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• pp.135-146
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• 2011

Steel structures have been generally painted to prevent corrosion damage. However, the painted film is deteriorated with increase in service life, and then corrosion damage resulting in cross sectional area occurs on steel surface. As a result, the buckling strength of steel structures can be decreased due to the corrosion damages. The evaluation method of the axial buckling strength of columns about a variety of section shapes and supporting conditions have been presented, but evaluation method of buckling strength about irregular nonprismatic columns is not established. In this study, the axial buckling strength of corroded steels was evaluated based on the buckling test results of corroded steel specimens that were cut off at a temporary steel structure. The corroded specimens were picked up total 10 specimens according to various slenderness ratio from the web of a temporary structure's main beam. The length of specimens is 200, 300, 400, 500 and 600mm respectively. The rust productions were removed by the chemical treatment. Then, the surface geometry was measured at intervals of $1{\times}1mm$ by using the optical 3D digitizing system, and the residual thickness of the specimens was calculated. The axial buckling test was performed on 10 corroded specimens and 12 non-corroded specimens under the fixed-fixed support condition. From the test results, the effect of corrosion damages on axial buckling load was investigated. Regardless of corrosion damage degree, the axial buckling strength of corroded specimens and non-corroded specimens was evaluated identically by using minimum average residual thickness or average residual thickness to minus its standard deviation. Reasonable measuring intervals of residual thickness was proposed by using the results to apply for practical works.