• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• 제12권1호
• /
• pp.127-132
• /
• 2021

Background: Herbicides such as glyphosate, paraquat, and 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid have been reported to cause adverse side effects through production of reactive oxygen species. However, there were no data representing the adverse effects of a mixture herbicide usage in farmers, especially the changes in oxidative marker and antioxidant defense. This study aimed to determine the urinary malondialdehyde (MDA) and glutathione (GSH) level in farmers using mixed herbicides. Methods: Ninety-three farmers were recruited, and two spot urine samples (before and after work) were collected. The urinary MDA level was evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substance assay, and the urinary GSH level was determined using the enzymatic recycling method. Results: Sixty-two percent of the participants were men, and 59% of the participants worked in a farm for 20-40 years. The common combinations of herbicide usage were glyphosate with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (36.5%). There was no significant difference between pre- and post-work urinary MDA and GSH levels among the 3 groups of herbicides. However, the urinary MDA levels in farmers using the combination of glyphosate and paraquat were significantly higher than those found in farmers using glyphosate alone. The associated factors with changes in MDA levels found that the exposure intensity index (B = 0.154), the cumulative exposure intensity index (B = 0.023), and wearing gloves while working (B = -2.347) were found to be significantly associated with MDA level. Conclusion: The results suggest that the combined use of glyphosate and paraquat caused a significant increase in urinary MDA levels. Moreover, intensity of exposure to herbicide and wearing gloves were associated with the level of MDA.

• Plant Biotechnology Reports
• /
• 제3권3호
• /
• pp.251-257
• /
• 2009

Embryogenic callus was obtained from bulb segments of Iris pseudacorus on Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium with 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) alone or in combination with kinetin. When early globular somatic embryos were subcultured onto MS medium with $4.52{\mu}M$ 2,4-D, high frequency of somatic embryogenesis was obtained. Deprivation of 2,4-D was required for maturation. Mature somatic embryos had an elongated scutellum with a notch on the base of scutellum. Separation of embryos from embryo clusters was necessary to enhance the frequency of germination. Germination was stimulated by separation of embryos from embryo clusters and transfer onto fresh half-strength MS medium with 3% sucrose. After acclimation in artificial soil in greenhouse for 2 months, 96.4% of plantlets survived.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.21-25
• /
• 2006

Phragmites australis (reed) has received much attention as being one of the principle emergent aquatic plants for treating industrial and civil wastewater. Plant regeneration via plant tissue culture in p. australis was investigated. Three types of callus were identified from seeds on N6 medium plus 4.5 UM 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D). Yellow compact type showed the best redifferentiation, whereas white compact type and yellow friable were not competent to differentiate into plane. Solid medium culture was better than liquid suspension culture for enhancing callus growth when N6 medium supplemented with 4.5 ${\mu}M$ 2,4-D was used. Phytagel, as a gelling agent, was superior to agar in plant regeneration on N6 medium, supplemented with 9.4 ${\mu}M$ kinetin and 0.54 ${\mu}M$ $\alpha$-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA). Transfer of the plantlets regenerated from kinetin and NAA-supplemented N6 medium to growth regulator-free MS medium enhanced the further development of the plantlets. Plantlets on subsequently grown to maturity when tansferred to potting soil. The regenerated plants exhibited morphologically normal. The system for plant regeneration of P. australis enables to propagate elite lines on a large scale for water purification in the ecosystem

• Journal of Plant Biology
• /
• 제32권4호
• /
• pp.247-253
• /
• 1989

Protoplasts were enzymatically isolated from suspension culture of sweet potato. High yields of single protoplasts were produced from nonembryogenic cell aggregates. However, most protoplasts obtained from embryogenic cell clumps were spontaneously fused during enzyme treatment; a small portion of them remained single. Upon transfer to Murashige and Skoog's(MS) liquid medium supplemented with 0.1 mg/1 6-benzyladenine(BA) and 1 mg/12,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid(2,4-D), protoplasts from nonembryogenic cell aggregates sustained cell divisions to form cellus. Upon subculture onto MS media with 0.2 mg/12,4-D or without growth regulators, the callus did not give rise to any organs. On the other hand, first cell division of single protoplasts from embryogenic cell clumps was sporadically observed.

• 한국자원식물학회지
• /
• 제24권3호
• /
• pp.280-285
• /
• 2011

In this study, we established a novel somatic embryogenesis and plant regeneration system through cell suspension culture of white dandelion (Taraxacum coreanum NAKAI.). Embryogenic calli could be initiated from leaf and root explants of sterile seedlings on solid Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium supplemented with 1.0 mg/L 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) after 3-week cultures. To proliferate embryogenic calli rapidly, cell suspension culture was performed with transferred to liquid MS medium with various combinations of plant growth regulators (PGRs) including 2,4-D, ${\alpha}$-naphthalene acetic acid (NAA), indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), $N^6$-benzylamino purine (BAP), thidiazuron (TDZ), and kinetin. During suspension cultures, embryogenic calli not only greatly proliferated, but shoot organogenesis also simultaneously occurred from the surface of somatic embryos. Among them, TDZ at lower concentration, 0.1 mg/L produced the highest efficiency of somatic embryo formation and shoot organogenesis. Rooting of embryogenic calli with adventitious shoots was done on solid MS medium containing 0.1 mg/L NAA and 0.3% activated carbon. Nearly 80% of embryogenic calli with shoot organogenesis could be rooted normal. Well-rooted plantlets were transferred into pots under a greenhouse condition, and plants derived from this system appeared phenotypically normal.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국자원식물학회 2023년도 임시총회 및 춘계학술대회
• /
• pp.53-53
• /
• 2023

Abeliophyllum distichum, one of the Korean endemic plant, is a significant pharmaceutical plant resource. A. distichum with phenylethanoid glycoside can use to regulate the development of cancer, DNA damage with radicals, and the generation of inflammatory mediators. In this study, we investigated whether the biomass, content of phenylethanoid glycoside, and growth rate of callus derived from A. distichum (cultivar Okhwang1, CAD) change in the absence or presence of plant hormones (2,4-Dichlorophenoxyacetic acid; 2, 4-D and 1-Naphthaleneacetic acid; NAA). The results showed that the best biomass, the growth rate of callus, and the contents of phenylethanoid glycoside were cultivated on Murashige and Skoog (MS) growth medium fortified with 1 ppm 2,4-D + 2 ppm NAA after 4 weeks. In a further study, CAD was cultivated on MS growth medium fortified with an elicitor (Methyl Jasmonate, MeJA). The results showed that CAD turned to brown color and fragile form with the elicitor. HPLC-PDA analysis revealed that the contents of phenylethanoid glycoside in the elicitor-treated group were higher than in the elicitor-non-treated group. These results are consistent with the findings of Arano-Varela H et al.,'s study which is that acteoside production can increase after the treatment of MeJA. Therefore, this study can be used to develop an effective and sustainable production of useful substances as an alternative to plant cultivation.

• 한국산림과학회지
• /
• 제81권2호
• /
• pp.183-190
• /
• 1992

기내배양된 현사시나무의 조직배양세포로부터 안토시아닌 생성과 세포생장에 적합한 요인을 구명하여 차후 기내배양을 통한 2차대사산물생산의 기초자료를 제공하고자 연구를 수행하였다. Callus는 0.5mg/l 2, 4-D, 0.1mg/l BAP을 첨가한 MS배지에서 유발시켜 같은 배지에서 증식하였다. 안토지아닌 생산은 MS 기본배지를 기준으로 하여 질산염은 12.5% 감량시키고 인산염은 400%로 증가시켜 5% sucrose와 1.0mg/l IAA 및 1.0mg/l BAP를 첨가한후 7,000 lux의 연속광 하에서 배양했을 때 가장 높게 나타났다. 그러나 세포의 생장은 MS 기본배지를 기준으로 하여 질산염은 50% 감량시키고 인산염은 400%로 증가시켜 5% sucrose와 0.5mg/l 2, 4-D를 첨가한 배지에서 가장 양호한 결과를 얻었다. 안토시아닌의 동정은 1% 염산-메탄올의 유기용매로 추출하여 정제 후 TLC와 UV spectrophotometer로 확인한 결과 pelargonidin 3-rhamnoside-5-glucose로 추정되었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제15권2호
• /
• pp.376-383
• /
• 2005

Alcaligenes sp. JMP228 carrying 2,4­dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) degradative plasmid pJP4 was inoculated into natural soil, and transfer of the plasmid pJP4 to indigenous soil bacteria was investigated with and without 2,4-D amendment. Plasmid pJP4 transfer was enhanced in the soils treated with 2,4-D, compared to the soils not amended with 2,4-D. Several different transconjugants were isolated from the soils treated with 2,4-D, while no indigenous transconjugants were obtained from the unamended soils. Inoculation of the soils with both the donor Alcaligenes sp. JMP228/pJP4 and a recipient Burkholderia cepacia DBO 1 produced less diverse transconjugants than the soils inoculated with the donor alone. Repetitive extragenic palindromic-polymerase chain reaction (REP-PCR) analysis of the transconjugants exhibited seven distinct genomic DNA fingerprints. Analysis of 16S rDNA sequences indicated that the transconjugants were related to members of the genera Burkholderia and Pandoraea. Denaturing gradient gel electrophoresis (DGGE) analysis of PCR-amplified 16S rRNA genes revealed that inoculation of the donor caused clear changes in the bacterial community structure of the 2,4-D­amended soils. The new 16S rRNA gene bands in the DGGE profile corresponded with the 16S rRNA genes of 2,4-D­degrading transconjugants isolated from the soil. The results indicate that introduction of the 2,4-D degradative plasmid as Alcaligenes sp. JMP228/pJP4 has a substantial impact on the bacterial community structure in the 2,4-D-amended soil.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
• /
• 제6권3호
• /
• pp.171-179
• /
• 2004

Hormonal requirements inducing different regeneration pathways with particular emphasis on somatic embryo-genesis in Alhagi graecorum were studied. While combination of 0.5 $\mu{M}$ 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D), 2.5 $\mu{M}$ 6-benzylaminopurine (BAP) and 5 $\mu{M}$ 1-naphthaleneacetic acid (NAA) in MS medium induced callus formation and callus maintenance from internodal explants, each alone or in combination with other induced distinct regeneration pathway. Adventitious bud formation was induced on MS medium supplemented with 2.5 $\mu{M}$ BAP. It was improved when 2.5 $\mu{M}$ BAP was used in combination with 5 $\mu{M}$ NAA. MS medium containing 0.5 $\mu{M}$ 2,4-D or 5 $\mu{M}$ NAA induced the formation of abnormal direct somatic embryos. While increase of 2,4-D concentration (1.125-9) resulted in the formation of viable embryogenic mass, increase of NAA did not change its effect. NAA should be used in combination with 2,4-D even at low concentration (0.5 $\mu{M}$) to form embryogenic mass. In A. gaecorum, the role of 2,4-D as trigger of somatic embryogenesis and BAP as trigger of adventitious bud formation was deduced, but for maximum yield certain auxin-cytokinin ratio should be applied. Embryogenic masses characterized by high water content, low peroxidase activity, and low number of peroxidase and glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase bands in comparison with calli obtained under conditions stimulating adventitious bud formation. The resulted differential gene expression, which could be detected by native-PAGE patterns, could be used as marker for organogenic pathway in A. graecorum.

• 한국지하수토양환경학회지:지하수토양환경
• /
• 제26권1호
• /
• pp.45-53
• /
• 2021

The removal of 2,4-dichlorophenoxyacetic acid (2,4-D) in aqueous solution by coupled electro-oxidation and Fe(II) activated persulfate oxidation process was investigated. The electrochemical oxidation was performed using carbon sheet electrode and persulfate using Fe(II) ion as an activator. The oxidation efficiency was investigated by varying current density (2 - 10 mA/㎠), electrolyte (Na2SO4) concentration (10 - 100 mM), persulfate concentration (5 - 20 mM), and Fe(II) concentration (10 - 20 mM). The 2,4-D removal efficiency was in the order of Fe(II) activated persulfate-assisted electrochemical oxidation (Fe(II)/PS/ECO, 91%) > persulfate-electrochemical oxidation (PS/ECO, 51%) > electro-oxidation (EO, 36%). The persulfate can be activated by electron transfer in PS/ECO system, however, the addition of Fe(II) as an activator enhanced 2,4-D degradation in the Fe(II)/PS/ECO system. The 2,4-D removal efficiency was not affected by the initial pHs (3 - 9). The presence of anions (Cl- and HCO3-) inhibited the 2,4-D removal in Fe(II)/PS/ECO system due to scavenging of sulfate radical. Scavenger experiment using tert-butyl alcohol (TBA) and methanol (MeOH) confirmed that although both sulfate (SO4•-) and hydroxyl (•OH) radicals existed in Fe(II)/PS/ECO system, hydroxyl radical (SO4•-) was the predominant radical.